Circulatory system
Circulatory system- organisms need regular supply of food, O2 etc and this
function is performed by circulatory system. It was discovered by William
Harvey.
There are two types of circulatory system in animals-
1. Open circulatory system- The blood flows freely through cavities and is
not confined to blood vessels. It is mainly found in vertebrates.
2. Closed circulatory system- the blood leaves the heart and travels through
the blood vessels.
Note- Human have closed type circulatory system
Circulatory system consists of Blood and Lymph, Heart, and Arteries and
Veins
Blood- red colored fluid connective tissue
pH value- 7.4 (Alkaline in nature)
Amount- 5-6 lit
It supplies nutrients and oxygen to all living cells and collects waste products
and CO2 to be thrown out and helps to regulate the pH and temperature of
the body.
Component of blood-
Blood
Blood
Plasma (55%)
corpuscles
(liquid part)
(solid part)
Yellow color
Red blood Platelets
White blood pigment
corpuscles
corpuscles (Bilirubin –
(41%)
liver)
Note- size of WBC RBC Platelets
Plasma component
Plasma
H2O (90%) Protein (7%) Glucose (4%) Minerals (2.9%)
Fibrinogen Albumin Globulin Prothrombin
All proteins help in blood clotting
Liver produce prothrombin and Fibrinogen
Liver also produce anti clotting agent Heprin (stop blood clotting in the veins)
Serum- Plasma without the clotting factor
1. Red Blood Corpuscles (RBC)- Erthrocytes
Nucleus absent
Life span 20 – 120 days
Formation- red bone marrow of bone
Graveyard- Spleen
Volume- 4.5-5.5 million (male 5-5.5 and female 4.5 – 5.5 (RBC rapture)
RBC contain red color pigment called Hemoglobin
Function- to carry O2 from the lungs to all cells of the body and bring back
to CO2
Note- Hemoglobin bind CO 200 times faster than O2 (carboxyhemoglobin)
Low RBC- Anemia
High RBC- polycythemia (black spots)
WBC (White blood corpuscles)- Leucocytes
Nucleus present
Volume 4000- 11000
Formation- White bone marrow
Graveyard- spleen
Function- Engulfing disease caused micro organisms
Low WBC- Leukopenia ( low immunity)
High WBC- ( Leukemia) (Blood cancer)
Platelets- Thrombocytes
Nucleus absent
No. of platelets- 1.5 – 4.5
Formation- Bone marrow
Graveyard- Spleen
Function- clotting of blood
Low- Hemorrhage (no blood clotting)
High- Thrombosis (blood clots block veins and arteries)
Blood group- based on the presence and absence of antibodies and antigen
the blood is classified into various groups.
Landsteiner discovered three types of blood group and two types of antigen
and in absence of antigen special protein in plasma known as antibody.
Blood Group Antigen Antibody Donor’s group
A A b A, O
B B a B, O
AB (universal A, B AB, A, B, O
recipient)
O (universal A,b O
donor)
Blood group is determined by the gene that inherit from the parents, ABO group decided by
i gene
There are also present a Rh Factor protein in blood but sometimes it is
absent also thus on the basis of this the blood is Rh positive and Rh negative.
Lymph- similar to blood but without RBC
Flow from the tissues to heart
Helps in destroying the germs
Note- if a red cell placed in water, water inters the cell by osmosis. Because
the membrane is weak the cell will burst as the volume and pressure
increases.
Heart- (pumping organ)
Situated between the lungs slightly towards the left side of thoracic cavity
Surrounded by a protective covering called pericardium filled with
pericardial fluid
Structure of Heart-
Human heart is four chambered (right atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle
and left atrium.)
These chambers are separated from each other to prevent the mixing of pure
and impure blood.
Arteries- These are thick-walled blood vessels which carry oxygenated blood
from the heart to different organs. (distributive vessels)
• Pulmonary arteries are exceptions because they carry deoxygenated blood
from the heart to lungs, where oxygenation of blood takes place.
Veins- These are thin-walled blood vessels which carry deoxygenated blood
from different organs to the heart. (collective vessels)
• pulmonary veins are exceptions because they carry oxygenated blood from
lungs to the heart.
• Valves are present in veins to prevent back flow of blood.
Capillaries- formed when artery divides into smaller tubes. They have valves
to prevent the backflow of blood.
Exchange of material between blood and surrounding thick cells takes place
across the thin walls of capillaries.
Circulation-
Double circulation- Blood in human beings flows twice in the heart before it
completes one round. It is comprised of one short flow, i.e. pulmonary
circulation and another long flow, i.e. systemic circulation.
Due to this reason, the blood flow in humans is known as double circulation.
This type of circulation is divided into two phases:
Pulmonary circulation- The movement of blood from heart to the lungs and
back to the heart constitutes the pulmonary circulation.
Systemic circulation- The circulation of blood from heart to different parts of
the body except lungs, and back to the heart constitutes the systemic
circulation.
Heart beat- 72 times/ min (human adult)
Infant- 100-180/min
Embryo- 200/min
Sports- 90-120/min
Blood pressure- contraction and relaxation of heart
1. Systolic (contract)- 120 mm/Hg
2. Disystolic ( relax) – 80 mm/Hg
Measuring instruments- Sphygnomanometer
Amphibians and reptiles – 3 chamber hearts
Birds and Mammals- 4 chamber hearts
Fishes- 2 chamber hearts
Note- Octopus have blue blood and 3 heart
