Basic Tutorial Points

1. Environment

 Command Window: Enter commands interactively.

 Editor: Write, save, and run scripts (.m files).

 Workspace: Variables created during session.

 Current Folder: Files location.

 Figure Window: For plots and graphics.

2. Basic Commands

clc % Clear command window

clear % Clear all variables from workspace

close all % Close all figures

3. Scripts and Functions

 Scripts: files containing sequence of commands (filename.m).

 Functions: reusable code blocks with inputs and outputs.

Example function:

function y = squareNum(x)

y = x^2;

end

Call: result = squareNum(5);

4. Clear Specific Variables

a = 1; b = 2; c = 3;

clear b

5. Use input to Get User Input/output

Direct input

A=2

n = input('Enter a numberA= ')

Output

Use disp() or fprintf() for variable checking;

a = 12.3456;

fprintf('Value with 2 decimals: %.2f\n', a)

7. User Input and Output

 Prompt user input

name = input('Enter your name: ', 's'); % 's' for string input

age = input('Enter your age: ');

fprintf('Hello %s, you are %d years old.\n', name, age);

8. Variables and Data Types

x = 5; % Numeric scalar

y = 3.2;

name = ''; % String

A = [1 2 3; 4 5 6]; % Matrix (2x3)

9. Vectors and Matrices

v = 1:5; % Row vector [1 2 3 4 5]

w = 0:0.1:1; % Row vector from 0 to 1 with step 0.1

M = [1 2; 3 4]; % 2x2 matrix

size(M) % Dimensions of M

length(v) % Number of elements in vector v

10. Use unique to Remove Duplicates

A = [1 2 2 3 4 4 5];

B = unique(A);

disp(B)

11. Basic Arithmetic Operations

a = 5; b = 3;

c = a + b; % Addition
d = a - b; % Subtraction

e = a * b; % Multiplication

f = a / b; % Division

g = a^2; % Power

% Element-wise operations on vectors/matrices

v1 = [1 2 3];

v2 = [4 5 6];

v3 = v1 .* v2; % Element-wise multiplication

12. Calculate Absolute Value

A = [-1 -5 3];

absA = abs(A);

disp(absA)

13. Solve Quadratic Equation Using Formula

a = 1; b = -3; c = 2;

D = b^2 - 4*a*c;

x1 = (-b + sqrt(D)) / (2*a);

x2 = (-b - sqrt(D)) / (2*a);

disp([x1 x2])

14. Use linspace to Generate Points

x = linspace(0, 10, 50);

disp(x)

15. Generate a Logarithmic Scale Vector

v = logspace(0, 2, 10); % From 10^0 to 10^2

disp(v)

16. Find Prime Numbers Using isprime

nums = 1:20;
primes = nums(isprime(nums));

disp(primes)

17. Convert Cell Array to Numeric Array

C = {'1', '2', '3'};

nums = str2double(C);

disp(nums)

18. Convert a String to a Number

str = '3.1415';

num = str2double(str);

disp(num);

19. Convert Numeric Array to String Array

nums = [10, 20, 30];

strs = string(nums);

disp(strs)

20. Convert Numeric to Cell Array

nums = [1 2 3];

C = num2cell(nums);

disp(C)

21. Convert Date String to datetime

dt = datetime('2025-06-25', 'InputFormat', 'yyyy-MM-dd');

disp(dt)

22. Convert Between Cell and String Arrays

C = {'apple','banana'};

S = string(C);

disp(S)

C2 = cellstr(S);

disp(C2)
23. Concatenate Strings Horizontally

s1 = 'MATLAB ';

s2 = 'Rocks';

s3 = [s1 s2];

disp(s3)

24. Create a Cell Array of Different Data Types

C = {42, 'hello', [1 2 3]};

disp(C)

25. Convert Table to Cell Array

T = table([1;2],[3;4],'VariableNames',{'A','B'});

C = table2cell(T);

disp(C)

26. Calculate Cumulative Sum

A = 1:5;

cumsumA = cumsum(A);

disp(cumsumA)

27. Element-wise Power Operation

A = [1 2 3];

B = A.^2;

disp(B)

28. Flip Matrix Up-Down

A = [1 2; 3 4];

B = flipud(A);

disp(B)

29. Find the Rank of a Matrix

A = [1 2; 3 4];

r = rank(A);
disp(r)

30. Convert Degrees to Radians and Back

deg = 45;

rad = deg2rad(deg);

deg_back = rad2deg(rad);

fprintf('Degrees: %.2f, Radians: %.4f, Back: %.2f\n', deg, rad, deg_back);

31. Convert Decimal to Binary String

dec = 23;

binStr = dec2bin(dec);

disp(binStr)

32. Calculate Logarithm with Custom Base

x = 100;

base = 10;

val = log(x)/log(base);

disp(val)

33. Extract Real and Imaginary Parts of Complex Number

z = 3 + 4i;

re = real(z);

im = imag(z);

disp([re, im])

34. Matrix Element-wise Operations with .* and ./

A = [1 2; 3 4];

B = [2 0; 1 5];

C = A .* B; % Element-wise multiplication

D = A ./ B; % Element-wise division

disp(C)
disp(D)

35. Convert Numeric Matrix to Table

A = magic(3);

T = array2table(A, 'VariableNames', {'A','B','C'});

disp(T)

36. Convert Numeric Array to Logical

A = [0 1 2 0];

B = logical(A);

disp(B)

37. Use feval to Evaluate Function Handle

f = @sin;

x = pi/2;

y = feval(f,x);

disp(y)

38. Extract Date and Time Components

dt = datetime('now');

disp(year(dt))

disp(month(dt))

disp(day(dt))

disp(hour(dt))

disp(minute(dt))

39. Calculate Vector Magnitude

v = [3 4 5];

mag = norm(v);

disp(mag)

40. Matrix Transpose

At = A';

disp(At)

41. Extract Diagonal of a Matrix

A = magic(4);

d = diag(A);

disp(d)

42. Create Identity Matrix

I = eye(5);

disp(I)

43. Control Flow

 If-Else

if x > 0

disp('Positive')

elseif x == 0

disp('Zero')

else

disp('Negative')

end

 For Loop

for i = 1:5

disp(i)

end

 While Loop

count = 1;

while count <= 5

disp(count)
 count = count + 1;

end

44. Vectorization

x = 0:0.01:1;

y = x.^2 + 3*x + 2; % Vectorized instead of loop

45. Loading and Saving Data

save('mydata.mat', 'x', 'y') % Save variables

load('mydata.mat') % Load variables

46. Useful Built-in Functions

Function Description

zeros(n,m) Create n-by-m matrix of zeros

ones(n,m) Create n-by-m matrix of ones

eye(n) Create n-by-n identity matrix

rand(n,m) Random matrix uniform [0,1]

mean(A) Mean of array

std(A) Standard deviation

sum(A) Sum of array elements

disp(x) Display variable or text

input() User input from keyboard

48. Advanced Array and Matrix Operations

 Indexing and slicing

A = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 9];

val = A(2,3); % Element in 2nd row, 3rd column (6)

row2 = A(2,:); % Entire 2nd row

subA = A(1:2, 2:3); % Submatrix (first 2 rows, columns 2 and 3)

 Modifying elements

A(3,1) = 10; % Change element at (3,1) to 10

A(:,2) = [20;30;40]; % Replace 2nd column

 Logical indexing

B = A(A > 5); % Returns elements greater than 5

49. File Input/Output

 Reading and writing text files

data = load('data.txt'); % Load numeric data

dlmwrite('output.txt', data*2) % Write data multiplied by 2

 Reading CSV

T = readtable('data.csv');

head(T)

 Writing CSV

writetable(T, 'out.csv')

 Eigenvalues and eigenvectors

matlab

CopyEdit

[V, D] = eig(A);

disp(D) % eigenvalues

disp(V) % eigenvectors

50. Function Handles and Passing Functions

 Assign a function to a variable

f = @(x) sin(x).^2 + cos(x).^2;

x = 0:0.1:2*pi;
y = f(x);

plot(x,y)

 Pass functions as arguments

function result = integrateFunc(f, a, b)

result = integral(f, a, b);

end

int_val = integrateFunc(@(x) x.^2, 0, 1);

disp(int_val)

51. File Operations: Reading/Writing Images

img = imread('peppers.png'); % Read image file

imshow(img)

imwrite(img, 'peppers_copy.png') % Save image file

52. Using for Loop with Step Size

for i = 1:2:10

disp(i)

end

53. Using sort with Descending Order

A = [5 2 8 1];

B = sort(A, 'descend');

disp(B)

54. Calculate Matrix Determinant

A = [1 2; 3 4];

detA = det(A);

disp(detA)

54. Using strcat to Concatenate Strings

s1 = 'Hello';

s2 = 'World';
s3 = strcat(s1, {' '}, s2);

disp(s3)

55. Calculate RMS Value of Signal

x = randn(1,1000);

rmsVal = rms(x);

disp(rmsVal)

56. Calculate Mean and Standard Deviation

data = randn(1,100);

meanVal = mean(data);

stdVal = std(data);

fprintf('Mean=%.3f, Std=%.3f\n', meanVal, stdVal

57. Simple If-Else Statement

x = 5;

if x > 0

disp('Positive')

else

disp('Non-positive')

end

58. Using mod to Check Even/Odd

num = 7;

if mod(num,2) == 0

disp('Even')

else

disp('Odd')

end

59. Convert Degrees to Radians

deg = 180;

rad = deg2rad(deg);
disp(rad)

60. Calculate Dot Product of Two Vectors

a = [1 2 3];

b = [4 5 6];

dp = dot(a,b);

disp(dp)

61. Calculate Cross Product of Two Vectors

a = [1 2 3];

b = [4 5 6];

cp = cross(a,b);

disp(cp)

62. Subfunctions and Nested Functions

 Functions inside files for modularity

function main()

a = 5;

b = 10;

disp(add(a,b))

end

function c = add(x,y)

c = x + y;

end

63. Calculate Factorial Using Loop

n = 5;

fact = 1;

for i = 1:n
 fact = fact * i;

end

disp(fact)

64. Vectorization Tips

 Replace loops with vectorized code for speed

% Loop way

for i = 1:1000

y(i) = sin(i*0.01);

end

% Vectorized way

x = (1:1000)*0.01;

y = sin(x);

65. Error Handling with try-catch

result = 10 / 0;

catch ME

disp('Error occurred:')

disp(ME.message)

end

66. Using MATLAB Apps and Toolboxes

 Use built-in apps like Curve Fitting, Signal Analyzer, etc.

 Access via Apps tab in MATLAB.

67. Data Import & Export

 Import data from Excel:

data = readmatrix('data.xlsx');

 Export data to Excel:

writematrix(data, 'output.xlsx');

 Import specific sheet or range:

data = readmatrix('data.xlsx', opts);

68. Find the Minimum Value and Its Index

A = [5, 3, 9, 1, 6];

[minVal, idx] = min(A);

fprintf('Minimum value: %d at index %d\n', minVal, idx);

69. Working with Dates and Times

t = datetime('now');

disp(t)

dt = days(5);

t2 = t + dt;

disp(t2)

70. Reading and Plotting Data from CSV

data = readtable('data.csv');

plot(data.Time, data.Temperature)

xlabel('Time')

ylabel('Temperature')

title('Temperature vs Time')

71. Using switch-case Control Structure

x = 'B';

switch x

case 'A'

disp('Grade A')

case 'B'

disp('Grade B')

otherwise

disp('Other Grade')

end
72. Handling Complex Numbers

z = 3 + 4i;

r = abs(z); % Magnitude

theta = angle(z); % Phase (radians)

disp([r, theta])

73. Nested For Loops with Conditional Break

for i=1:5

for j=1:5

if i+j > 6

break

end

fprintf('i=%d, j=%d\n', i, j)

end

end

74. Removing Duplicates from Arrays

A = [1 2 3 2 4 1];

B = unique(A);

disp(B)

75. Using linspace with Variable Steps

x = linspace(0,10,50);

y = sin(x);

plot(x,y)

76. Finding Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

A = [2 1; 1 2];

[V,D] = eig(A);

disp(D)

disp(V)
77. Using switch-case Control Structure

matlab

CopyEdit

val = 3;

switch val

case 1

disp('One');

case 2

disp('Two');

otherwise

disp('Other');

end

78. Read Data From Excel with readtable

data = readtable('data.xlsx');

disp(data.Properties.VariableNames)

79. Using fprintf to Format Strings

name = 'John';

age = 30;

fprintf('%s is %d years old.\n', name, age)

80. Saving Data to MAT-File

a = 1:10;

save('myData.mat', 'a')