Module 5

Linear Algebra

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5.1 Rank of a matrix
Introduction:
 Elementary row operations are 𝑅𝑖 → 𝑅𝑗 , 𝑅𝑖 → 𝑘𝑅𝑖 , 𝑅𝑖 → 𝑘1 𝑅𝑖 + 𝐾2 𝑅𝑗
 A non-zero matrix is in Echelon form if
(i) All the zero rows are below the non-zero rows.
(ii) The first non-zero element in each non-zero row lies to the right of the
non-zero element in any preceding row.
 In other words, For an Echelon form, all the elements below the first non-zero
element of each row should be zero.
 Example:
2 1 3 2 2 1 −1 3 4
2 3 1 0 4 1 2 3
(0 0 1 4 5 ) , (0 3 2 1 5 )
−4 −5 3 2) , ( 0 3 2) , (
0 0 5 2 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 2 1 3 0 0 0 3
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
are in Echelon form.
2 1 3 2 2 1 −1 3 4
2 3 1 0 4 1 2 3
(0 0 1 4 5 ) , (0 3 2 1 5)
−4 −5 3 2) , ( 0 3 2) , (
0 0 5 2 0 0 0 0 −2
0 3 2 1 3 0 −1 0 3
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
are not in Echelon form.
 Apply elementary row transformation successively to get the echelon form of the
given matrix.
 The rank of the matrix is the number of non-zero rows in the echelon form of the
matrix. 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 = 𝜌(𝐴) = 𝑟.
 The rank of the matrix is not altered by elementary transformations.
Maths dept. Dr. HNNCE, Bengaluru-70
1
  A matrix and its transpose have the same rank.
 If A is a null matrix then 𝜌(𝐴) = 0.
 If A is a non-singular 𝑛 × 𝑛 matrix then 𝜌(𝐴) = 𝑛.

Find the rank of the following matrices by using elementary transformations:

𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
1. (𝟏 𝟒 𝟐)
𝟐 𝟔 𝟓
1 2 3
Let 𝐴 = (1 4 2)
2 6 5
𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 2𝑅1
1 2 3
~ (0 2 −1)
0 2 −1
𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅1
1 2 3
~ (0 2 −1)
0 0 0
This is in echelon form. The number of non-zero rows is 2.
Therefore, the rank of the given matrix is 2.
𝟑 −𝟏 𝟐
2. (−𝟔 𝟐 𝟒)
−𝟑 𝟏 −𝟐

3 −1 2
Let 𝐴 = (−6 2 4)
−3 1 −2
𝑅2 → 𝑅2 + 2𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 + 𝑅1
3 −1 2
~ (0 0 8)
0 0 0

This is in echelon form. The number of non-zero rows is 2.

Therefore, the rank of the given matrix is 2.

Maths dept. Dr. HNNCE, Bengaluru-70

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 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 −𝟏
3. ( 𝟓 𝟐 𝟎 −𝟏)
−𝟒 𝟓 𝟏𝟐 −𝟏

2 3 4 −1
Let 𝐴 = ( 5 2 0 −1)
−4 5 12 −1
𝑅2 → 2𝑅2 − 5𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 + 2𝑅1
2 3 4 −1
~ (0 −11 −20 3 )
0 11 20 −3
𝑅3 → 𝑅3 + 𝑅1
2 3 4 −1
~ (0 −11 −20 3 )
0 0 0 0

This is in echelon form. The number of non-zero rows is 2.

Therefore, the rank of the given matrix is 2.

𝟏 𝟑 𝟒 𝟑
4. (𝟑 𝟗 𝟏𝟐 𝟑)
𝟏 𝟑 𝟒 𝟏

1 3 4 3
Let 𝐴 = (3 9 12 3)
1 3 4 1
𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 3𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅1
1 3 4 3
~ (0 0 0 −6)
0 0 0 −2
𝑅3 → 3𝑅3 − 𝑅2
1 3 4 3
~ (0 0 0 −6)
0 0 0 0

This is in echelon form. The number of non-zero rows is 2.

Therefore, the rank of the given matrix is 2.

Maths dept. Dr. HNNCE, Bengaluru-70

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 𝟐 𝟏 𝟑 𝟓
5. ( 𝟒 𝟐 𝟏 𝟑 )
𝟖 𝟒 𝟕 𝟏𝟑
𝟖 𝟒 −𝟑 −𝟏

2 1 3 5
Let 𝐴 = ( 4 2 1 3 )
8 4 7 13
8 4 −3 −1
𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 4𝑅1 , 𝑅4 → 𝑅4 − 4𝑅1
2 1 3 5
~( 0 0 −5 −7 )
0 0 −5 −7
0 0 −15 −21
𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅2 , 𝑅4 → 𝑅4 − 3𝑅1
2 1 3 5
~ (0 0 −5 −7 )
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0

This is in echelon form. The number of non-zero rows is 2.

Therefore, the rank of the given matrix is 2.

Maths dept. Dr. HNNCE, Bengaluru-70

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 −𝟐 −𝟏 −𝟑 −𝟏
6. ( 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 −𝟏)
𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟏
𝟎 −𝟏 −𝟏 −𝟏

−2 −1 −3 −1
Let 𝐴 = ( 1 2 3 −1)
1 0 1 1
0 −1 −1 −1
𝑅2 → 2𝑅2 + 𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 2𝑅3 + 𝑅1
−2 −1 −3 −1
~( 0 3 3 −3 )
0 −1 −1 1
0 1 −1 −1
𝑅2
𝑅2 → 3

−2 −1 −3 −1
~( 0 1 1 −1 )
0 −1 −1 1
0 1 −1 −1
𝑅3 → 𝑅3 + 𝑅2 , 𝑅4 → 𝑅4 − 𝑅2
−2 −1 −3 −1
~( 0 1 1 −1 )
0 0 0 0
0 0 −2 −2
𝑅3 ↔ 𝑅4
−2 −1 −3 −1
~(0 1 1 −1 )
0 0 −2 −2
0 0 0 0
This is in echelon form. The number of non-zero rows is 3.
Therefore, the rank of the given matrix is 3.

Maths dept. Dr. HNNCE, Bengaluru-70

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 𝟐 𝟑 −𝟏 −𝟏
7. (𝟏 −𝟏 −𝟐 −𝟒)
𝟑 𝟏 𝟑 −𝟐
𝟔 −𝟑 𝟎 −𝟕
2 3 −1 −1
Let 𝐴 = (1 −1 −2 −4)
3 1 3 −2
6 −3 0 −7
𝑅1 ↔ 𝑅2
1 −1 −2 −4
~ (2 3 −1 −1)
3 1 3 −2
6 −3 0 −7
𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 3𝑅1 , 𝑅4 → 𝑅4 − 6𝑅1
1 −1 −2 −4
~( 0 5 3 7 )
0 4 9 10
0 9 12 17
𝑅3 → 5𝑅3 − 4𝑅2 , 𝑅4 → 5𝑅4 − 9𝑅2
1 −1 −2 −4
~( 0 5 3 7 )
0 0 33 22
0 0 33 22
𝑅4 → 𝑅4 − 𝑅3
1 −1 −2 −4
~( 0 5 3 7 )
0 0 33 22
0 0 0 0

This is in echelon form. The number of non-zero rows is 3.

Therefore, the rank of the given matrix is 3.

Maths dept. Dr. HNNCE, Bengaluru-70

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 𝟎 𝟏 −𝟑 −𝟏
8. ( 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟏 ) (May 22)
𝟑 𝟏 𝟎 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 −𝟐 −𝟎

0 1 −3 −1
Let 𝐴 = ( 1 0 1 1 )
3 1 0 2
1 1 −2 −0
𝑅1 ↔ 𝑅2
1 0 1 1
~( 0 1 −3 −1 )
3 1 0 2
1 1 −2 −0
𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 3𝑅1 , 𝑅4 → 𝑅4 − 𝑅1
1 0 1 1
~( 0 1 −3 −1 )
0 1 −3 −1
0 1 −3 −1
𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅2 , 𝑅4 → 𝑅4 − 𝑅2
1 0 1 1
~ (0 1 −3 −1)
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0

This is in echelon form. The number of non-zero rows is 2.

Therefore, the rank of the given matrix is 2.

Maths dept. Dr. HNNCE, Bengaluru-70

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 𝟏 𝟐 −𝟐 𝟑
9. ( 𝟐 𝟓 −𝟒 𝟔 )
−𝟏 −𝟑 𝟐 −𝟐
𝟐 −𝟒 −𝟏 −𝟔

1 2 −2 3
Let 𝐴 = ( 2 5 −4 6 )
−1 −3 2 −2
2 −4 −1 −6
𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 + 𝑅1 , 𝑅4 → 𝑅4 − 2𝑅1
1 2 −2 3
~( 0 1 0 0)
0 −1 0 1
0 −0 3 0
𝑅3 → 𝑅3 + 𝑅2 , 𝑅4 → 𝑅4 − 𝑅1
1 2 −2 3
~( 0 1 0 0)
0 0 0 1
0 0 3 0
𝑅3 ↔ 𝑅4
1 2 −2 3
~(0 1 0 0)
0 0 3 0
0 0 0 1

This is in echelon form. The number of non-zero rows is 4.

Therefore, the rank of the given matrix is 4.

Maths dept. Dr. HNNCE, Bengaluru-70

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 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟎
10. (𝟐 𝟒 𝟑 𝟐)
𝟑 𝟐 𝟏 𝟑
𝟔 𝟖 𝟕 𝟓

1 2 3 0
Let 𝐴 = (2 4 3 2)
3 2 1 3
6 8 7 5
𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 3𝑅1 , 𝑅4 → 𝑅4 − 6𝑅1
1 2 3 0
~ ( 0 0 −3 2 )
0 −4 −8 3
0 −4 −11 5
𝑅2 ↔ 𝑅3
1 2 3 0
~( 0 −4 −8 3 )
0 0 −3 2
0 −4 −11 5
𝑅4 → 𝑅4 − 𝑅2
1 2 3 0
~ ( 0 −4 −8 3 )
0 0 −3 2
0 0 −3 2
𝑅4 → 𝑅4 − 𝑅3
1 2 3 0
0 −4 −8 3
~( )
0 0 −3 2
0 0 0 0

This is in echelon form. The number of non-zero rows is 3.

Therefore, the rank of the given matrix is 3.

Maths dept. Dr. HNNCE, Bengaluru-70

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 5.2 Consistency of a system of linear equations

I. Homogeneous system of linear equations

Consistent Solution exists

Inconsistent Solution does not exist
𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 𝑧 = 0
Homogeneous system 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 𝑧 = 0
𝑎3 𝑥 + 𝑏3 𝑦 + 𝑐3 𝑧 = 0
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑥 0
(𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 ) (𝑦 ) = (0)
Matrix form
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑧 0
Or 𝐴𝑋 = 0
Coefficient matrix 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
𝐴 = 𝑎2
( 𝑏2 𝑐2 )
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3
𝜌(𝐴) = 3 Trivial solution (Unique)
𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0
𝜌(𝐴) < 3 Non-trivial solution (Infinite)
𝑧 = 𝑘, 𝑦 = 𝑝𝑘, 𝑥 = 𝑞𝑘
Homogeneous system of equations is always consistent.

1. Test for consistency and solve the following system of equations:

𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟑𝒛 = 𝟎, 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟒𝒛 = 𝟎, 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎𝒚 + 𝟏𝟐𝒛 = 𝟎
Coefficient matrix is
1 2 3
𝐴 = (3 4 4)
7 10 12
𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 3𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 7𝑅1
1 2 3
~ (0 −2 −5)
0 −4 −9
𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 2𝑅2
1 2 3
~ (0 −2 −5)
0 0 1
This is in echelon form. Number of non-zero rows is 3.
𝜌(𝐴) = 3. Therefore, the given system of equations has trivial solution.
Therefore, 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0.
Maths dept. Dr. HNNCE, Bengaluru-70
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 2. Test for consistency and solve the following system of equations:
𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟐𝒛 = 𝟎, 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟒𝒛 = 𝟎, 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟏𝒚 + 𝟏𝟒𝒛 = 𝟎
Coefficient matrix is
1 3 −2
𝐴 = (2 −1 4)
1 −11 14
𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅1
1 3 −2
~ (0 −7 8)
0 −14 16
𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 2𝑅2
1 3 −2
~ (0 −7 8 )
0 0 0
This is in echelon form. Number of non-zero rows is 2.
𝜌(𝐴) = 2. Therefore, the given system of equations has non-trivial solutions.
Reduced system of equations is
𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 0 ---- (1)
−7𝑦 + 8𝑧 = 0 ------- (2)
8𝑘 10
Choose 𝑧 = 𝑘 then 𝑦 = and 𝑥 = − 𝑘
7 7
10 8𝑘
Therefore, 𝑥 = − 𝑘 ,𝑦 = ,𝑧 = 𝑘
7 7

Maths dept. Dr. HNNCE, Bengaluru-70

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 3. Test for consistency and solve the following system of equations:
𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟐𝒛 = 𝟎, 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟑𝒛 = 𝟎, 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟓𝒚 + 𝟒𝒛 = 𝟎, 𝒙 + 𝟏𝟕𝒚 + 𝟒𝒛 = 𝟎
Coefficient matrix is
1 3 2
𝐴 = (2 −1 3)
3 −5 4
1 17 4
𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 3𝑅1 , 𝑅4 → 𝑅4 − 𝑅1
1 3 2
~ (0 −7 −1)
0 −14 −2
0 14 2
𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 2𝑅2
1 3 2
~( 0 −7 −1 )
0 0 0
0 0 0
This is in echelon form. Number of non-zero rows is 2.
𝜌(𝐴) = 2. Therefore, the given system of equations has non-trivial solutions.
Reduced system of equations is
𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 0 ---- (1)
−7𝑦 − 𝑧 = 0 ----- (2)
−𝑘 11
Choose 𝑧 = 𝑘 then 𝑦 = and 𝑥 = − 𝑘
7 7
11 −𝑘
Therefore, 𝑥 = − 𝑘 ,𝑦 = ,𝑧 = 𝑘
7 7

Maths dept. Dr. HNNCE, Bengaluru-70

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 II. Non-homogeneous system of linear equations

𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 𝑧 = 𝑑1
Non-homogeneous 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 𝑧 = 𝑑2
system 𝑎3 𝑥 + 𝑏3 𝑦 + 𝑐3 𝑧 = 𝑑3
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑥 𝑑1
(𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 ) (𝑦) = (𝑑2 )
Matrix form
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑧 𝑑3
Or 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵
Augmented matrix 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑑1
(𝐴, 𝐵) = (𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 𝑑2 )
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑑3
𝜌(𝐴) = 𝜌(𝐴, 𝐵) Consistent
( ) ( )
𝜌 𝐴 = 𝜌 𝐴, 𝐵 = 3 Unique solution
𝜌(𝐴) = 𝜌(𝐴, 𝐵) < 3 Infinite number of solutions

𝜌(𝐴) ≠ 𝜌(𝐴, 𝐵) Inconsistent

Maths dept. Dr. HNNCE, Bengaluru-70

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 4. Test for consistency and solve the following system of equations:
𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟑𝒛 = 𝟏, 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟖𝒛 = 𝟐, 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟑
Augmented matrix is
1 2 3 1
(𝐴, 𝐵) = (2 3 8 2)
1 1 1 3
𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅1
1 2 3 1
~ (0 −1 2 0)
0 −1 −2 2
𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅2
1 2 3 1
~ (0 −1 2 0)
0 0 −4 2
This is in echelon form. Number of non-zero rows is 3.
𝜌(𝐴) = 𝜌(𝐴, 𝐵) = 3.
Therefore, the given system of equations is consistent and has a unique solution.
Reduced system of equations is
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 1 ---- (1)
−𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 0 ---- (2)
−4𝑧 = 2 ---- (3)
Solving by back substitution,
9 1
𝑥 = 2 , 𝑦 = −1, 𝑧 = − 2

Maths dept. Dr. HNNCE, Bengaluru-70

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 5. Test for consistency and solve the following system of equations:
𝟓𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟕𝒛 = 𝟒, 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝟔𝒚 + 𝟐𝒛 = 𝟗, 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟏𝟎𝒛 = 𝟓
Augmented matrix is
5 3 7 4
(𝐴, 𝐵) = (3 26 2 9)
7 2 10 5
𝑅2 → 5𝑅2 − 3𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 5𝑅3 − 7𝑅1
5 3 7 4
~ (0 121 −11 33 )
0 −11 1 −3
𝑅3 → 11𝑅3 + 𝑅2
5 3 7 4
~ (0 121 −11 33)
0 0 0 0
This is in echelon form. Number of non-zero rows is 2.
𝜌(𝐴) = 𝜌(𝐴, 𝐵) = 2.
Therefore, the given system of equations is consistent
and has an infinite number of solutions.

Reduced system of equations is

5𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 4 ---- (1)
121𝑦 − 11𝑧 = 33 ---- (2)
3+𝑘 7−16𝑘
Choose 𝑧 = 𝑘 then 𝑦 = and 𝑥 = .
11 11
7−16𝑘 3+𝑘
Therefore, 𝑥 = ,𝑦 = , 𝑧 = 𝑘.
11 11

Maths dept. Dr. HNNCE, Bengaluru-70

15
 6. Test for consistency and solve the following system of equations:
𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 = −𝟑, 𝟑𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝟐𝒛 = −𝟐, 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟕𝒛 = 𝟕
Augmented matrix is
1 1 1 −3
(𝐴, 𝐵) = (3 1 −2 −2)
2 4 7 7
𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 3𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 2𝑅1
1 1 1 −3
~ (0 −2 −5 7 )
0 2 5 13
𝑅3 → 𝑅3 + 𝑅2
1 1 1 −3
~ (0 −2 −5 7 )
0 0 0 20
This is in echelon form. Number of non-zero rows is 3.
𝜌(𝐴) = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜌(𝐴, 𝐵) = 3. 𝜌(𝐴) ≠ 𝜌(𝐴, 𝐵).
Therefore, the given system of equations is inconsistent
Therefore, the system has no solution.

Maths dept. Dr. HNNCE, Bengaluru-70

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 7. Test for consistency and solve the following system of equations:
𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟐𝒛 = 𝟓, 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝟑𝒛 = 𝟔, 𝟑𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟐𝒛 = 𝟒, 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 = −𝟏
Coefficient matrix is
1 2 2 5
(𝐴, 𝐵) = ( 2 1 3 6)
3 −1 2 4
1 1 1 −1
𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 3𝑅1 , 𝑅4 → 𝑅4 − 𝑅1
1 2 2 5
~(0 −3 −1 −4 )
0 −7 −4 −11
0 −1 −1 −6
𝑅3 → 3𝑅3 − 7𝑅2 , 𝑅4 → 3𝑅4 − 𝑅2
1 2 2 5
~( 0 −3 −1 −4 )
0 0 −5 −5
0 0 −2 − 14
𝑅4 → 5𝑅4 − 2𝑅3
1 2 2 5
~ ( 0 −3 −1 −4 )
0 0 −5 −5
0 0 0 − 60
This is in echelon form. Number of non-zero rows is 4.
𝜌(𝐴) = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜌(𝐴, 𝐵) = 4. 𝜌(𝐴) ≠ 𝜌(𝐴, 𝐵).
Therefore, the given system of equations is inconsistent
Therefore, the system has no solution.

Maths dept. Dr. HNNCE, Bengaluru-70

17
 8. Find the values of 𝝀 and 𝝁 for which the system
𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟔, 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟑𝒛 = 𝟏𝟎, 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝝀𝒛 = 𝝁
has (i) Unique solution (ii) Infinitely many solutions (iii) No solution. (May 22)
Augmented matrix is
1 1 1 6
(𝐴, 𝐵) = (1 2 3 10)
1 2 𝜆 𝜇
𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅1
1 1 1 6
~ (0 1 2 4 )
0 1 𝜆−1 𝜇−6
𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅2
1 1 1 −3
~ (0 −2 −5 7 )
0 0 𝜆−3 𝜇 − 10
This is in echelon form.
(i) If 𝜆 ≠ 3, then 𝜌(𝐴) = 𝜌(𝐴, 𝐵) = 3.
The given system of equations has a unique solution.
(ii) If 𝜆 = 3, 𝜇 = 10 then 𝜌(𝐴) = 𝜌(𝐴, 𝐵) = 2.
The given system of equations has infinitely many solutions.
(iii) If 𝜆 = 3, 𝜇 ≠ 10 then 𝜌(𝐴) ≠ 𝜌(𝐴, 𝐵).
The given system of equations has no solution.

Maths dept. Dr. HNNCE, Bengaluru-70

18
 9. Find the values of 𝝀 and 𝝁 for which the system
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟓𝒛 = 𝟗, 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟐𝒛 = 𝟖, 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 + 𝝀𝒛 = 𝝁
has (i) Unique solution (ii) Infinitely many solutions (iii) No solution.
Coefficient matrix is
2 3 5 9
(𝐴, 𝐵) = (7 3 −2 8)
2 3 𝜆 𝜇
𝑅2 → 2𝑅2 − 7𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅1
1 1 1 6
~ (0 −15 −39 −47 )
0 0 𝜆−5 𝜇−9
This is in echelon form.
(i) If 𝜆 ≠ 5, then 𝜌(𝐴) = 𝜌(𝐴, 𝐵) = 3.
The given system of equations has a unique solution.
(ii) If 𝜆 = 5, 𝜇 = 9 then 𝜌(𝐴) = 𝜌(𝐴, 𝐵) = 2.
The given system of equations has infinitely many solutions.
(iii) If 𝜆 = 5, 𝜇 ≠ 9 then 𝜌(𝐴) ≠ 𝜌(𝐴, 𝐵).
The given system of equations has no solution.

Maths dept. Dr. HNNCE, Bengaluru-70

19
 5.3 Gauss elimination method

1. Apply Gauss elimination method to solve the system of equations

𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟑𝒛 = 𝟐, 𝟑𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟒𝒛 = 𝟒, 𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝟐𝒛 = 𝟓.
Augmented matrix is
1 −2 3 2
(𝐴: 𝐵) = (3 −1 4 4)
2 1 −2 5
𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅1
1 −2 3 2
~ (0 5 −5 −2)
0 5 −8 1
𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅2
1 −2 3 2
~ (0 5 −5 −2)
0 0 −3 3

Reduced system of equations is

𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 2
5𝑦 − 5𝑧 = −2
−3𝑧 = 3

By back substitution,
−3𝑧 = 3 gives 𝑧 = −1
7
5𝑦 − 5(−1) = −2 gives 𝑦 = − 5
7 11
𝑥 − 2 (− 5) + 3(−1) = 2 gives 𝑥 = 5

Therefore, the solution is

11 7
𝑥= , 𝑦 = − 5 , 𝑧 = −1.
5

Maths dept. Dr. HNNCE, Bengaluru-70

20
 2. Apply Gauss elimination method to solve the system of equations
𝟑𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝟐𝒛 = 𝟑, 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 − 𝒛 = −𝟑, 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟒. (MQP 2)
Augmented matrix is
3 1 2 3
(𝐴: 𝐵) = (2 −3 −1 −3)
1 2 1 4
𝑅1 ↔ 𝑅3
1 2 1 4
~ (2 −3 −1 −3)
3 1 2 3
𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 3𝑅1
1 2 1 4
~ (0 −7 −3 −11)
0 −5 −1 −9
𝑅3 → 7𝑅2 − 5𝑅2
1 2 1 4
~ (0 −7 −3 −11)
0 0 8 −8

Reduced system of equations is

𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4
−7𝑦 − 3𝑧 = −11
8𝑧 = −8

By back substitution,
8𝑧 = −8 gives 𝑧 = −1
−7𝑦 − 3(−1) = −11 gives 𝑦 = 2
𝑥 + 2(2) + (−1) = 4 gives 𝑥 = 1

Therefore, the solution is

𝑥 = 1 , 𝑦 = 2, 𝑧 = −1.

Maths dept. Dr. HNNCE, Bengaluru-70

21
 3. Apply Gauss elimination method to solve the system of equations
𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟗, 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟑𝒛 = 𝟖, 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝒛 = 𝟑.
Augmented matrix is
1 1 1 9
(𝐴: 𝐵) = (1 −2 3 8)
2 1 −1 3
𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 2𝑅1
1 1 1 9
~ (0 −3 2 −1 )
0 −1 −3 −15
𝑅3 → 3𝑅3 − 𝑅2
1 1 1 9
~ (0 −3 2 −1 )
0 0 −11 −44

Reduced system of equations is

𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4
−7𝑦 − 3𝑧 = −11
8𝑧 = −8

By back substitution,
8𝑧 = −8 gives 𝑧 = −1
−7𝑦 − 3(−1) = −11 gives 𝑦 = 2
𝑥 + 2(2) + (−1) = 4 gives 𝑥 = 1

Therefore, the solution is

𝑥 = 1 , 𝑦 = 2, 𝑧 = −1.

Maths dept. Dr. HNNCE, Bengaluru-70

22
 4. Apply Gauss elimination method to solve the system of equations
𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟗, 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝒛 = 𝟎, 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚 + 𝟕𝒛 = 𝟓𝟐 .
Augmented matrix is
1 1 1 9
(𝐴: 𝐵) = (2 1 −1 0 )
2 5 7 52
𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 2𝑅1
1 1 1 9
~ (0 −1 −3 −18)
0 3 5 34
𝑅3 → 𝑅3 + 3𝑅2
1 1 1 9
~ (0 −1 −3 −18)
0 0 −4 −20

Reduced system of equations is

𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =9
−𝑦 − 3𝑧 = −18
−4𝑧 = −20

By back substitution,
−4𝑧 = −20 gives 𝑧 = 5
−𝑦 − 3(5) = −18 gives 𝑦 = 3
𝑥 + (3) + (5) = 9 gives 𝑥 = 1

Therefore, the solution is

𝑥 = 1 , 𝑦 = 3, 𝑧 = 5.

Maths dept. Dr. HNNCE, Bengaluru-70

23
 5. Apply Gauss elimination method to solve the system of equations
𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟏𝟎, 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟑𝒛 = 𝟏𝟖, 𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟗𝒛 = 𝟏𝟔 .
Augmented matrix is
2 1 1 10
(𝐴: 𝐵) = (3 2 3 18)
1 4 9 16
𝑅2 → 2𝑅2 − 3𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 2𝑅3 − 𝑅1
2 1 1 10
~ (0 1 3 6)
0 7 17 22
𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 7𝑅2
2 1 1 10
~ (0 1 3 6 )
0 0 −4 −20

Reduced system of equations is

2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 10
𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 6
−4𝑧 = −20

By back substitution,
−4𝑧 = −20 gives 𝑧 = 5
𝑦 + 3(5) = 6 gives 𝑦 = −9
2𝑥 − 9 + 5 = 10 gives 𝑥 = 7

Therefore, the solution is

𝑥 = 7, 𝑦 = −9, 𝑧 = 5.

Maths dept. Dr. HNNCE, Bengaluru-70

24
 6. Apply Gauss elimination method to solve the system of equations
𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 + 𝒛 = −𝟏, 𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟓𝒛 = 𝟐𝟓, 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟐 .
Augmented matrix is
2 −3 1 −1
(𝐴: 𝐵) = (1 4 5 25 )
3 −4 1 2
𝑅2 → 2𝑅2 − 𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 2𝑅3 − 3𝑅1
2 −3 1 −1
~ (0 11 9 51 )
0 1 −1 7
𝑅3 → 11𝑅3 − 𝑅2
2 −3 1 −1
~ (0 11 9 51 )
0 0 −20 26

Reduced system of equations is

2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = −1
11𝑦 + 9𝑧 = 51
−20𝑧 = 26

By back substitution,
−20𝑧 = 26 gives 𝑧 = −1.3
11𝑦 + 9(−1.3) = 51 gives 𝑦 = 5.7
2𝑥 − 3(5.7) − 1.3 = −1 gives 𝑥 = 8.7

Therefore, the solution is

𝑥 = 8.7 , 𝑦 = 5.7, 𝑧 = −1.3

Maths dept. Dr. HNNCE, Bengaluru-70

25
 5.4 Gauss Jordan method

Introduction

In this method, using elementary row transformations, augmented matrix is reduced to

1 0 0 𝑘1
the form (0 1 0 𝑘2 ) .
0 0 1 𝑘3
1. Apply Gauss Jordan method to solve the system of equations:
𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟑𝒛 = 𝟏𝟔 , 𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟑𝒛 = 𝟏𝟖 , 𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟒𝒛 = 𝟏𝟗
The augmented matrix associated to the given system of equations is
1 3 3 16
(𝐴: 𝐵) = (1 4 3 18)
1 3 4 19
𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅1
1 3 3 16
~ (0 1 0 2)
0 0 1 3
𝑅1 → 𝑅1 − 3𝑅2
1 0 3 10
~ (0 1 0 2)
0 0 1 3
𝑅1 → 𝑅1 − 3𝑅3
1 0 0 1
~ (0 1 0 2)
0 0 1 3
Therefore, 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2 , 𝑧 = 3 .

Maths dept. Dr. HNNCE, Bengaluru-70

26
 2. Solve the system of equations by using the Gauss-Jordan method
𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟏𝟎, 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟑𝒛 = 𝟏𝟗, 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟑𝒛 = 𝟐𝟐
The augmented matrix associated to the given system of equations is

1 1 1 10
(𝐴: 𝐵) = (2 −1 3 19)
1 2 3 22

𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅1

1 1 1 10
~ (0 −3 1 −1)
0 1 2 12
𝑅
𝑅2 → −32

1 1 1 10
~ (0 1 −1/3 1/3)
0 1 2 12

𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅2 , 𝑅1 → 𝑅1 − 𝑅2

1 0 4/3 29/3
~ (0 1 −1/3 1/3 )
0 0 7/3 35/3

3
𝑅3 → 7 𝑅3

1 0 4/3 29/3
~ (0 1 −1/3 1/3 )
0 0 1 5
1 4
𝑅2 → 𝑅2 + 3 𝑅3 , 𝑅1 → 𝑅1 − 3 𝑅3

1 0 0 3
~ (0 1 0 2)
0 0 1 5

Therefore, 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 2 , 𝑧 = 5.

Maths dept. Dr. HNNCE, Bengaluru-70

27
 3. Solve the system of equations by using Gauss-Jordan method
𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟗, 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝒛 = 𝟎, 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚 + 𝟕𝒛 = 𝟓𝟐

The augmented matrix associated to the given system of equations is

1 1 1 9
(𝐴: 𝐵) = (2 1 −1 0)
2 5 7 52

𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 2𝑅1

1 1 1 9
~ (0 −1 −3 −18)
0 3 5 34

𝑅2 → −1 × 𝑅2

1 1 1 9
~ (0 1 3 18)
0 3 5 34

𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 3𝑅2 , 𝑅1 → 𝑅1 − 𝑅2

1 0 −2 −9
~ (0 1 3 18 )
0 0 −4 −20
1
𝑅3 → − 4 𝑅3

1 0 −2 −9
~ (0 1 3 18 )
0 0 1 5

𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 3𝑅3 , 𝑅1 → 𝑅1 + 2𝑅3

1 0 0 1
~ (0 1 0 3)
0 0 1 5

Therefore, 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 3 , 𝑧 = 5.

Maths dept. Dr. HNNCE, Bengaluru-70

28
 4. Apply Gauss Jordan method to solve the system of equations:
𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟑𝒛 = 𝟐 , 𝟑𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟒𝒛 = 𝟒 , 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝟐𝒛 = 𝟓
The augmented matrix associated to the given system of equations is
1 −2 3 2
(𝐴: 𝐵) = (3 −1 4 4)
2 1 −2 5
𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 3𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 2𝑅1
1 −2 3 2
~ (0 5 −5 −2)
0 5 −8 1
𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅2
1 −2 3 2
~ (0 5 −5 −2)
0 0 −3 3
𝑅2
𝑅2 → 5

1 −2 3 2
~ (0 1 −1 −2/5)
0 0 −3 3
𝑅1 → 𝑅1 + 2𝑅2
1 0 1 6/5
~ (0 1 −1 −2/5)
0 0 −3 3
𝑅
𝑅3 → −33

1 0 1 6/5
~ (0 1 −1 −2/5)
0 0 1 −1
𝑅2 → 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 , 𝑅1 → 𝑅1 − 𝑅3
1 0 0 11/5
~ (0 1 0 −7/5)
0 0 1 −1
11 7
Therefore, 𝑥 = , 𝑦 = − 5 , 𝑧 = −1.
5

Maths dept. Dr. HNNCE, Bengaluru-70

29
 5. Apply Gauss Jordan method to solve the system of equations:
𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 + 𝒛 = −𝟏 , 𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟓𝒛 = 𝟐𝟓 , 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟐
The augmented matrix associated to the given system of equations is
2 −3 1 −1
(𝐴: 𝐵) = (1 4 5 25 )
3 −4 1 2
𝑅1 ⟷ 𝑅2
1 4 5 25
~ (2 −3 1 −1)
3 −4 1 2
𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 3𝑅1
1 4 5 25
~ (0 −11 −9 −51)
0 −16 −14 −73
2 𝑅
𝑅2 → −11

1 4 5 25
(
~ 0 1 9/11 51/11)
0 −16 −14 −73
𝑅1 → 𝑅1 − 4𝑅2 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 + 16𝑅2
1 0 19/11 71/11
~ (0 1 9/11 51/11)
0 0 −10/11 13/11
11
𝑅3 → − 10 𝑅3

1 0 19/11 71/11
~ (0 1 9/11 51/11 )
0 0 1 −13/10
19 9
𝑅1 → 𝑅1 − 11 𝑅3 , 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 11 𝑅3

1 0 0 87/10
(
~ 0 1 0 57/10 )
0 0 1 −13/10
87 57 13
Therefore, 𝑥 = 10 , 𝑦 = 10 , 𝑧 = − 10 .

Maths dept. Dr. HNNCE, Bengaluru-70

30
 6. Apply Gauss Jordan method to solve the system of equations:
𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟏𝟎 , 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟑𝒛 = 𝟏𝟖 , 𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟗𝒛 = 𝟏𝟔 (7, -9, 5)
The augmented matrix associated to the given system of equations is
2 1 1 10
(𝐴: 𝐵) = (3 2 3 18)
1 4 9 16
𝑅1 ⟷ 𝑅3
1 4 9 16
~ (3 2 3 18)
2 1 1 10
𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 3𝑅1 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 2𝑅1
1 4 9 16
~ (0 −10 −24 −30 )
0 −7 −17 −22
2 𝑅
𝑅2 → −10

1 4 9 16
~ (0 1 24/10 3 )
0 −7 −17 −22
𝑅1 → 𝑅1 − 4𝑅2 , 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 + 7𝑅2
1 0 −6/10 4
~ (0 1 24/10 3)
0 0 −2/10 −1
𝑅3 → −5𝑅3
1 0 −6/10 4
~ (0 1 24/10 3)
0 0 1 5
6 24
𝑅1 → 𝑅1 + 10 𝑅3 , 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 10 𝑅3

1 0 0 7
~ (0 1 0 −9)
0 0 1 5
Therefore, 𝑥 = 7, 𝑦 = −9, 𝑧 = 5 .

Maths dept. Dr. HNNCE, Bengaluru-70

31
 5.4 Gauss Seidel method
Introduction
Consider the system of equations 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 𝑧 = 𝑑1
𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 𝑧 = 𝑑2
𝑎3 𝑥 + 𝑏3 𝑦 + 𝑐3 𝑧 = 𝑑3
Rearrange this system of equations to a diagonally dominant system.
Rearrange the given system of equations in such a way that 𝑎1 , 𝑏2 , 𝑐3 must be non
zero and numerically largest comparing to other coefficients.
1
Rewrite this system of equations as 𝑥 = 𝑎 (𝑑1 − 𝑏1 𝑦 − 𝑐1 𝑧)
1

1
𝑦 = 𝑏 (𝑑2 − 𝑐2 𝑧 − 𝑎2 𝑥)
2

1
𝑧 = 𝑐 (𝑑3 − 𝑎3 𝑥 − 𝑏3 𝑦)
3

Consider the initial approximations as 𝑥0 = 0, 𝑦0 = 0, 𝑧0 = 0.

1
First iteration: 𝑥1 = (𝑑1 − 𝑏1 𝑦0 − 𝑐1 𝑧0 )
𝑎1
1
𝑦1 = 𝑏 (𝑑2 − 𝑐2 𝑧0 − 𝑎2 𝑥1 )
2

1
𝑧1 = 𝑐 (𝑑3 − 𝑎3 𝑥1 − 𝑏3 𝑦1 )
3

1
Second iteration: 𝑥2 = 𝑎 (𝑑1 − 𝑏1 𝑦1 − 𝑐1 𝑧1 )
1

1
𝑦2 = 𝑏 (𝑑2 − 𝑐2 𝑧1 − 𝑎2 𝑥2 )
2

1
𝑧2 = 𝑐 (𝑑3 − 𝑎3 𝑥2 − 𝑏3 𝑦2 )
3

1
Third iteration: 𝑥3 = 𝑎 (𝑑1 − 𝑏1 𝑦2 − 𝑐1 𝑧2 )
1

1
𝑦3 = 𝑏 (𝑑2 − 𝑐2 𝑧2 − 𝑎2 𝑥3 )
2

1
𝑧3 = 𝑐 (𝑑3 − 𝑎3 𝑥3 − 𝑏3 𝑦3 )
3

Therefore, approximate solution of the given system of equations is

𝑥 ≅ 𝑥3 , 𝑦 ≅ 𝑦3 , 𝑧 ≅ 𝑧3
Accuracy can be improved by increasing number of iterations.
Initial approximation does not affect the solution, it may affect the number of iterations.

Maths dept. Dr. HNNCE, Bengaluru-70

32
 1. Solve the following system of equations by Gauss-Seidel method
𝟏𝟎𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟏𝟐, 𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟏𝟐, 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝟏𝟎𝒛 = 𝟏𝟐
Rearrange this system of equations to a diagonally dominant system.
10𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 12
𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 𝑧 = 12
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 10𝑧 = 12
Rewrite this system of equations as
1
𝑥= (12 − 𝑦 − 𝑧)
10
1
𝑦= (12 − 𝑧 − 𝑥)
10
1
𝑧= (12 − 𝑥 − 𝑦)
10
Consider the initial approximations as 𝑥0 = 0, 𝑦0 = 0, 𝑧0 = 0.
First iteration:
1 1
𝑥1 = 10 (12 − 𝑦0 − 𝑧0 ) = 10 (12 − 0 − 0) = 1.2
1 1
𝑦1 = 10 (12 − 𝑧0 − 𝑥1 ) = 10 (12 − 0 − 1.2) = 1.32
1 1
𝑧1 = 10 (12 − 𝑥1 − 𝑦1 ) = 10 (12 − 1.2 − 1.32) = 1.452

Second iteration:
1 1
𝑥2 = 10 (12 − 𝑦1 − 𝑧1 ) = 10 (12 − 1.32 − 1.452) = 1.2
1 1
𝑦2 = 10 (12 − 𝑧1 − 𝑥2 ) = 10 (12 − 1.452 − 1.2) = 0.9348
1 1
𝑧2 = 10 (12 − 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 ) = 10 (12 − 1.2 − 0.9348) = 0.9865
Third iteration:
1 1
𝑥3 = 10 (12 − 𝑦2 − 𝑧2 ) = 10 (12 − 0.9348 − 0.9865) = 1.0079
1 1
𝑦3 = (12 − 𝑧2 − 𝑥3 ) = (12 − 0.9865 − 1.0079) = 1.0005
10 10
1 1
𝑧3 = 10 (12 − 𝑥3 − 𝑦3 ) = 10 (12 − 1.0079 − 1.0005 ) = 0.9992
Therefore, approximate solution of the given system of equations is
𝑥 ≅ 1, 𝑦 ≅ 1, 𝑧 ≅ 1

Maths dept. Dr. HNNCE, Bengaluru-70

33
 2. Solve the following system of equation by Gauss-Seidel method:
𝟐𝟎𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝟐𝒛 = 𝟏𝟕 , 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝟎𝒚 − 𝒛 = −𝟏𝟖 , 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟐𝟎𝒛 = 𝟐𝟓
Rearrange this system of equations to a diagonally dominant system.
20𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 17
3𝑥 + 20𝑦 − 𝑧 = −18
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 20𝑧 = 25
Rewrite this system of equations as
1
𝑥= (17 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧)
20
1
𝑦= (−18 + 𝑧 − 3𝑥)
20
1
𝑧= (25 − 2𝑥 + 3𝑦)
20
Consider the initial approximations as 𝑥0 = 0, 𝑦0 = 0, 𝑧0 = 0.
First iteration:
1 1
𝑥1 = 20 (17 − 𝑦0 + 2𝑧0 ) = 20 (17 − 0 − 0) = 0.85
1 1
𝑦1 = 20 (−18 + 𝑧0 − 3𝑥1 ) = 20 (−18 + 0 − 3(0.85)) = −1.0285
1 1
𝑧1 = (25 − 2𝑥1 + 3𝑦1 ) = (25 − 2(0.85) + 3(−1.0285)) = 1.0107
20 20

Second iteration:
1 1
𝑥2 = 20 (17 − 𝑦1 + 2𝑧1 ) = 20 (17 + 1.0285 + 2(1.0107)) = 1.0025
1 1
𝑦2 = 20 (−18 + 𝑧1 − 3𝑥2 ) = 20 (−18 + 1.0107 − 3(1.0025)) = −0.9998
1 1
𝑧2 = 20 (25 − 2𝑥2 + 3𝑦2 ) = 20 (25 − 2(1.0025) − 3(0.9998)) = 0.9998

Third iteration:
1 1
𝑥3 = 20 (17 − 𝑦2 + 2𝑧2 ) = 20 (17 + 0.9998 + 2(0.9998)) = 0.9999
1 1
𝑦3 = (−18 + 𝑧2 − 3𝑥3 ) = (−18 + 0.9998 − 3(0.9999)) = −0.9999
20 20
1 1
𝑧3 = 20 (25 − 2𝑥3 + 3𝑦3 ) = 20 (25 − 2(0.9999) − 3(0.9999)) = 1
Therefore, approximate solution of the given system of equations is
𝑥 ≅ 1, 𝑦 ≅ −1, 𝑧 ≅ 1

Maths dept. Dr. HNNCE, Bengaluru-70

34
 3. Use the Gauss – Seidel iterative method to solve the system of equations
𝟐𝟕𝒙 + 𝟔𝒚 − 𝒛 = 𝟖𝟓 , 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟏𝟓𝒚 + 𝟐𝒛 = 𝟕𝟐 , 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝟓𝟒𝒛 = 𝟏𝟏𝟎
Carryout four iterations, taking the initial approximation to the solution as (𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟐).
Rearrange this system of equations to a diagonally dominant system.
27𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 𝑧 = 85
6𝑥 + 15𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 72
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 54𝑧 = 110
Rewrite this system of equations as
1
𝑥= (85 − 6𝑦 + 𝑧)
27
1
𝑦= (72 − 2𝑧 − 6𝑥)
15
1
𝑧= (110 − 𝑥 − 𝑦)
54
Consider the initial approximations as 𝑥0 = 2, 𝑦0 = 3, 𝑧0 = 2.
First iteration:
1 1
𝑥1 = 27 (85 − 6𝑦0 + 𝑧0 ) = 27 (85 − 6(3) + 2) = 2.5556
1 1
𝑦1 = 15 (72 − 2𝑧0 − 6𝑥1 ) = 15 (72 − 2(2) − 6(2.5556)) = 3.5111
1 1
𝑧1 = (110 − 𝑥1 − 𝑦1 ) = (110 − 2.5556 − 3.5111) = 1.9247
54 54

Second iteration:
1 1
𝑥2 = (85 − 6𝑦1 + 𝑧1 ) = (85 − 6(3.5111) + (1.9247)) = 2.5133
27 27
1 1
𝑦2 = 15 (72 − 2𝑧1 − 6𝑥2 ) = 15 (72 − 2(1.9247) − 6(2.5133)) = 3.5381
1 1
𝑧2 = 54 (110 − 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 ) = 54 (110 − 2.5133 − 3.5381) = 1.9250
Third iteration:
1 1
𝑥3 = 27 (85 − 6𝑦2 + 𝑧2 ) = 27 (85 − 6(3.5381 ) + 1.9250) = 2.4332
1 1
𝑦3 = 15 (72 − 2𝑧2 − 6𝑥3 ) = 15 (72 − 2(1.9250 ) − 6(2.4332)) = 3.5701
1 1
𝑧3 = 54 (110 − 𝑥3 − 𝑦3 ) = 54 (110 − 2.4332 − 3.5701) = 1.9259

Therefore, approximate solution of the given system of equations is

𝑥 = 2.4332, 𝑦 = 3.5701, 𝑧 = 1.9259

Maths dept. Dr. HNNCE, Bengaluru-70

35
 4. Apply the Gauss –Seidel iterative method to solve the system of equations
𝟓𝒙 − 𝒚 = 𝟗, −𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚 − 𝒛 = 𝟒, −𝒚 + 𝟓𝒛 = −𝟔
Rearrange this system of equations to a diagonally dominant system.
5𝑥 − 𝑦 + 0𝑧 = 9
−𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 𝑧 = 4
0𝑥 − 𝑦 + 5𝑧 = −6
Rewrite this system of equations as
1
𝑥 = (9 + 𝑦)
5
1
𝑦 = (4 + 𝑥 + 𝑧)
5
1
𝑧 = (−6 + 𝑦)
5
Consider the initial approximations as 𝑥0 = 0, 𝑦0 = 0, 𝑧0 = 0.
First iteration:
1 1
𝑥1 = 5 (9 + 𝑦0 ) = 5 (9 + 0) = 1.8
1 1
𝑦1 = (4 + 𝑧0 + 𝑥1 ) = (4 + 0 + 1.8) = 1.16
5 5
1 1
𝑧1 = (−6 + 𝑦1 ) = (−6 + 1.16) = −0.968
5 5

Second iteration:
1 1
𝑥2 = 5 (9 + 𝑦1 ) = 5 (9 + 1.16) = 2.032
1 1
𝑦2 = 5 (4 + 𝑧1 + 𝑥2 ) = 5 (4 − 0.968 + 2.032) = 1.0128
1 1
𝑧2 = 5 (−6 + 𝑦2 ) = 5 (−6 + 1.0128) = −0.9974
Third iteration:
1 1
𝑥3 = 5 (9 + 𝑦2 ) = 5 (9 + 1.0128) = 2.0026
1 1
𝑦3 = (4 + 𝑧2 + 𝑥3 ) = (4 − 0.9974 + 2.0026) = 1.001
5 5
1 1
𝑧3 = 5 (−6 + 𝑦3 ) = 5 (−6 + 1.001) = −0.9998
Therefore, approximate solution of the given system of equations is
𝑥 ≅ 2, 𝑦 ≅ 1, 𝑧 ≅ −1

Maths dept. Dr. HNNCE, Bengaluru-70

36
 5. Use the Gauss –Seidel iterative method to solve the system of equations
5𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟏𝟐, 𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟐𝒛 = 𝟏𝟓, 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟓𝒛 = 𝟐𝟎
Rearrange this system of equations to a diagonally dominant system.
5𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 12
𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 15
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 20
Rewrite this system of equations as
1
𝑥 = (12 − 2𝑦 − 𝑧)
5
1
𝑦 = (15 − 2𝑧 − 𝑥)
4
1
𝑧 = (20 − 𝑥 − 2𝑦)
5
Consider the initial approximations as 𝑥0 = 0, 𝑦0 = 0, 𝑧0 = 0.
First iteration:
1 1
𝑥1 = 5 (12 − 2𝑦0 − 𝑧0 ) = 5 (12 − 2(0) − 0) = 2.4
1 1
𝑦1 = 4 (15 − 2𝑧0 − 𝑥1 ) = 4 (15 − 2(0) − 2.4) = 3.15
1 1
𝑧1 = (20 − 𝑥1 − 2𝑦1 ) = (20 − 2.4 − 2(3.15)) = 2.26
5 5

Second iteration:
1 1
𝑥2 = 5 (12 − 2𝑦1 − 𝑧1 ) = 5 (12 − 2(3.15) − 2.26) = 0.688
1 1
𝑦2 = 4 (15 − 2𝑧1 − 𝑥2 ) = 4 (15 − 2(2.26) − 0.688) = 2.488
1 1
𝑧2 = 5 (20 − 𝑥2 − 2𝑦2 ) = 5 (20 − 0.688 − 2(2.488)) = 2.8672
Third iteration:
1 1
𝑥3 = 5 (12 − 2𝑦2 − 𝑧2 ) = 5 (12 − 2(2.488) − 2.8672) = 0.8314
1 1
𝑦3 = (15 − 2𝑧2 − 𝑥3 ) = (15 − 2(2.8672) − 0.8314) = 2.1086
4 4
1 1
𝑧3 = 5 (20 − 𝑥3 − 2𝑦3 ) = 5 (20 − 0.8314 − 2(2.1086)) = 2.9903
Therefore, approximate solution of the given system of equations is
𝑥 = 0.8314, 𝑦 = 2.1086, 𝑧 = 2.9903

Maths dept. Dr. HNNCE, Bengaluru-70

37
 6. Solve the following system of equations by Gauss Seidel iterative method
𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟏𝟎𝒛 = 𝟐𝟒, 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏𝟕𝒚 + 𝟒𝒛 = 𝟑𝟓, 𝟐𝟖𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 − 𝒛 = 𝟑𝟐
Rearrange this system of equations to a diagonally dominant system.
28𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 𝑧 = 32
2𝑥 + 17𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 35
𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 10𝑧 = 24
Rewrite this system of equations as
1
𝑥= (32 − 4𝑦 + 𝑧)
28
1
𝑦= (35 − 4𝑧 − 2𝑥)
17
1
𝑧= (24 − 𝑥 − 3𝑦)
10
Consider the initial approximations as 𝑥0 = 0, 𝑦0 = 0, 𝑧0 = 0.
First iteration:
1 1
𝑥1 = 28 (32 − 4𝑦0 + 𝑧0 ) = 28 (32 − 4(0) + 0) = 1.1429
1 1
𝑦1 = 17 (35 − 4𝑧0 − 2𝑥1 ) = 17 (35 − 4(0) − 2(1.1429)) = 1.9244
1 1
𝑧1 = (24 − 𝑥1 − 3𝑦1 ) = (24 − 1.1429 − 3(1.9244)) = 1.7084
10 10

Second iteration:
1 1
𝑥2 = (32 − 4𝑦1 + 𝑧1 ) = (32 − 4(1.9244) + 1.7084) = 0.9290
28 28
1 1
𝑦2 = 17 (35 − 4𝑧1 − 2𝑥2 ) = 17 (35 − 4(1.7084) − 2(0.9290)) = 1.5476
1 1
𝑧2 = 10 (24 − 𝑥2 − 3𝑦2 ) = 10 (24 − 0.9290 − 3(1.5476)) = 1.8428

Third iteration:
1 1
𝑥3 = 28 (32 − 4𝑦2 + 𝑧2 ) = 28 (32 − 4(1.5476) + 1.8428) = 0.9876
1 1
𝑦3 = (35 − 4𝑧2 − 2𝑥3 ) = (35 − 4(1.8428) − 2(0.9876)) = 1.5090
17 17
1 1
𝑧3 = 10 (24 − 𝑥3 − 3𝑦3 ) = 10 (24 − 0.9876 − 3(1.5090)) = 1.8485
Therefore, approximate solution of the given system of equations is
𝑥 = 0.9876, 𝑦 = 1.5090, 𝑧 = 1.8485

Maths dept. Dr. HNNCE, Bengaluru-70

38
 5.6 Rayleigh’s power method

Introduction:

 This method is useful to find the largest Eigen value and its corresponding Eigen
vector.
 If initial Eigen vector is not given, take [1 0 0]𝑇 as an initial Eigen vector.
Problems:

1. Using Rayleigh’s power method find the the largest eigen value and the
4 1 −1
corresponding eigen vector of the matrix ( 2 3 −1) by taking [𝟏 𝟎 𝟎]𝑻 as
−2 1 5
initial eigen vector [carry out 6 iterations]. (MQP 1)

4 1 −1 1 4 1
(2 3 −1) (0) =( 2 ) = 4 ( 0.5 )
−2 1 5 0 −2 −0.5

4 1 −1 1 5 1
(2 3 −1 ) ( 0.5 ) = ( 4) = 5 ( 0.8 )
−2 1 5 −0.5 −4 −0.8

4 1 −1 1 5.6 1
(2 3 −1) ( 0.8 ) = ( 5.21 ) = 5.6 ( 0.93 )
−2 1 5 −0.8 −5.21 −0.93

4 1 −1 1 5.86 1
(2 3 −1 ) ( 0.93 ) = ( 5.74 ) = 5.86 ( 0.98 )
−2 1 5 −0.93 −5.74 −0.98

4 1 −1 1 5.96 1
(2 3 −1) ( 0.98 ) = ( 5.9 ) = 5.96 ( 0.99 )
−2 1 5 −0.98 −5.9 −0.99

4 1 −1 1 5.98 1
(2 3 −1 ) ( 0.99 ) = ( 5.98 ) = 5.98 ( 1)
−2 1 5 −0.99 −5.98 −1

Maths dept. Dr. HNNCE, Bengaluru-70

39
 1
After 6 iterations, largest eigen value is 5.98, The corresponding eigen vector is ( 1 ) .
−1
2. Find the largest eigen value and the corresponding eigen vector of
𝟔 −𝟐 𝟐
[−𝟐 𝟑 −𝟏] with the initial approximate eigen vector [𝟏 𝟎 𝟎]𝑻 (MQP 2)
𝟐 −𝟏 𝟑

6 −2 2 1 6 1
(−2 3 −1) (0) =( 2 ) = 6 ( 0.33 )
2 −1 3 0 −2 −0.33

6 −2 2 1 4.68 1
(−2 3 −1) ( 0.33 ) = (−0.68) = 4.68 (−0.15)
2 −1 3 −0.33 0.68 0.15

6 −2 2 1 6.6 1
(−2 3 −1) (−0.15) = (−2.6) = 6.6 (−0.4)
2 −1 3 0.15 2.6 0.4

6 −2 2 1 7.6 1
(−2 3 −1) (−0.4) = (−3.6) = 7.6 (−0.47)
2 −1 3 0.4 3.6 0.47

6 −2 2 1 7.88 1
(−2 3 −1) (−0.47) = (−3.88) = 7.88 (−0.5)
2 −1 3 0.47 3.88 0.5

6 −2 2 1 8 1
(−2 3 −1 −0.5 = −4 = 8 −0.5)
) ( ) ( ) (
2 −1 3 0.5 4 0.5

After 6 iterations, largest eigen value is 8

1
The corresponding eigen vector is (−0.5) .
0.5

Maths dept. Dr. HNNCE, Bengaluru-70

40
 3. Find the largest eigen value and the corresponding eigen vector for
𝟔 −𝟐 𝟐
𝑨 = (−𝟐 𝟑 −𝟏) with initial vector (𝟏 𝟏 𝟏)𝑻 [Carryout 5 iterations.]
𝟐 −𝟏 𝟑
(July 2021 18MAT11)

6 −2 2 1 6 1
(−2 3 −1 1)
) ( = ( 0) = 6( 0 )
2 −1 3 1 4 0.67

6 −2 2 1 7.34 1
(−2 3 −1) ( 0 ) = (−2.67) = 7.34 (−0.36)
2 −1 3 0.67 4.01 0.55

6 −2 2 1 7.82 1
(−2 3 ) (
−1 −0.36 ) = (−3.63 ) = 7.82 ( −0.46)
2 −1 3 0.55 4.01 0.51

6 −2 2 1 7.94 1
(−2 3 −1) (−0.46) = (−3.89) = 7.94 (−0.49)
2 −1 3 0.51 3.99 0.5

6 −2 2 1 7.98 1
(−2 3 −1) (−0.49) = (−3.97) = 7.98 (−0.5)
2 −1 3 0.5 3.99 0.5

After 5 iterations, largest eigen value is 7.98

1
The corresponding eigen vector is (−0.5) .
0.5

Maths dept. Dr. HNNCE, Bengaluru-70

41
 4. Using Rayleigh’s power method find the largest eigen value and the corresponding
2 0 1
eigen vector of the matrix (0 2 0) by taking [𝟏 𝟎 𝟎]𝑻 as initial eigen vector
1 0 2
[carry out 5 iterations]. (Jan 20, 18MAT11)

2 0 1 1 2 1
(0 2 0) (0) = (0) = 2( 0 )
1 0 2 0 1 0.5

2 0 1 1 2.5 1
(0 2 0) ( 0 ) =(0 ) = 2.5 ( 0 )
1 0 2 0.5 2 0.8

2 0 1 1 2.8 1
(0 2 0) ( 0 ) =(0 ) = 2.8 ( 0 )
1 0 2 0.8 2.6 0.93

2 0 1 1 2.93 1
(0 2 0) ( 0 ) = ( 0 ) = 2.93 ( 0 )
1 0 2 0.93 2.86 0.98

2 0 1 1 2.98 1
(0 2 0) ( 0 ) = ( 0 ) = 2.98 ( 0 )
1 0 2 0.98 2.96 0.99

After 5 iterations, largest eigen value is 7.98

1
The corresponding eigen vector is (−0.5) .
0.5

Maths dept. Dr. HNNCE, Bengaluru-70

42
 5. Using Rayleigh’s power method find the largest eigen value and the corresponding
25 1 2
eigen vector of the matrix ( 1 3 0 ) by taking [𝟏 𝟎 𝟎]𝑻 as initial eigen
2 0 −4
vector [carry out 7 iterations]. (MQP 1, 18MAT11)

25 1 2 1 25 1
(1 3 0 ) (0) =(1) = 25 (0.04)
2 0 −4 0 2 0.08

25 1 2 1 25.2 1
(1 3 0 ) (0.04) = (1.12) = 25.2 (0.04)
2 0 −4 0.08 1.68 0.07

25 1 2 1 25.18 1
(1 3 0 ) (0.04 ) = ( 1.12 ) = 25.18 (0.04)
2 0 −4 0.07 1.72 0.07

25 1 2 1 25.18 1
(1 3 0 ) (0.04) = ( 1.12 ) = 25.18 (0.04)
2 0 −4 0.07 1.72 0.07

Two consecutive iterations give the same eigen value and eigen vector.

Largest eigen value is 25.18

1
The corresponding eigen vector is (0.04) .
0.07

Maths dept. Dr. HNNCE, Bengaluru-70

43
 6. Find the largest eigen value and the corresponding eigen vector of the matrix
−2 0 −1
(1 −1 1 ). Perform 5 iterations by taking the initial eigen vector as
2 2 0
[𝟏 𝟏 𝟏] 𝑻 .

−2 0 −1 1 −3 −0.75
(1 −1 1 ) (1) =( 1 ) = 4 ( 0.25 )
2 2 0 1 4 1

−2 0 −1 −0.75 0.5 0.5

(1 −1 1 ) ( 0.25 ) = ( 0 ) = 1( 0 )
2 2 0 1 −1 −1

−2 0 −1 0.5 0 0
(1 −1 1 ) ( 0 ) = (−0.5) = 1 (−0.5)
2 2 0 −1 1 1

−2 0 −1 0 −1 0.067
(1 −1 1 ) (−0.5) = (1.5) = 1.5 ( 1 )
2 2 0 1 −1 0.067

−2 0 −1 0.067 2.74 1
(1 −1 1 ) ( 1 ) = (−0.866) = 2.74 (0.316)
2 2 0 0.067 2.134 0.779

After 5 iterations, largest eigen value is 25.18

1
The corresponding eigen vector is (0.04) .
0.07

Maths dept. Dr. HNNCE, Bengaluru-70

44
 7. Find the largest eigen value and the corresponding eigen vector of the matrix
𝟐 −𝟏 𝟎
(−𝟏 𝟐 −𝟏) by Rayleigh’s power method. (May 22)
𝟎 −𝟏 𝟐

Take (1 0 0)𝑇 as an initial eigen vector.

2 −1 0 1 2 1
(−1 2 −1 0)
) ( = (−1) = 2 (−0.5)
0 −1 2 0 0 0

2 −1 0 1 2.5 1
(−1 2 −1) (−0.5) = (−2) = 2.5 (−0.8)
0 −1 2 0 0.5 0.2

2 −1 0 1 2.8 1
(−1 2 ) (
−1 −0.8 ) = ( −2.8) = 2.8 ( −1 )
0 −1 2 0.2 1.2 0.43

2 −1 0 1 3 0.87
(−1 2 −1) ( −1 ) = (−3.43) = 3.43 ( −1 )
0 −1 2 0.43 1.86 0.54

2 −1 0 0.87 2.74 0.76

(−1 2 −1) ( −1 ) = (−3.41) = 3.41 ( −1 )
0 −1 2 0.54 2.08 0.65

After 5 iterations, largest eigen value is 3.41

0.76
The corresponding eigen vector is ( −1 ) .
0.65

Maths dept. Dr. HNNCE, Bengaluru-70

45
 8. Find the largest eigen value and the corresponding eigen vector of the matrix
𝟏 −𝟑 𝟐
(𝟒 𝟒 −𝟏) by Rayleigh’s power method.
𝟔 𝟑 𝟓

Take (1 0 0)𝑇 as an initial eigen vector.

1 −3 2 1 1 0.167
(4 4 −1 0)
) ( = ( 4) = 6 (0.667)
6 3 5 0 6 1

1 −3 2 0.167 0.166 0.021

(4 4 −1) (0.667) = (2.336) = 8.003 (0.292)
6 3 5 1 8.003 1

1 −3 2 0.021 1.145 0.191

(4 4 ) (
−1 0.292 ) = (0.252) = 6.002 (0.042)
6 3 5 1 6.002 1

1 −3 2 0.191 2.065 0.329

(4 4 −1) (0.042) = (−0.068) = 6.272 (−0.011)
6 3 5 1 6.272 1

1 −3 2 0.329 2.326 0.335

(4 4 −1 −0.011 = 0.272 = 6.941 0.04 )
) ( ) ( ) (
6 3 5 1 6.941 1

After 5 iterations, largest eigen value is 6.941

0.335
The corresponding eigen vector is ( 0.04 ) .
1

Maths dept. Dr. HNNCE, Bengaluru-70

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