2079
ANIMAL PHYLUM
SUBMITTED BY:-
MITANSH CHAUHAN
CLASS:-11
SECTION:-D17
ROLL NO. :-31
SUBMITTED TO:-
MR. ARJUN THAPA SIR
Annelida
Fig:-Hirudinaria Fig:- Pheretima
General Characteristics
1. Habit and habitat:- Annelids are found worldwide in all types of habitats,
especially oceanic waters, fresh waters, and damp soils. Most polychaetes live in
the ocean, where they either float, burrow, wander on the bottom, or live in
tubes they construct; their colours range from brilliant to dull, and some species
can produce light.
2. Level of organization:-There is organ system level of organization.
3. Germ layers:-They are triploblastic.
4. Symmetry:-The body is bilaterally symmetrical.
5. Body shape:-The body is soft, elongated, vermiform and metamerically
segmented.
6. Coelom:-The body cavity is a true coelom lined with a mesodermal epidermis.
7. Body covering:-The body is covered by the moist flexible proteinous cuticle
lying over Epidermis.Coelom is schizocoel.
8. Skeleton:-Skeleton is absent.Coelomic fluid acts as hydrostatic skeleton.
9. Digestive system:-Alimentary canal is a straight tube and extends from the
mouth at the anterior end to the anus at the posterior end.
10. Circulatory system:-Blood vascular system is of closed type comprising of
hearts and definite blood vessels.Blood plasma contains dissolved
haemoglobic,which serves as respiratory pigment and imparts bright colour to the
blood.
11. Reproduction:-Sexes are separate or united.
Classification
The phylum Annelida is classified into four classes on the basis of locomotory
organs:-
Class 1:-Polychaeta(Gr.,polys=many+chaete=bristles)
Mostly marine and a few fresh water forms.
Body has a distinct head with eyes,tentacles and palps.
Clitellium is absent.
Examples: Nereis (Rog worm),Arenicola(Lug worm)
Class 2:-Oligochaeta(Gr.,oligo=few+chaete=bristles)
Mostly terrestrial and some are fresh water.
Body without head,eyes and tentacles.
Clitellium is usually present.
Examples:-Pheritima(Asiatic earth worm),Tubifex(Blood worm)
Class 3:-Hirudinea(L.,hirudo=leech)
Mostly ectoparasite forms and feed on blood(sanguivorous)but some are
freshwater and few are marine.
Body is elongated usually flattened dorsiventrally or cylindrical.
Clitellum is temporary.
Examples:-Hirudinaria(Medical leech)and Hirudo(Human leech)
Class 4:-Archiannelida(Gr.,archi=first)
They are exclusively marine forms.
Prostomium bears two or three tentacles.
Examples:Polygordius and Protodrilus.
ARTHROPODA
Fig:-Papilionidae Fig:- Aedes aegypti
General Characteristics
1.Habit and habitat:- Arthropods are found in virtually every known marine
(ocean-based), freshwater, and terrestrial (land-based) ecosystem, and vary
tremendously in their habitats, life histories, and dietary preferences.
2.Level of organization:-There is organ system level of organization.
3.Germ layers:-They are triploblastic.
4.Symmetry:-The body is bilaterally symmetrical.
5.Body shape:-The body is variously shaped with externally segmented only.The
segments are further grouped into two or three regions.
6.Coelom:-The true coelom is greatly reduced in the adult,being represented only
by the cavities around the excretory and reproductive organs and filled by
blood.The body cavity is haemocoel.
7.Body covering:-The body is covered by the moist flexible proteinous cuticle
lying over Epidermis. Coelom is schizocoel.
8.Exoskeleton:- The exoskeleton provides a large surface area for the attachment
of muscles and, in addition to functioning in support and movement, also
provides protection from the external environment.
9.Digestive system:-Alimentary canal is complete.The mouth and anus are at
opposite ends of the body.
10.Circulatory system:-The circulatory system is of open type with dorsal pulsatile
heart.
11.Reproduction:-Sexes are usually separate and sexual dimorphism is well
marked in several forms.
Classification
Subphylum 1: Chelicerata (Gr., chele = claw + keros= horn + ata = group)
1.Body divisible into cephalothorax and abdomen.
2.Antennae and true jaws absent.
3.Four pairs of walking legs are present.
The sub-phylum is divided into two classes.
Class 1: Merostomata (Gr., meros, thigh + stoma, mouth)
1.Marine with median simple and lateral compound eyes.
2.Five to six pairs of abdominal appendages.
Example: Limulus (King crab).
Class 2: Arachnida (L., arachne = spider)
1.They are small air breathing terrestrial arthropods. Some are parasites.
2.They do not have any antennae or wings.
Examples:-Palamnaeus(scorpion),Aranea(spider)
Subphylum 2: Mandibulata (L., mandibula = mandible + ata = group)
1.Body is divisible into head, thorax and abdomen.
2.Compound eyes are common.
The subphylum mandibulata is divided into three classes; crustacea, myriapoda
and insecta.
Class 1: Crustacea (L., crusta = a hard shell)
1.They are mainly aquatic, mostly marine, few fresh water and few live in moist
places on land while few are parasitic forms.
2.Respiratory organs are gills, epipodites and branchiostegites.
Examples: Cancer (Crab), Palaemon (Prawn), Daphnia (water flea) etc.
Class 2: Myriapoda (L., myrios = ten thousand + podos = foot)
1. They are terrestrial, found under logs of wood, stones etc.
2. They breathe through tracheae.
Examples: Julus (Millipede ) and Scolopendra (Centipede).
Class 3: Insecta (L., insectum= having been cut into)
1. They are air breathing mostly terrestrial and rarely aquatic forms. Some are
parasites on the bodies of other animals.
2. The body is divided into three distinct regions, head, thorax and abdomen.
Examples:-Bombyx(silkworm),Apis(honey bee) etc.
MOLLUSCA
Fig:-Helix Fig:-Octopoda
General Characters
1. Habit and Habitat:- They are widely distributed all over the world. They are
essentially aquatic, mostly marine, few fresh water and some terrestrial living in
damp soil. Level of organization. They have organ system level of body
organization.
2. Body shape:- The body is soft, unsegmented (except Neopilina) and without
jointed appendages. It is slimy due to excessive mucilage.
3.Symmetry:- The body is fundamentally bilaterally symmetrical but most of the
gastropods are asymmetrical due to coiling and twisting (torsion) of the visceral
mass during growth.
5. Coelom:-The body cavity is in the form of haemocoel (in this respect they are
similar to arthropods). So they are haemocoelomate.
6. Cephalisation:- The body is divisible into four parts: an anterior head (absent
in pelecypoda and scaphopoda), a dorsal visceral mass, ventral muscular foot and
mantle.
9. Shell:- Body is covered by calcareous shell. The shell in some molluscs is
internal or reduced or even absent.
10. Digestive system:- The alimentary canal is usually simple and straight. In some
cases it is U-shaped bringing the anus to an anterior position.
11. Respiratory system:- The respiratory organs are one or more gills (ctenidia)
enclosed in the mantle cavity in the aquatic forms, lungs (pulmonary sacs) or
general body surface in the terrestrial forms.
12. Circulatory system:- The circulatory system is open with many large blood
spaces in the tissues. Blood consists of copper containing pigment called
haemocyanin.
Classification
The living molluscs in the phylum mollusca are divided into six classes On the
basis of nature and type of muscular foot.
Class 1: Monoplacophora (Gr., monos = one + plax = plate +pherein = bearing)
1. These are marine forms.
2. Body is bilaterally symmetrical with dome shaped mantle.
Example: Neopilina.
Class 2: Amphineura (Gr., amphi = both + nearon = nerve)
1.These are marine forms.
2. These forms have dorso-ventally flattened body.
Examples:-Chiton, Neoloricata etc.
Class 3: Scaphopoda (Gr., scapha= boat + podos = foot)
1. Exclusively marine.
2. Head is rudimentary.
Examples:-Dentalium(Elephent tusk)
Class 4: Gastropoda (Gr., gaster = stomach + podos = foot)
1. Terrestrial, fresh water as well as marine.
2. Body is covered by spirally coiled univalve (single valve) shell.
Examples: Pila (Apple snail), Helix (Land or Garden Snail), Limax (Slug), etc.
Class 5: Pelecypoda (Gr., pelekus = hacthet + podos = foot)
1. Mostly marine and few are fresh waters.
2. Foot is wedge or hatchet shaped for digging.
Examples: Unio (Fresh water mussel), Mytilus (Sea mussel) etc.
Class 6 : Cephalopoda (Gr. kephale = head + podos = foot)
1. Marine and free swimming forms.
2. Body is divisible into head and trunk.
Example:- Sepia (Cuttle fish), Loligo (Squid), Octopus (Devil fish), etc.
Echinodermata
Fig:-Echinus tylodes Fig:-Heterocentrotus trigonarius
General Characters
1. Habit and Habitat:- They are exclusively marine and free living forms. Most
echinoderms move sluggishly with the help of tube feet projecting from the body.
Some are even completely stationary.
2. Level of Organization:- They have organ system level of body organization.
3.Germ layers:- They are triploblastic.
4. Body shape:- The body is unsegmented and variously shaped like globular, star-
like, spherical, elongated, flattened …
5.Coelom.:-They are coelomate. The coelom is spacious and occupied
6. Endoskeleton.:-The body wall consists of an endoskeleton made up of separate
calcium carbonate plates in the dermis with projecting spines.
7. Water vascular system.:- Most characteristic feature in echinoderms is the
presence of a water vascular system. (It is an extensive system of tubes filled with
a watery fluid containing blood or lymph and opening to the outside through a
hydropore of sieve plate called madreporite).
8.Tube-feet.:-Tube feet help in locomotion, gaseous exchange and food
capturing. Each tube foot consists of ampulla, podium and sucker.
Subphylum 1. Pelmatozoa (Gr., pelmatos = stalk + zoolos animal)
Stalked and sedentary echinoderms.
Subphylum 2. Eleutherozoa (Gr., eleutheros = free + zoolos = animal)
Free living echinoderms.
Subphylum Pelmatozoa includes only one class;-
Class 1:-Crinoidea (Gr., crinon = lily + eidos = form)
1. Body is more or less globular or cup like either attached by a stalk or stalkless.
2. Body is pentamerous with oral surface directed upwards and aboral surface
downward.
Example: Antedon (Sea lily).
Subphylum Eleutherozoa, includes following classes;-
Class 1: Asteroidea (Gr., aster = star + eidos = form)
1. Body flattened and star-shaped with a central disc and five radiating arms.
2. Oral and aboral surfaces distinct, the former directed downwards and the later
directed upward.
Example: Asterias (Star fish)
Class 2: Ophiuroidesa (Gr., ophis = snake + oira = tail + eidos = form)
1. They are commonly called brittle star.
2.Body flattened, stellate with a central disc.
Example: Ophioderma (Brittle star).
Class 4: Echinoidea (Gr., echinos = hedgehog + eidos = form)
1. It includes sea urchins.
2. Body is globular or disc-like oval.
Example: Echinus (Sea urchin).
Class 5: Holothuroidea (Gr., holothurn = sea cucumber + eidos = form)
1. Body usually cylindrical and elongated in the oral and aboral axis.
2. Arms are absent.
3. Skin is soft and leathery without spines.
Examples: Holothuria (Sea cucumber), Cucumaria (Sea cucumber),
