o cy vk?kw.

kZA /kkjk js[kh; ,oa fo{kksHk çokg] dkfUrd osx] LVksd ,oa ik;tyh ds lw=] cjukSyh çes; vkSj mi;ksxA ¼c½ouLifrfoKku
i`"B ruko] æoksa ds oØryksa ds vUnj vfrfjä nkc] i`"B ÅtkZ] dsf'kdk esa æo dk çokg A çR;kLFkrk% çR;kLFkrk fo"kk.kq& ifjHkk"kk] ç—fr] ikjxeu] Vhå,eåohå dh lajpuk] cSfDVfj;ksQst] ckbjk;M~l] fç;kUl] fo"kk.kqvksa ds
xq.kkad] muesa vkilh lac/k] csfUMx eksesaV] dSUVh yhojA lkis{krk dk fl}kUr] yEckbZ] le; rFkk æO;eku esa vkfFkZd egRo A
ifjorZu] æO;eku ÅtkZ rqY;rkA
thok.kq & thok.kq dks'kk dh lajpuk] iks"k.k] çtuu vkSj vkfFkZd egRo
m"ek& m"ek ,oa rki dh ladYiuk] fofHkUu rki ekiu iSekus] ijerki] Bksl] xSl vkSj æoksa ds m"eh; çlkj]
lqpkyd vkSj dqpkyd] m"ek dk fofdj.k] —f".kdk fofdj.k] jsysthUl rFkk ohUl dk fu;e] Iykad fofdj.k dod& lkekU; y{k.k] lajpuk] iks"k.k] çtuu vkSj dodksa dk vkfFkZd egRo] oxhZdj.k ¼,sysDlksiksyl vkSj feEl½]
QkewZyk] U;wVu dk 'khryu fu;e] LVhQu fu;e] vkUrfjd ÅtkZ] lerkih vkSj :nks"e ifjorZu] m"ek xfrdh dk fofHkUu oxksaZ ds fof'k"V y{k.kA
çFke o f}rh; fu;e] dkuksZ batu] ,UVªkih] eSDlosy ds m"ek xfrdh laca/k] twy Fkkelu çHkko] jk;tksil] ihfFk;e] ,Ycwxks] ,Lijthyl] ,xSfjdl] iDlhfu;k] vLVhykxksa ,oa vYVjusfj;ka ds ljapuk vkSj
Dykfl;l&Dysfijku lehdj.k A thoupØ A
rjax ,oa nksyu & ljy vkorZ xfr] çxkeh] vçxkeh rjaxs] dyk o lewg osx] voeafnr vkorZxfr] ç.kksfnr nksyu 'kSoky & lkekU; y{k.k] oxhZdj.k] fofHkUu oxksaZ ds fof'k"V y{k.k] 'kSoky o.kZd ,oa 'kSokyksa dk vkfFkZd egRoA
rFkk vuqukn] vuqukn rhozrk] rjaxks dk v/;kjksi.k] foliUn rFkk fylktwl vk—fr;k¡] MkIyj dk çHkkoA DySekbMkseksukl] okyokDl] mMksxksfu;k] okmpsfj;k] dkjk] ,DVksdkiZl] cSVªkdksLieZe] ikyhlkbQksfu;k vkSj uhy
çdkf'kdh & xksyh; niZ.k ,oa ysUl] viorZukad] Qksdl nwfj;ksa ds lw=] le{kh; fudk;] irys ysalks dk la;kstu] gfjr 'kSoky ¼ukLVkd vkSj ,ukfcuk½ ds lajpuk vkSj thoupd A
usf=dk] jsElMu vkSj gkbthUl usf=dk;sa] ySalks ds o.kZ nks"k] ekuo dh v‚[k] nwj–f"V] fudV –f"V] O;frdj.k] ykbdsu & ç—fr] çdkj] lajpuk] çtuu ,oa vkfFkZd egRo
foorZu vkSj /kzwo.k dh ewy vo/kkj.kk;sa] ckbfçTe] U;wVufjax] Qsluy&Qkugkij foorZu] jSysdkbVsfj;u] foHksnu czk;ksQkbV~l& lkekU; y{k.k] oxhZdj.k] fofHkUu oxksaZ dk fof'k"V y{k.k] çtuu vkSj czk;ksQkbV~l dk vkfFkZd
{kerk] tksu IysV rFkk xzsfVaxks ds dk;Z fl}kUr] f}viorZu] lery o`Ùkh; rFkk nh?kZ o`Ùkh; /kzqo.k] prqFkkaZ'k ,oa egRoA fjfDl;k] ekjdsfUl;k] ,UFkkslsjkl vkSj ¶;wfufj;k ds lajpuk vkSj thoupd A
vnZ~/krjax ifêdk] yslj dh lkekU; vo/kkj.kk] :ch rFkk ghfy;e fu;ksu ysljA
VSfjMksQkbV~l& lkekU; y{k.k] oxhZdj.k] fofHkUu oxksaZ dk fof'k"V y{k.k] jEHkh; ra= vkSj VSfjMksQkbV~l dk
fo|qr rFkk pqEcdRo%& çkFkfed o f}rh;d lsy] vkUrfjd çfrjks/k] fo|qr okgd cy] çfrjks/k ,oa /kkfj=ksa ds
vkfFkZd egRoA ykbdksiksfM;e] flysftusyk] bDchlhVe vkSj ekflZy;k ds lajpuk vkSj thoupd A gsVªksLiksjh ,oa
la;kstu ds fu;e] /kkjk] vuqxeu osx rFkk pkydrk] xSYouksehVj] vehVj ,oa oksYVehVj] OghV LVksu fczt vkSj
chth; LoHkkoA
ç;ksx] ck;ks lsoVZ fu;e] ,fEi;j dk ifjiFkh; fu;e] fo|qr pqEcdh; çsj.k] QSjkMs vkSj ysat ds fu;eA Loçsj.k ,oa
vU;ksU; çsj.k] çR;korhZ /kkjk] Js.kh rFkk lekUrj ¼LCR½ ifjiFk] çfr&vuq&ykSg pqEcdRo dh çkjfEHkd tkudkjh] vuko`rchth& lkekU; y{k.k vkSj ltkrh;rk] thou pd] oxhZdj.k fofHkUu oxksaZ ds fof'k"V y{k.k] forj.k ,oa
fo|qr pqEcdh; eSDlosy lehdj.k] foLFkkiu /kkjk] fo|qr pqEcdh; rjaxsA vkfFkZd egRo
vk/kqfud HkkSfrdh%& ijek.kq dh ljapuk] ijek.kq ds osDVj rFkk cksgj ekMy] ikmyh dk viotZu fl)kUr] çdk'kh lkbdl] ikbul ,oa bQsMªk ds lajpuk vkSj thoupdA
vkSj ,Dljs LiSDVªk] çdk'k fo|qr çHkko] ØkEiVu çHkko] theku] ik'psucsd rFkk jeu çHkko] fMczkXyh rjax] thok'e foKku & thok'e] çdkj] thok'ehdj.k] Hkw oSKkfud le; lkj.kh ,oa bldk egRoA jkbfu;k dk lajpuk
vfu'prrk dk fl)kUr] JksfMatj lehdj.k] jsfM;ks/kfeZrk] /kkrq] vnZ~/kpkyd vkSj dqpkyd] ih-,u- lfU/k] thuj ,oa çtuu A
Mk;ksM] VªkaftLVj rFkk buds mi;ksxA rkfdZd }kj] lR; lkj.kh cwfy;u chtxf.krA vko`Ùkchth okf.kZdh & f}uke i}fr] csUFke ,oa gwdj dk oxhZdj.k i}fr] egRoiw.kZ ouLifrd m|ku vkSj
¼c½jlk;ufoKku gjcsfj;kA jSuudqyslh] ikikojslh] czSfldslh] ekyoslh] QScslh] jkstslh] dqdqjfcVslh] ,ih,lh] ,LVjslh] :ch,lh]
lkekU; dkcZfud jlk;u& vfrla;qXeu] çsjf.kd çHkko] vuqukn ,oa ,sjkseSfVdrk rFkk muds vuqç;ksxA ,ikslk;uslh] lksyksuslh ,dSaFkslh] ySfe,lh] ;wQksfcz,lh] fyfy,lh ,oa iks,lh dqyksa ds fof'k"V fo'ks"krk,a A
vfHkdeZd%& bysDVªkuLusgh] ukfHkdLusgh vfHkdeZd rFkk vfHkfØ;k e/;orhZ ¼dkcZ/kkuk;u] dkcZ_.kk;u] eqä vko`Ùkchth vkUrfjdh& Ård ,oa Ård ra=] vlkekU; f}rh;d o`f)] tM+ ,oa rusa dh vkUrfjdh fVuksLiksjk
ewyd] dkcksZu rFkk csUtkbZu½ tM+] Mªsfluk ruk] fcxuksfu;k ruk] cksjgkfo;k ruk vkSj fuDVSfUFkl ruk ds vkUrfjd lajpuk A
vfHkfØ;kvksa dh fd;kfof/k%& SN1, SN2, E1 vkSj E2 vfHkfØ;k;saA vkfFkZd ouLifr foKku& bekjrh ydM+h] js'ks] rsy] vkS"k/kh; ikS/ks] is;] elkys] iSnk djus okys ikS/ks A
,sYdhu rFkk ,sYdkbu dh bysDVªkuLusgh ;ksxkRed vfHkfØ;k,aA ,sYdhuksa dh eqäewyd ;ksxkRed vfHkfØ;k;saA HkzkSf.kdh& iqeax dh lajpuk] y?kq chtk.kqtuu vkSj uj ;qXedksfHknh dk fodkl] chtk.M dh ljapuk nh?kZ
dkcksZfuy ;kSfxdksa dh ukfHkdLusgh ;ksxkRed vfHkfØ;k;saA ,sjkseSfVd bysDVªkuLusgh çfrLFkkiu vfHkfØ;k;sa& chtk.kq/kkuh dk fodkl] Hkz.w kiks'k dk fodkl ,oa laxBu] ijkx.k] çtuu] Hkz.w k dk fodkl] ikjFkuksdkihZ] ,iksfedfll ,oa
ArSE esa vkFkksZ@esVk@iSjk funsZ'kd lewg rFkk mudk lafØ;.k rFkk fuf"Ø;.k çHkkoA cgq Hkzw.krkA
,YMksy] ifdZu] dSfutkjks] fofVax] jkbej&Vheku] g‚Qeku] uksosusxsy] ekbdsy vfHkfØ;k;sa ,oa csaTok;u la?kuuA dksf'kdk foKku & ikni dksf'kdh; lajpuk vkSj mlds fofHkUu dksf'kdkaxks dk v/;;u] dksf'kdk foHkktu vkSj
dkcksZgkbMªsV% dsoy Xywdksl ,oa ÝDVksl] ifjorhZ /kzqo.k ?kw.kZu] vkslStksu dk fuekZ.k] mip;u ,oa vip;uA dksf'kdk pd A
cgqyd%& çk—frd ¼LVkpZ] lsY;qyksl] jcj rFkk flYd½ ,oa la'ysf"kr cgqyd ¼u‚;yku] Vsfjyhu] i‚fyFkhu] vkuqoaf'kdh& xq.klw= dh lajpuk] dksekslksey ,chjslu vkuqoaf'kdrk dk fu;e] thu bUVsD'ku] lgyXurk] thu
ih0oh0lh0 vkSj VsQ~yku½A fofue;] mRifjorZu ,oa ikyhiksykbMhA
leko;ork%& ljapukRed ,oa f=foe leko;ork ¼,uSfa 'k;ksefs jTe] Mk;kLVhfj;ksefs jTe] R/S rFkk E/Z ukedj.k½ ikni 'kjhj fØ;k foKku& ty dk vo'kks"k.k] jlkjksg.k] ok"iksltZu] [kfut yo.k iks"k.k vkSj deh] çdk'k
la'ys'k.k] 'olu] ikni gkjeksUl] ousZykbts'ku] chtks dk vadqj.k ,oa lalqIrk] ukbVªkstu pØ] nhIr dkfyrk
vo'kks"k.k LçsDVªksLdksih%& ijkcSaxuh LçsDVªksLdksih& dkseksQksj ¼o.kZewyd½] vkDlksdkse ¼o.kZo/kZd½] o.kksZRd"khZ rFkk
o.kksiZ d"khZ çHkkoA λmax ij la;Xq eu rFkk LFkkf;Ro dk çHkko] oqMoMZ&Qhtj fu;e ls i‚fybZuksa ds λmax dh x.kukA tSo jlk;u foKku& dkcksZgkbMªsV~l] çksVhUl] fyfiM] U;wfDyd vEy vkSj ,utkbEl dk oxhZdj.k] xq.k vkSj
tSfod egRo
bUÝkjsM LisDVªksLdksih & fofHkUu fd;klewgksa dh vo'kks"k.k vko`fÙk rFkk µmax fofHkUu dkjdksa dk çHkkoA i;kZoj.kh; ouLifr foKku& i;kZoj.kh; dkjd] e`nk laj{k.k ikS/kks esa ifjfLFkfrd vuqdwyu] ifjfLFkfrd
ijek.kq dh lajpuk%& cksgj e‚My] DokaVe la[;k rFkk vk/kqfud ijek.kq fl}kUrA fijSfeM~l] [kk| J`[kayk ,oa [kk|tky ikfjfLFkfrdhra=] ikni vuqØe.k] çnw"k.k] ikni leqnk; vkSj tSo fofo/krk]
rÙoksa ds vkorhZ xq.k& ijek.kq ,oa vk;fud f=T;k;sa] vk;uu foHko] bysDVªku cU/kqrk rFkk fo|qr _.kkRedrkA bulhVw vkSj ,DllhVw laj{k.kA
tkyd ÅtkZ rFkk ty;kstu mtkZ ,oa budk vk;fud ;kSfxdksa ds foys;rk ls lEcU/k A ikni jksx foKku & thok.kq] dod vkSj fo"kk.kq tfur jksxksa dk lkekU; y{k.kA ikni jksxksa ds fu;a=.k ds fofHkUu
jlk;fud vkcU/ku & oS|qr] lgla;kstd] milgla;kstd rFkk gkbMªkstu vkcU/[email protected] dh vk—fr A çkfof/k;k¡A
dksvkfMZus'ku jlk;u & 3Mh Cykd ds rRo] ladqy ;kSfxdksa dk ukedj.k] fyxS.M] ¼,d nUrh] f}nUrh] cgqnUrh½] vkyw dk ihNsrh >qylk] vkyw dk vxSfr >qylk] dq:lhQsjh dk OgkbV& jLV xsgw¡ dk fdê jksx] xsgw¡ dk ywtLeV]
ouZj dk fl}kUr rFkk la;kstdrk vkcU/k fl)kUr A flVªl dSadj] cSaxu dk fyfVy yh¶l vkSj fHkUMh dk ,yks osu ewtSd fcekfj;ksa ds y{k.k] jksx pd vkSj fu;a=.kA
tSo& lfØ; ladqy ;kSfxd ¼gseksXyksfcu] ek;ksXyksfcu] foVkfeu ch&12] DyksjksfQy½A tSo çkS|ksfxdh ,oa vkuqoaf'kd vfHk;af=dh& ekuo dY;k.k esa egRo] osDVj fjdkefcusUV Mh,u, rduhd]
vip;u rFkk mip;u%& vkDlhMs'ku la[;k] fjMkDl vfHkfØ;k vkSj vnZ~/klsy ekud foHko ,oa vdkcZfud ijthuh ikS/ks fV'kw dYpj] ck;ksisfLVhlkbM~l vkSj tSo moZjd A
jlk;u esa bldk vuqç;ksxA vk.kfod tSo foKku & thu dUlsIV] vkuqokaf'kd dwV] U;wfDyd vEy] Mh,u, dk fo[k.Mu] thu ,Dçs'ku
jsfM;ks lfØ;rk%& çk—frd jsfM;ks lfØ;rk] jsfM;kslfd; {k;] α] β vkSj y fdj.kksa ds xq.k] vnZ~/kvk;q dky] ,oa jsX;qys'kuA
ukfHkdh; ikB~;Øe
fo[kUMu ,oa ukfHkdh; lay;u A fo"k;&xf.kr
jlk;fud oyxfrdh rFkk mRçsj.k%& v.kqla[;rk] vfHkfØ;k dh dksfV] 'kwU;] çFke rFkk f}rh; dksfV dh 1&chtxf.kr
vfHkfd;kvksa dk mnkgj.k A mRçsjdh ,oa ,Utkbeh vfHkfØ;kvksa ds mnkgj.kA
lehdj.k fl}kUr] lekUrj xq.kksÙkj ,oa gjkRed Jsf.k;k¡] çk—frd la[;kvksa ds oxksaZ ,oa ?kuksa dk ;ksx] Øep; ,oa
m"ekxfrdh%& m"ekxfrdh ds çFke ,oa f}rh; fu;e] fudk; dh ,uFkSYih rFkk fLFkj vk;ru vkSj nkc ij lap;] f}in çes;] pj?kkrkadh; ,oa y?kqx.kdh; Jsf.k;k¡A
/kkfjrkA Cp vkSj Cv esa lacU/kA foLrh.kZ vkSj xgu xq.kA
leqPp; dk chtxf.kr laca/k ,oa Qyu] laca/kks ds çdkj] rqY;rk laca/k] Qyuksa ds çdkj] Qyuksa dk la;kstu]
jlk;fud lkE;koLFkk%& æO; vuqikrh fØ;k dk fu;e] yhlkrys dk fl)kUr ,oa bldk vuqç;ksx] çfrykse Qyu] leqPp; ij f}vk/kkjh lafØ;k;sa] lewg] milewg] çklkekU; lewg] vkf'kad lewg] pdh; lewg] lewg
fo;kstu&ek=k] Kp vkSj Kc esa lEcU/k] lfØ;rk ,oa lfØ;rk xq.kkadA ds vo;o dh dksfV] Øep; lewg] le ,oa fo"ke Øep;] ykxzkat çes; vkSj blds ifj.kke] lewg lekdkfjrkA
vk;fud lkE;koLFkk%& nqcZy vEy ,oa {kkjd dk fo;kstu ¼Ka vkSj Kb½] nqcZy vEy vkSj nqcZy {kkjd] nqcZy lkjf.kd] vkO;wg ds çdkj] vkO;wgksa ij chtxf.krh; lafØ;k;sa] lefer ,oa fo"ke lefer vkO;wg] gfeZVh; ,oa fo"ke
vEy ,oa çcy {kkjd rFkk çcy vEy vkSj nqcZy {kkjd ls çkIr yo.kksa dk ty vi?kVuA foys;rk vkSj foys;rk gfeZVh; vkO;wg] vkO;wg dk çfrykse] vkO;wg dh tkfr] vkO;wg dk js[kh; lehdj.kksa ds fudk; dks gy djus esa
xq.kQyuA ty dk vi?kVu fLFkjkad ¼Kw)] cQj foy;u vkSj mldk pH. vuqç;ksx] vkO;wg ds vkbZxsueku ,oa vkbZxsu lfn'k] dSys gSfeYVu çes; vkSj blds vuqç;ksxA
ikB~;Øe 2& okLrfod fo'ys"k.k
fo"k;&thofoKku okLrfod la[;kvksa ds vuqØe] ifjc) ,oa ,dfn"V vuqde] vfHklkjh vuqde] /kukRed inksa dh Jsf.k;ksa dk
¼v½&tUrqfoKku vfHklj.k] rqyukRed ijh{k.k] dk'kh dk noka ewy ijh{k.k] vuqikr ijh{k.k] jcs ijh{k.k] y?kqx.kdh; vkSj n ekxZu
1& oxhZdj.k ds fl)kUr] tkfr vkSj mitkfr dh /kkj.kk] f}in uke i)fr ,oa cVsZ.M ijh{k.k] ,dkUrj Js.kh ,oa yScfuV~t ijh{k.kA
2& fuEufyf[kr la?kks dk oxhZdj.k rFkk fof'k"V y{k.k% çksVkstksvk] iksjhQsjk] fuMsfj;k] VhuksQksjk] IysVhgsyfeUFksl] 3& lfn'k fo'ys"k.k
,LdgsyfeUFksl] ,susfyMk] vkFkksZiksMk] eksyLdk] bdkbuksMjesVk rFkk d‚MsZVk lfn'kksa ij lafØ;k;sa] nks vkSj rhu lfn'kksa dk vfn'k ,oa lfn'k xq.ku vkSj muds vuqç;ksx] lfn'k vodyu]
3& fuEufyf[kr la?kks ds çfrfuf/k;ksa dh lkekU; lajpuk rFkk thou pØ% ¼i½ çksVkstksvk&,UVvehck] xzsfM;UV] MkbZotsZUl ,oa dyZA
;qfXyuk] IykteksfM;e ,oa iSjkfef'k;e ¼ii½ iksjhQsjk y;wdkslksysfu;k ,oa lkbd‚u ¼iii½ fuMsfj;k& gkbMªk] vkSjsfy;k 4& lfEeJ fo'ys"k.k
,oa vkscsfy;k ¼iv½ VhuksQksjk&IY;wjksczSfd;k ¼v½ IysVhgsyfeUFksl&QSflvksyk ,oa Vhfu;k ¼vi½ ,LdgsyfeUFksl& lfEeJ la[;k;sa] ,d lfEeJ pj ds Qyu] n ek;oj çes; vkSj blds vuqç;ksx] bZdkbZ ds nosa ewy] ,d lfEeJ
,sldSfjl ¼vii½ ,susfyMk&usfjl] QsfjfVek ,oa fg:fMusfj;k ¼viii½ vkFkksZiksMk&d‚djksp] eLdk] ePNj ,oa ç‚u ¼ix½ Qyu ds pj ?kkrkadh] lh/ks ,oa O;qRde f=dks.kferh;] gkbZijcksfyd ,oa y?kqx.kdh; Qyu] lfEeJ Qyuksa dh
eksyLdk&;qfuvks ,oa ikbyk ¼x½ bdkbuksMjesVk&rkjk eNyh rFkk ¼xi½ d‚MsZV&gMZekfu;k] ,fEQ;‚Dll] lkaR;rk ,oa vodyuh;rk] dk'kh jheku lehdj.k] oS'ysf'kd Qyu] çlaoknh Qyu A
Ldksfy;ksM‚u] jkuk] ;qjksesfLVªDl] dksyEck ,oa [kjxks'kA 5& dyu
4& fuEufyf[kr dk laf{kIr Kku%& ¼i½ çksVkstksvk rFkk muds }kjk mRiUu jksx] ¼ii½ fuMsfj;k esa cgq:irk Qyu dh lhek] lkarR;rk ,oa vodyuh;rk jksy dk çes;] ykxzkUt dk e/;eku çes;] ykfirky fu;e] mÙkjksÙkj
¼iii½ gsyfeUFksl rFkk jksx ¼iv½ gkfudkjd vkSj ykHkçn dhV ¼v½ fo"kSys rFkk fo"kghu lkai ¼vi½ Lru/kkfj;ksa dk vkfFkZd egRoA vodyu] Li'khZ ,oa vfHkyEc] mfPp"B ,oa fufEu"B] o/kZeku o ºzkleku Qyu] nks pjksa ds Qyu dh lhek] lkarR;rk
5& çksdSfj;ksfVd vkSj ;wdSfj;ksfVd dksf'kdk] tUrq dksf'kdk dh lw{e lajpuk] dksf'kdkaxks ds dk;Z] xq.klw= ds ,oa vodyuh;rk] vkaf'kd vodyu lekdyu dh fof/k;k¡] fuf'pr lekdy] oØksa }kjk ifjc) {ks=Qy] oØ dh
çdkj] thu dh lajpuk rFkk vkuqoaf'kd dwV] lelw=h ,oa v/kZlw=h dksf'kdk foHkktu A yEckbZ] ?kw.kZu }kjk cus Bkslksa dk i`"Bh; {ks=Qy ,oa vk;ru dks Kkr djus esa lekdyu dk vuqç;ksxA çFke dksfV
6& esUMsy ds oa'kkxfr ds fu;e] lgyXurk ,oa thu fofue;] lqtufudh] tSo fodkl] tSo fodkl ds çek.k] tSo ,oa çFke ?kkr ds vodyu lehdj.kksa dk gy A
fodkl ds fl)kar] ysekdZokn] fuvks&ysekdZokn] MkfoZuokn] fuvks&MkfoZuokn] fodkl dh fØ;k fof/k] mRifjorZu] 6& T;kfefr
dkykarj esa fodkl] ekuo dk fodkl A f}rh; ?kkr ds O;kid lehdj.k rFkk bldk js[kk;qXe] o`Ùk] ijoy;] nh?kZo`Ùk ,oa vfrijoy; ds :i es oxhZdj.k]
7& ikfjfLFkfrdh & ikfjfLFkfr rU= ds vo;o rFkk çeq[k ikfjfLFkfr rU=] i;kZo.khZ; çnw"k.kA vfrijoy; ds vuUrLi'khZ] ewy fcUnq dk foLFkkiu ,oa funsZ'kkad v{kksa dk ?kw.kZu] js[kk dh fnDdksT;k;sa ,oa
8& fuEu dk çkja f Hkd Kku%& ¼ i½ ikpu fØ;k ¼ ii½ 'olu fØ;k ¼ iii½ :f/kj ,oa ifjla p j.k ¼iv½ mRltZu fnDvuqikr] lery dk dkrhZ; ,oa lfn'k lehdj.k] js[kk dk dkrhZ; ,oa lfn'k lehdj.k] leryh; ,oa
vleryh; js[kk;sa] nks js[kkvksa ds chp dh U;wure nwjh] nks leryksa ds chp] nks js[kkvksa ds chp] ,d js[kk ,oa ,d
¼v½ raf=dh; lapkj.k ¼vi½ ekalis'kh esa ladqpu ¼vii½ vUr%L=koh xzafFk rFkk muds dk;ZA
lery ds chp ds dks.k] ,d fcUnq dh ,d lery ls nwjh] xksyk] 'kadq ,oa csyu A
9& fuEufyf[kr dh fo'ks"krk rFkk oxhZdj.k%& ¼i½ dkcksZgkbMªsV~l ¼ii½ çksVhUl ¼iii½ olk ¼iv½ ,atkbe rFkk 7& lkaf[;dh ,oa çkf;drk
¼v½ gkeksaZl
cjackjrk caVu] lkaf[;dh; vkadM+ksa dk vkys[kh; fu:i.k] dsUæh; ço`fÙk dh ekisa] lkewfgd rFkk vlkewfgd vkdM+ksa
10& ;qXed&tuu] fMEc ds çdkj vkSj fonyu] ,fEQ;‚Dll] esa<d ,oa dqDdqV dk Hkwz.kh; ifjo/kZu] Lrfu;ksa esa ds ek/;] ekf/;dk ,oa cgqyd] çkf;drk ds ;ksx ,oa xq.ku dh çes;A
vijk
8- la[;k i)fr] chtxf.kr dk vk/kkjHkwr izes;] f=Hkqt laca/kh izes;] f}?kkr lehdj.k] f=dks.kfefr] funsZ'kkad
11& tSoHkwxksy] çkf.kHkkSxksfyd ifjeaMy ,oa muds fof'k"V çk.kh
T;kfefr ,oa {ks=fefrA

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