TIMBER Preserevation of timber is carried out to increase the life 2 2 CLAY PREPARATION Types of Hollow Concrete Blocks:1 Stretcher

2 CLAY PREPARATION Types of Hollow Concrete Blocks:1 Stretcher block

What is timber of timber. Method of timber protection are 3 3 MOULDING 2Corner block3 Pillar block 4 Jamb block 5 Partition
Timber is a material which can be used for building or brushing,spraying, injecting under pressure,dipping & 4 4 DRYING block6 Lintel block 7 Frogged brick block 8 Bull nose
carpentry & is derived from trees it is organic & stepping,hot & cool open tank treatment.
5 5 FIRING block
renewable & can be used in a wide range of application.
Properties of timber The product range includes: 6 6 SORTING
Appearance LAMINATED TIMBER • Large solid-timber sections are Required properties of Bricks Advantages of concrete blocks
Colour, grain, features, smoothness of surface. limited by the availability of appropriate lumber; in 1. Colour:Colour should be uniform and bright. 1. It increases the carpet area of the building because of
Reflect species, growth patterns, history of tree. addition, their calculated strength must be based on the 2. Shape: Bricks should have plane faces. They should small width of concrete block as compared to the brick
Utility weakest part of the variable material. have sharp and true right angled corners masonry wall.
Dimensional stability (shrinkage, twist, bow, cup, spring) • The manufacturing process ensures greater .3. Texture:They should possess fine, dense and uniform 2. It provides better thermal insulation, enhanced fire
surface hardness. dimensional stability and less visual defects than in
texture. They should not possess cavities, loose grit and resistance and sound absorption.
Reflect strees changes with moisture loss, creep comparable solid timber sections.
Structural STRUCTURAL INSULATED PANELS • Structural insulated un burnt lime. 3. It results in the saving of precious agricultural land
Strength (tension, compression, bending, shear, bearing,) panels (SIPs) are prefabricated lightweight building 4. Size: Bricks should be of standard sizes as prescribed which is used for manufacturing bricks.
stronger parallel to grain. components, used for load-bearing internal and external by codes. 4. The blocks can be prepared in such a manner that the
Stiffness-stiffer parallel to grain. walls and roofs. 5. Soundness: When struck with hammer or with vertical joints can be staggered automatically and thus
LAMINATED VENEER LUMBER • Laminated veneer another brick, it should produce metallic sound. the skilled supervision is reduced.
Advantages of timber lumber (LVL) is more economical than laminated timber Types of TestsonBricksField tests
1.An attractive grain pattern is produced. as there is little waste in the production process. 5. The construction of concrete block masonry is easier,
2.. Boards are more stable & shrink less PLYWOOD • Plywood is manufactured by laminating a faster and stronger than the brick masonry
3.Boards were more evenly importance for flooring. series of thin timber layers, or plies, to the required • Uniformity in size GLASS
Disadvantages of timber thickness. • The timber log is softened by water or • Uniformity in colour
1.Expensive, as the log has to be first quartered then steam treatment and rotated against a full-length knife • Hardness test Definition-glass is an
turned for every cut. to peel off a veneer or ply of constant thickness. • Soundness test amorphous,hard,brittle,transparents or translucent
2.Because the log is quartered then cut again narrower PARTICLEBOARDS • Particleboards are defined as panel super cooled liquid of infinit viscisity,having no definite
• Structural test Laboratory tests
boards are produced. materials produced under pressure and heat from melting point obtained by fusing a mixture of a number
3.the durability is low. particles of wood or other similar lignocellulose • Water Absorption test
of metallic silicates or borates of
Uses of timber in construction materials. • The wood particles may be in the form of • Dimensional Tolerance test
sodium,potassium,calcium & lead.
TIMBER PILES AND FOUNDATIONS flakes, chips, shavings, saw-dust, wafers or strands. • Efflorescence test
• Timber piled foundations have been used for many TIMBER DEFECTS • Compressive strength test Properties of Glass
centuries and have a good record of durability. • Timber, as a natural product, is rarely free from Laboratory tests 1.Amorphous,Brittle,Transparent.
• The use of timber pile foundations, in appropriate blemishes or defects. • Water Absorption test 2.Good electrical insulator.
ground conditions, offers an economical alternative to • Timber imperfections can be divided into the three 3.Unaffected by air,water,acid or chemical reagents.
• Dimensional Tolerance test
concrete, with the environmental advantage of creating main categories: natural, conversion and seasoning 4.No definit crystal structure means glass has high
carbon dumps to reduce global warming. defects, according to whether they were present in the • Efflorescence test
compre-
TIMBER POLE CONSTRUCTION living tree, or arose during subsequent processing. • Compressive strength test
Ssive strength./Can absorb ,transmit & reflect light
• Timber poles are naturally tapered, but the effects on • Additionally, timber may be subject to deterioration 01 Compressive strength test
mechanical properties of defects such as knots and by weathering, fungal and insect attack, and fire. Types of Glasses
sloping grain, which are significant in converted timber, Weathering 1. Laminated glass-laminated glass is constructed of two
Compression testing machine 3mm plywood
are virtually eliminated. • On prolonged exposure to sunlight, wind and rain, plies of glass which are bonded togather with interlayers
SOFTWOOD CLADDING external sheetsMixing toolsTapes
to from a permanent bond. The interlayers work to
• The timbers have been used successfully for school and timbers gradually lose their natural colours and turn • Randomly select five bricks from the sample
support and hold the glass to create a strong, uniformed
health center buildings both as vertical and horizontal grey. • Immerse the bricks in water bath for 24 hours layer even when broken.
cladding. • Sunlight and oxygen break down some of the cellulose maintaining the temperature of 25˚C
HARDWOOD FLOORING and • Take out the bricks after 24 hrs and drain out any USES- Glass floors, Glass stairs
• Hardwood flooring has a proven track record for lignin into water-soluble materials which are then Skylights, Glass roofs
surplus moisture at room temperature
durability and aesthetic impact. leached out of
• Prepare 1:3 cement, sand motor to fill all the frog and
the surface leaving it grey and denatured. Benefits
JOINERY TIMBER Insect attack gaps • Store it under gunny bag for 24 hrs.
Increased security
• Joinery work, including the production of windows, • In hot climates, termites and other insects can cause • Immerse the bricks again in clean water for 3 days
Reduced emissions
doors, staircases, fitted furniture, paneling and catastrophic damage to timber. Some damages by • Remove and wipe out any traces of moisture Reduced noise pollution
mouldings, requires timber that is dimensionally stable, insects come from beetles, which during their larval • Measure the dimension up to 1mm accuracy Increased safety
appropriately durable with acceptable gluing properties, stage bore through the timber, mainly within the • Place one plywood sheet on the base and keep one
and which can be machined well to a good finish. sapwood, causing loss of mechanical Protection from natural disasters
brick on it as the motor tilled face come upward
strength. More design choice
What is timber seasoning. Fungal attack (cont’d) • Place the other plywood sheet on the brick and center
2.toughened glass- Toughened glass is a type of glass
Seasoning of timber is the process by which moisture •The optimum temperature for growth is different for these between the plates of testing machine
used where greater strength or safety is needed. can
content in the timber is reduced to required level of the the various • Apply load axially at a uniform rate of 14 N/mm2 per resist impacts that would shatter ordinary glass panes. In
life redicing moisture content, the strength, elasticity & species of fungi, but usually within the range 20–30°C. minute till failure occurs and note maximum load at addition to this, if the glass does break, patterns of stress
durability properties are developed. •Little growth takes place below 5°C and fungi will be failure within the glass sheet make sure that it breaks into many
Advantages of timber seasoning killed by • Continue for all specimen small, round or cube-shaped pieces, each around the size
1.it has reduced weight. prolonged heating to 40°C. of a thumbnail. Toughened glass – also sometimes called
• Calculate the compressive strength Compressive
2.it is strong & durable. •Some timbers, particularly the heartwoods of certain “tempered glass” or “safety glass”
3.it has resistance to decay or rot. hardwoods (ii) Absorption Test procedures  Brick
Uses- safer car windows, bus shelter
4.it takes high polish. are resistant to attack because their minor constituents specimen are weighed dry. Then they are immersed in
windows of high-rise offices and apartments, safe glass
5.it is easier to work. or water for a period of 24 hours. The specimen are taken shower screens
Disadvantages of timber seasoning extractives are poisonous to fungi. out and wiped with cloth. And dried in a ventilated oven Advantages
1.Shrink more across width when drying The product range includes: at a temperature of 105˚C to 115˚C till it attains strength six or even seven times greater than that of
2.more likely to work & cup • laminated timber; • Structural insulated panels; ordinary glass
substantially constant mass The weight of each
3.collapsed timber more difficult to re condition. • laminated veneer lumber; • plywood; can be used in architectural glass doors, tables and
specimen in wet condition is determined. The difference
• particleboard; • compressed shelves.
Types of timber seasoning in weight indicate the water absorbed. • Then the
greatly reduces the risk of injury due to broken glass.
1.Natural Seasoning of Timber BRICK percentage absorption is the ratio of water absorbed to 3.float glass- is a sheet of glass made by floating molten
Natural seasoning is the process in which timber is WHAT IS BRICK? A brick is a building material used to dry weight multiplied by 100. • The average of five glass on a bed of molten metal, typically tin, although
seasoned by subjecting it to the natural elements such as make walls, pavements and other elements in masonry specimen is taken. This value should not exceed 20 per lead and other various low-melting-point alloys were
air or water. construction. cent used in the past. This method gives the sheet uniform
2.Water Seasoning thickness and very flat surfaces
Water seasoning is the process in which timber is Uses- Automobile glass (e.g. windshields, windows,
immersed in water flow which helps to remove the sap Advantages of bricks vi) Efflorescence test
mirrors)
present in the timber. It will take 2 to 4 weeks of time. •Better thermal insulation Mirrors
and after that the timber is allowed to dry. Well- •Economical The presence of alkalis in brick is not desirable because Furniture (e.g. in tables and shelves)
seasoned timber is ready touse •Masonry is easier, faster and stronger Insulated glass
they form patches of gray powder by absorbing
3.Air Seasoning •Bricks have greater fire resistance It’s size enables Windows and doors
In the process of air seasoning timber logs are arranged moisture. Hence to determine the presence of alkalis
easy handling and placement in walls this test is performed as explained below. The test
in layers in a shed. The arrangement is done by
maintaining some gap with the ground. So, platform is Disadvantages of bricks should be conducted in a well ventilated room at 18- Properties
built on ground at 300mm height from ground. The logs •Time consuming in construction 30˚C brick specimen in a glass dish containing water to High degree of light transmission
are arranged in such a way that air is circulated freely •Cannot be used in high seismic zones a depth of 25 mm in a well ventilated room. After all the Ability to be produced in a range of colors / Good
between logs. By the movement of air, the moisture •Very less tensile strength water is absorbed or evaporated again add water for a chemical inertness
content in timber slowly reduces and seasoning occurs. •Since brick absorbs water easily, therefore it causes Ability to be produced in a range of opacities / Attacked
depth of 25 mm. After second evaporation observe the
Even though it is a slow process it will produce well- by hydrofluoric (HF) acid.
efflorance when not exposed to air bricks for white/grey patches.
seasoned timber. Cast Glass- The techniques for making Cast Glass involve
Artificial Seasoning of Timber Uses of bricks
creating a paste from powdered glass and colouring
1.Seasoning by Boiling •Construction of walls
Block stone agents and filling a fire-proof mould with this paste then
Seasoning of timber is also achieved by boiling it in water •Floor construction Main type of concrete block firing it in a furnace to melt the glass
for 3 to 4 hours. After boiling timber is allowed to drying. •Construction of arches 4.Fiberglass- A fiberglass is a form of fiber-reinforced
Solid Concrete Blocks - Solid concrete blocks are
For large quantity of timber boiling is difficult so, •Construction of brick retaining walls plastic where glass fiber is the reinforced plastic. This is
sometimes hot steam is passed through timber logs in commonly used, which are heavy in weight and
•Stair cases the reason perhaps why fiberglass is also known as glass
enclosed room. It also gives good results. The boiling or manufactured from dense aggregate. They are very
•Foundations reinforced plastic or glass fiber reinforced plastic
steaming process develops the strength and elasticity of strong and provide good stability to the structures. So for Properties
timber but economically it is of heavier cost. large work of masonry like for load bearing walls these Mechanical strength
2. Kiln season of timber Types of bricks
solid blocks are preferable Electrical characteristics
In this method timber is subject to hot air & in tight 1. Ordinary bricks
Hollow Concrete Blocks - Hollow concrete blocks contain Incombustibility
chamber.the hot air circulates in between the timber 2. Curved bricks Dimensional stability
void area greater than 25% of gross area. Solid area of
logs & reduces the moisture content.the temperature 3Channel bricks. Thermal conductivity
inside the chamber is rise with the help of heating coils. 4. Coping bricks hollow bricks should be more than 50%. The hollow part
Dielectric permeability
When the required tempurature is obtain moisture may be divided into several components based on our
6. Hollow bricks
contain & relative humidity get reduced & timber get requirement. Uses-Beverage industry,
seasoning.even though it is process it will give good Cooling towers
result strength wise. PHASES OF MANUFACTURING
Plating plants
Protection of timber 1 CLAY WINNING Automotive industry
GREEN BUILDING plasterboard (e.g. 12.5 and 19 mm) as these resonate at concrete in projects that do not require precise Concrete is a mixture of cement, aggregates and water,
different frequencies aggregate-to-cement ratios. Gravel, also called graded with any other admixtures which may be
stone, is another coarse aggregate suitable for concrete added to modify the placing and curing processes or the
Definition:- “It is the practice of increasing efficiency ultimate the physical properties.
Glass Wool - Glass wool is similar to that used for mixes. Sand is the finest aggregate.
with which buildings use resources - energy, water and Types of Concrete
materials – while reducing building impacts on human mineral wool. Glass wool is non-combustible, water-
*Plain Concrete – The plain concrete will have no
health and the environment.” repellent,rot proof and contains no CFCs or HCFCs STEEL
reinforcement in it.The main constituents are the
Steel is the most important ferrous metal.Its high cement,aggregates,and water. compressive strength is
Cellular or Foamed Glass Blocks strength in relation to its weight makes it the material of 200 to 500 kg/cm2.
Concept - These are buildings that ensure that waste is
choice for skyscrapers and long-span structures,such as *Reinforced Concrete – The reinforced cement concrete
minimized at every stage during the construction and
Cellular glass slabs are appropriate for roof insulation, sports stadiums and bridges. is defined as the concrete to which reinforcement is
operation of the building, resulting in low costs,
including green roofs and roof-top car parks owing to Its malleability and weldability allow it to be introduced to bear the tensile strength.
according to experts in the technology. The techniques
shaped,bent,and made into different types of *Pre-stressed Concrete – Most of the mega concrete
associated with the `Green Building' include measures to their high compressive strength
components. projects are carried out through prestressed concrete
prevent erosion of soil, rainwater harvesting, use of solar Wrought Iron
units.
energy, preparation of landscapes to reduce heat, AGGREGATES The earliest predecessor of steel was wroght iron.
Wrought iron structures can survive without any *High-Performance Concrete
reduction in usage of water, recycling of waste water and
corrosion protection. *Precast concrete – Various structural elements can be
use of world class energy efficient practices What is aggregate- Construction aggregate, or simply
Wrought Iron to Cast Iron-Using Blast Furnace made and cast in the factory as per the specifications
"aggregate", is a broad category of coarse to medium *Later coke was used as the fuel to melt the ore instead and bought to the site at the time of assembly.
Advantage of Green Building grained particulate material used in construction, of coal. Curing - Curing is the maintaining of an adequate
1 Efficient Technologies including sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag, recycled *Iron ore and coke were mixed together in a furnace moisture content and temperature in concrete at early
2 Easier Maintenance concrete and geosynthetic aggregates. Aggregates are called a blast furnace.
ages so that it can develop properties the mixture was
3 Return on Investment the most mined materials in the world. Classification of Steel components
For design and construction professionals, three designed to achieve.
4 Improved Indoor Air Quality
classification Methods of curing-
5 Energy Efficiency properties of aggregates- systems are important: *Ponding Method
6 Water Efficiency 1.grading. (a) classification based on steel’s application, *Steam Curing
7 Waste Reduction 2.durability. (b) classification based on steel strength, and *Membrane Curing
8 Temperature Moderatio 3.particle shape and surface texture. (c) classification based on steel metallurgy.
*Sprinkling of water
9 Water Conservation 4.abrasion and skid resistance. Application Based Classification
In this classification, steel may be classified as - Bleeding in Concrete
10 Economical Improved Health 5.unit weights and voids.
*Structural steel Bleeding is one form of segregation, where water comes
Disadvantage of green building 6.absorption and surface moisture. *Cold-formed steel out to the surface of the concrete,being lowest specific
1 Initial cost is high What are the physical tests conducted on aggregates? *Reinforcing steel gravity among all the ingredients of concrete.
2 Availability of materials *Pre-stressing (post-tensioning) steel EFFECTS OF BLEEDING ON CONCRETE
3 Need more time to construct Corrosion Protection of Steel
Aggregates are tested for strength, toughness, hardness, *Due to bleeding concrete loses its homogeneity.
4 Need skilled worker *Because steel (unlike aluminum) does not automatically
shape, and water absorption. In order to decide the *Bleedng is responsible for causing permeability in
High performance construction materials form a protective oxide coating, it must be protected
suitability of the aggregate for use in pavement against corrosion. concrete.
construction, following tests are carried out: Crushing *For exposed structural steel members, polyurethane *In pavement construction bleeding water delays surface
High performance materials are the material that are test. Abrasion test coatings are the hardest, toughest, and most versatile. finishing and application of curing compound.
been introduce into the engineering industry in order to Hot-Dip Galvanizing
help in meeting the higher performance of engineering In the hot-dip galvanizing process, the steel member is
. What is the difference between coarse and fine Test for Bleeding of Concrete
material in the area of materials immersed in a kettle of molten zinc, which is at a
aggregate? Test Procedure-
,strength,functionbility,light weight ,material processing temperature of about 475°C.
Fundamentals of Fire Protection of Steel 1.A cylindrical container of capacity 0.01metre cube that
efficiency sustainability & multy functionality.
Coarse aggregates are larger size filler materials in There are basically two ways to protect steel against fire: has an inside diameter of 250mm and an inside height of
construction. Fine aggregates are the particles that pass • Insulate the steel component with a noncombustible 280mm is used.
Advantages of High performance construction materials thermal insulation.Spray applied fire protection and 2.A sample of freshly mixed concrete is filled in 50mm
through 4.75 mm sieve and retain on 0.075 mm sieve.
1 speed of construction intumescent paints layers for a depth of 250mm (5 layers)
Coarse aggregates are the particles that retain on 4.75
2 improved durability fall in this category.
mm sieve. ... The surface area of coarse aggregate is less 3.Each layer is tamped by giving strokes and smoothened
3 maintenance cost • Encase the steel component with a noncombustible
than fine aggregates. material with high thermal capacity, such as the surface
4 economic materials in term of time & money 4.The specimen is weighed
concrete,gypsum board, or water.
5 workerbility & plumberbility These materials retard the buildup of 5.Knowing the water content in 1metre cube of
Which type of aggregate is good for concrete?
temperature,producing the same end result as thermal concrete, the quantity of water in the cylinder container
Warranty insulation. is also calculated.
A warranty is a stipulation to the purpose of the contract Crushed Stone is the coarsest aggregate. A mixture of all Advantages of Steel
6.Cover the container with a lid. Water that is
the breach of which gives the aggrieved party a right to sorts of aggregates, it is appropriate as a base for • Steel structures are termite and rot proof unlike timber
structures. accumulated at the top is drawn by means of pipette at
sue for damages only & not to avoid the contract concrete in projects that do not require precise
• Steel also is a homogenous material and has uniform 10 minutes interval for the first 40 minutes, till the
Types of warranty aggregate-to-cement ratios. Gravel, also called graded
and predictable material properties. bleeding ceases.The bleeding water is then weighed.
1 EXPRESS WARRANTY-an assurance of quality or stone, is another coarse aggregate suitable for concrete
• Unlike concrete, tension and compression properties of Testing of concrete
promise of performance explicity made by the seller mixes. Sand is the finest aggregate. steel are similar. 1.Compressive strength
2 FULL WARRANTY- AN Express warranty that obligates • Steel construction also does not need expensive The compressive strength of concrete cube test
the seller to repair to replace the defective product AGGREGATES formworks like that for concrete. provides an idea about all the characteristics of concrete.
without cost to the buyer & within reasonable time Tensile Test Fc= failure load
• A tensile test is used to Cross – sectional area
3 LIMITED WARRANTY-Any warranty that provie less What is aggregate- Construction aggregate, or simply determine the yield stress,ultimate tensile
protection than the full warranty "aggregate", is a broad category of coarse to medium strength,stiffness, and ductility of steel. 2.Tensile strength
4 IMPLIED WARRANTY-An implicit unstated warranty grained particulate material used in construction, • Gauge length (the length of the specimen between the The tensile strength of concrete is one of the basic and
obligation imposed on all seller in order to ensure including sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag, recycled grip over which elongation is measured) and the initial important properties which greatly affect the extent and
minimal standars of contractual performance concrete and geosynthetic aggregates. Aggregates are cross-sectional area of size of cracking in structures.
the specimen is measured before the test. Slump Test - The Concrete slump test is an on-the-spot
the most mined materials in the world.
INSULATION MATERIAL • During the tensile test, the force applied and test to determine the consistency as well as workability
elongations of the specimen are recorded.
A material that reduce or prevent the transmission of of fresh concrete
properties of aggregates- • Stress in the specimen during the test is measured as
heat or sond or electricity.it is known as insulation Concrete Slump Test Procedure
1.grading. the load applied divided by the original cross sectional
material.
2.durability. area (A0) of the specimen. The results of the tensile test 1.Firstly, the internal surface of the mould is cleaned
PROPERTIES OF THERMAL INSULATION MATERIAL are carefully. Oil can be applied on the surface.
3.particle shape and surface texture.
1.low thermal conductivity presented as a stress-strain curve. 2.The mould is then placed on a base plate. The base
4.abrasion and skid resistance.
2. chemical stability Poisson's Ratio (v) plate should be clean, smooth, horizontal and non-
5.unit weights and voids. • Poisson's ratio (v) in structural steel can approximately porous.
3. low cost
6.absorption and surface moisture. be taken as 0.3 in the elastic range and 0.5 in the plastic
4. light weight 3.The mould is filled with fresh concrete in three layers.
What are the physical tests conducted on aggregates? range.
5. fire proof Shear Modulus of Elasticity (G) Each layer is tamped 25 times with a steel rod. The
5
ADVANTAGES OF THERMAL INSULATION MATERIAL • Shear modulus of elasticity (G) of a material is defined diameter of this steel rod is ⁄8 inch. The rod is rounded
Aggregates are tested for strength, toughness, hardness,
1.to reduce heat lost for economy as the ratio of shear stress to shear strain in the at the ends. The tamping should be done uniformly.
shape, and water absorption. In order to decide the elastic range.
2. to increase the sustainability of process & equipment 4.After filling the mould, excess concrete should be
suitability of the aggregate for use in pavement Bolts and Welds
3. to reduce environmental impact removed and the surface should be leveled. When the
construction, following tests are carried out: Crushing Connections between structural steel members can
4. no maintaince mould is filled with fresh concrete, the base of the mould
test. Abrasion test either be bolted
5. high compressive strength is held firmly by handles.
or welded. Riveting, which was used extensively at one
time, is no longer used. 5.Then the mould is lifted gently in the vertical direction
. What is the difference between coarse and fine Welds and then unsupported concrete will slump. The decrease
aggregate? • Welding is a process by which connected steel parts in height at the center point is measured to nearest 5mm
Inorganic insulation materials
are brought to a plastic or fluid state through heating of or 0.25 inch and it is known as ‘slump’.
Coarse aggregates are larger size filler materials in the parts,allowing them to fuse together, generally with Shrinkage
Foamed Concrete - Foamed concrete with air content in the addition of another molten metal.
construction. Fine aggregates are the particles that pass 1.plastic shrinkage- Shrinkage, which takes place before
the range 30–80% is a fire and frost resistant •A temperature of 3,300°C to 5,500°C is produced in the
through 4.75 mm sieve and retain on 0.075 mm sieve. concrete has set, is known as plastic shrinkage
material.Foamed concrete can be easily placed without arc.
Coarse aggregates are the particles that retain on 4.75 2.autogenous shrinkage- Autogenous shrinkage is the
the need for compaction but it does exhibit a higher Welding versus Bolting
mm sieve. ... The surface area of coarse aggregate is less uniform reduction of internal moisture due to cement
drying shrinkage than dense concrete. • Welding has a much larger range of applicability than
hydration, which is typical of high-strength concrete.
than fine aggregates. bolting. For example, hollow structural steel
3.drying shrinkage-Drying shrinkage is a very important
sections (round or rectangular) cannot be easily
property of cementitious composites influencing their
Gypsum Plaster - The thermal conductivity of gypsum
Which type of aggregate is good for concrete? durability. Drying shrinkage results from the loss of
plaster is typically 0.16 W/m2 K. Sound
capillary water from the hardened cement mixture,
transmissionthrough lightweight walls can be reduced by leading to contraction and crack formation within
the use of two layers of differing thicknesses of gypsum Crushed Stone is the coarsest aggregate. A mixture of all
concrete.
sorts of aggregates, it is appropriate as a base for CONCRETE
CRACKING: Where movement of the concrete is Retarders • Bitumen is used for manufacture of roofing and damp 2. Life of the material
restrained, shrinkage will produce tensile stress within Retarding plasticing admixtures not only delay the proofing felts, plastic bitumen for leak stops, waterproof 3. Nature of project
the concrete, which may cause cracking. setting of the cement but are also efficient plasticizing packing paper, pipe asphalt, joint filler, bituminous filling 4. Specification
Durability- The durability of concrete can be defined as water reducers.most commercially available retaders are compounds for cable boxes, for sealing accumulators and 5. Handling and storage
its resistance to deterioration resulting from external of this type.retarding plasticisers are used to give batteries. 6. Budget / cost of material
and internal causes. workability retention to the concrete,delay the setting • It is also used for fixing of roofing felts, damp proofing 7. Loyal availability
PERMEABILITY- time & increase initial workability. felts and for heat insulation materials for buildings, 8. Climate
Concrete has a tendency to be porous due to the Air-entraining admixtures refrigeration and cold storage equipment.
presence of voids formed during orafter placing. It is causesmall stable bubbles of air to form uniformly
The Versatility of Concrete through a concrete mix.the benefit of entraining air in PROPERTIES of BITUMEN Type of material properties
Versatility of concrete means its ‘adaptability to a wide the concrete include increase resistance to free-thaw • Viscosity - depends greatly on temperature. At lower  Physical propertiesl-
variety of purposes’. It is about concrete degration,increase choisin improved compaction in low temperature, bitumen has great viscosity and acquires 1.isotropic properties- it means properties do not change
that lends itself to varied uses and how those many uses workability mixes. the properties of a solid body, while with increase in with the dereliction of observation.
reflect concrete’s character. CALCIUM ALUMINATE CEMENT - Calcium aluminate temperature the viscosity of bitumen decreases and it 2. anisotropic properties -it means properties to have
Water for Concrete-The purpose of using water with cement, also known as high alumina cement (HAC), is passes into liquid state. spatial variance.
cement is to cause hydration of the cement. Water in manufactured from limestone and bauxite (aluminium • Ductility - depends upon temperature, group  Chemical properties –
excess of that required for oxide). The ores in roughly equal proportions are composition and nature of structure. Viscous bitumen, 1.PH-potential of hydrogen or power of hydrogen. It is a
hydration acts as a lubricant between coarse and fine charged together into a vertical furnace which is heated containing solid paraffins at low temperatures are very scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous
aggregates and produces a workable and economical to approximately 1600°C. ductile. • Softening point - is related to viscosity. solution. 2.Reactivity
concrete. Hydration of Cement - The chemical reaction between Bitumen needs sufficient fluidity before specific 3.Surface energy-surface energy quantities the
CEMENT cement and water is known as hydration of cement. The application. • Resilience - Bitumen is resilient, non-rigid disruption of intermolecular bonds that occurs when a
reaction takes place between the active components of and as such it is capable of absorbing shocks and surface is created in the physicals of solids.
cement (C4AF, C3A, C3S and C2S) and water. The factors accommodates itself to the movement in structure due 4.Surface tension
MANUFACTURE OF PORTLAND CEMENT - Portland responsible for the physical properties of concrete are to temperature, settlement or shrinkage.  Mechanical properties-
cement is manufactured from calcium carbonate in the the extent of hydration of cement and the resultant 1.Brittleness
form of crushed limestone or chalk and an argillaceous microstructure of the hydrated cement. Tar 2.Bulk modulus- ratio of pressure to volumetric
material such as clay or marl. Chemical reactions of the hydration. • It is a dark (deep black) viscous liquid produced by comperssion or ratio of the infinitesimal pressure
C3S + H2O C–S–H* + Ca(OH)2 destructive distillation of organic material such as coal, increase to the resulting relative decrease of the volume.
C2S + H2O C–S–H + Ca(OH)2 oil, lignite and wool. • Depending upon the source of 3.Compressive strength- maximum stress a material can
WET PROCESSIn this process,the raw materials are C3A + H2O C3AH6 origin it is classified as coal tar, wood tar and mineral tar. withstand before comperssive failure.
changed to powdered from in the presence of water.in C3A + H2O + CaSO4 CA C S* H12 4.Creep
this process,raw materials are pulverized by using a ball C4AF + H2O C3AH6 + CFH • COAL TAR is obtained, as a byproduct in the  Thermal properties –
mill,which is a roatary steel cylinder with hardened steel Water requirement for hydration destructive distillation of coal, or in the manufacture of 1.boiling point- of a substance is the temperature at
balls.when the mill rotates,steel balls pulverize the raw About an average 23 per cent (24 per cent C3S, 21 per coal gas. • It is heavy, strong smelling and black. which the vapor pressure of liquid equals the pressure
materials which form slurry .the slurry is the passed in to cent C2S) of water by weight of cement is required for • Composition - A typical composition of coal tar from surrounding the liquid and the liquid change in to vapor.
storage tanks,where correct proportioning is complete hydration of Portland cement. This water coke 2.Eutectic point
done.proper composition of raw materials can be combines chemically with the cement compounds and is oven plant is true pitch 72 %, heavy oils 15 %, medium oil 3.Curie point- is the temperature or curing point, is the
ensured by using wet process than dry process.corrected known as bound water. Some quantity of water. 6 temperature above which certain materials properties,
slurry is then fed in to rotary kiln for burning %, light oil 6 %, moisture and ash 1 %. which can be replace by induc………….
Define Cement Fineness by Using Blaine Apparatus • Uses - For coating of wooden poles, sleepers, iron- 4.Flash point
SEMI WET PROCES In the semi-wet process, chalk is Objective-thye purpose of this test is to determine the poles,
broken down in water and blended into a marl clay initial setting time of an ex of concret which is important latrine walls, etc Properties of cement
slurry. The 40% water because it gives and indication of when the concreat can
 Physical – ss
content within the slurry is reduced to 19% in a filter be properly placed and consolidated. Wood Tar is obtained by the destructive distillation of
1 Fineness of cement-When cement is mixed with
press; the resulting filter-cake is nodularised by extrusion Apparatus-vicat apparatus,balance,measuring resinous wood (pine, etc.). • It contains creosote and as
onto a travelling preheater grate or reduced in a cylinder,stope watch,glass plate,enamel tray,trowel such is a very strong preservative. water, the water replaces areas where there would
crusher/dryer to pellets. Heating to between 900°C and Material-cement,water. normally be air
1100°C Procedure Asphalt 2 Soundness - When cement is mixed with water, the
in tower cyclones precalcines the chalk; the mix is then 1.waight about 500g of cement correctly & place it in a • Asphalt is a natural or artificial mixture in which water replaces areas where there would normally be air.
transferred to a short kiln at 1450°C for the clinkering pan bitumen is associated with inert mineral matter. • It is
Because of that, the bulk density of cement is not very
process. 2.prepare neat cement past by adding this amount of black or brownish black in colour
water to give a past of standard consistency. important. Cement has a varying range of density
Semi-dry process
3.start the stope watch at the instant when water is • Natural Asphalt - is also known as native asphalt. • depending on the cement composition percentage. The
In the semi-dry process, dry shale and limestone
powders are blended. About 12% water is added to added to the cement. When obtained from lakes it is termed as lake asphalt. • density of cement may be anywhere from 62 to 78
nodularise 4.fill the vicat mould with this past,the mould resting on It is used for making pavements, for water proofing of pounds per cubic foot.
the blend, which is then precalcined and clinkered as in nonporous plate.level & smooth off a top surface of the structure, stopping vibrations in machine foundations 3) Consistency
the semi-wet process cement past with the trowel. trenches. 4) Strength- When cement is mixed with water, the
.DRY PROCES 5.place the test block under the rod bearing initial setting • Rock Asphalt - is a naturally occurring rock formation,
needle gently so as to touch the surface of the test block. usually limestone or sandstone intimately impregnated water replaces areas where there would normally be air.
In this process calcareous material such as lim stone &
Because of that, the bulk density of cement is not very
argillaceous materials such as clay are ground separately 6.release needle quickly allowing to sink in the cement throughout its mass with 6–14% bitumen.
to fine poweder in the absence of water and then are past in the mould. • Refined Asphalt - is obtained by heating pitch to drive important. Cement has a varying range of density
mixed together in the desired proportions. 7.repaet this procedure after 5 min. off the water and to draw off the mineral matter by depending on the cement composition percentage. The
components of Portland cement 8.note the time shown by the stope watch at this instant segregating the impurities. density of cement may be anywhere from 62 to 78
tricalcium silicate C3S-rapid hardening givin early as initial setting time. pounds per cubic foot.
strength and fased evolution of heat Geosynthetics
5) Setting time
dicalcium silicate-C2S-slow hardening giving slow Tar, Bitumen & Asphalt • Geosynthetics are mainly planar, man-made products
of 6) Heat of hydration
development of strength and slow evolution of heat INTRODUCTION • Bitumen and bituminous materials
tricalsium aluminate C3A-quick setting which is retarded have been known and used in construction works since polymeric materials used with soil, rock, earth, asphalt, 7) Loss of ignition
by dypsum raping and fast evolution of heat but lower ancient times, approximately 6000 B.C. • Asphalts were and 8) Bulk density - When cement is mixed with water,
final strength used as cements to hold stonework together in boat other geotechnical engineering materials. the water replaces areas where there would normally be
SE TTING & HARDNING PROCES building and as waterproofing in pools and baths. air. Because of that, the bulk density of cement is not
INITIAL PERIOD-init BITUMEN • Bitumen is a non-crystalline solid or viscous Types of Geosynthetics
very important. Cement has a varying range of density
Al dissolving & plastic lasting 5-10 min material derived from petroleum, by natural or refinery • Polymers commonly used in the manufacture of
geosynthetics depending on the cement composition percentage. The
INCUBATION PERIOD-the performance of gel layer process and substantially soluble in carbon disulphide. •
surrounding cement is excellent particals growth last for Bitumen is brown or black in colour. are: polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl density of cement may be anywhere from 62 to 78
1 hour BITUMEN EMULSION • Bitumen Emulsion is a liquid chloride pounds per cubic foot.
SETTING PERIOD-the partical expands , bonds & product containing bitumen to a great extent in an (PVC), polyester (polyethylene terephthalate - PET), 9) Specific gravity
hydrates after the cracking gel layer, last for 6 aqueous medium. • The bitumen which is in a very finely polyamide  Chemical
hours porus spatial netcoagulation structure losing divided state is kept suspended in the aqueous medium (PA-nylon 66), and polystyrene (PS). 1.Tricalcium aluminate (C3A)
plasticity with the help of some suitable stabilizing agents Low content of C3A makes the cement sulfate-resistant.
HARDNING PERlIOD-fillings of gel to capillaries , lasting BLOWN BITUMEN • Blown bitumen is obtained by Geotextiles
are the largest group of geosynthetics, and they are in Gypsum reduces the hydration of C3A, which liberates a
for 6 hour several years passing air under pressure at a higher temperature
fact textiles that familiar with but manufactured using lot of heat in the early stages of hydration.)
TYPES OF CEMENT through the bitumen. • It can be used as roofing and
• CEM I Portland cement- mortar,concret,grout damp-proofing felts, in the manufacture of pipe asphalts synthetic materials rather than natural materials such as 2.Tricalcium silicate (C3S)
• CEM II Portland-composite cement and joint fillers, as heat insulating material, etc. cotton, silk, and wool. C3S causes rapid hydration as well as hardening and is
• CEM III Blastfurnace cement • CEM IV • Cut-back bitumen is obtained by fluxing asphaltic responsible for the cement’s early strength gain an initial
Pozzolanic cement bitumen in presence of some suitable liquid distillates of Geonets setting.
Hydraulic structure,marine structure,plastering, coal tar or petroleum. • It is mainly used in road are grid-like materials that are similar to geogrids but
3.Dicalcium silicate (C2S)
• CEM V Composite cement construction and in soil stabilization (2 - 4%). are treated separately as they are designed specifically
As opposed to tricalcium silicate, which helps early
• Plastic bitumen consists of bitumen, thinner and for their in-plane drainage capability, rather than
reinforcement. strength gain, dicalcium silicate in cement helps the
CEMENT ADMIXTURES suitable inert filler. • The amount of inert filler is about
Admixtures may be defined as materials that are added 40 to 45 per cent. • It is used for filling cracks in masonry strength gain after one week.
in small quantities to mortars or concretes during mixing, structures, for stopping leakage, etc. Geomembrane 4.Ferrite (C4AF)
in order to modify one or more of their physical or visual are very-low-permeability synthetic membranes that are Ferrite is a fluxing agent. It reduces the melting
properties. used to control fluid or gas migration. • Most temperature of the raw materials in the kiln from
Plasticisers - Plasticisers, or water-reducing admixtures, CLASSIFICATION of BITUMEN geomembrane are made from relatively thin, continuous
3,000°F to 2,600°F. Though it hydrates rapidly, it does
are added to increase the workability of a mix. This polymeric sheets, but they can also be made from
Based on source not contribute much to the strength of the cement.
enables easier placing and compaction. Where increased impregnated geotextiles
 Natural bitumen: Pure natural bitumen occurs rarely. 5.Magnesia (MgO)
workability is not required, water-reducers may be
 Petroleum Bitumen • These are product of Geocell The manufacturing process of Portland cement uses
used to lower the water/cement ratio, giving typically a
processing crude petroleum and its resinous are three-dimensional geosynthetics intended to magnesia as a raw material in dry process plants.
15% increase in strength and better durability.
residues. provide physical confinement to the soil.
Super plasticisers Tiles- A tile is a manufactured piece of hard-wearing
 Cracked bitumen is obtained by the cracking - high
It is also known as high water reducer,are additives used material such as ceramic, stone, metal, baked clay, or
temperature decomposition – of petroleum and High performance materials.High performance plastics
in making high strength concrete.the strength of even glass, generally used for covering roofs, floors,
petroleum oils allowing high yield of gasoline.
concrete increases when the water cement ratio differ from standard plastics and engendering plastics
Based on Consistency (at 180C) • These are classified as walls, or other objects such as tabletops
decreases. prilimiarliy by their temperature stability, but also by
solid, semi-solid and liquid bitumen.
Based on application • Bitumen is classified as road their chemical resistance and mechanical properties,
Accelerators - Accelerators increase the rate of reaction Ceramic tile
construction bitumen, building bitumen and roofing product for quantity and price.
between cement and water, thus increasing the rate of Ceramic tiles are easy, versatile and perfect for any
bitumen.
set and development of strength. This can be room. It is the most common type of tile found in any
advantageous in pre-casting, where early removal of the Factors of selecting construction material. home because of its durability and easy maintenance.
USES of BITUMEN
formwork is required. 1. Strength Ceramic tiles come in numerous styles that can be fit in
any design. It has also two variants in its glazed and pigments can be added. Casein paint is commonly used
unglazed. While unglazed gives an artistic rustic finish, Enamel Paint to paint walls, ceilings and wood.
glazed ceramic tiles provide more protection for longer This type of paint is produced by adding lead or zinc to
lasting floors. varnish. Pigments are added to achieve a wide variety of Conclusion
colors. Enamel paints form hard and glossy coatings, As listed above, there are many types of paints and their
Porcelain tile which are easily cleaned. They are characterized by being applications vary greatly. The reasons to use paint in
The other most common type of tile is porcelain. Which waterproof and chemically resistant, offering good construction include visual appeal, surface durability,
differs from ceramic tile. Porcelain tiles can be used out coverage and color retention. chemical protection and pest protection. Each type of
doors as it will not be freeze, fade or crack. Other paint is designed for specific applications - adequate
applications for porcelain tile include bath or kitchen tile, The following are some common uses of enamel paint: paint selection can reduce project costs while improving
high traffic areas, and kitchen backsplashes. It is the performance.
most popular choice for both interior and exterior use. Interior and exterior walls
These tiles are also the preferred choice of architects and Wood trims, doors, and flooring Painting is often regarded as an aesthetic improvement
designers and also consideref as one of the best type of Windows for buildings, but it brings many technical advantages as
tiles. Stairs well. These include chemical protection and easier
Surfaces like wicker, masonry, concrete, plaster, glass, maintenance.
Cement tiles and metals.
These tiles are the oldest type that has been around The main limitations of enamel paint are slow drying, Introduction to Plasticizers
since the 19th century. These tiles tiles are extremely and requiring a titanium coating before application. The essence of good quality concrete is the requirement
flexible and provide you with amazing patterns and of right workability. Under different situations concrete
colours. One can find these tiles in various designs and Emulsion Paint of different degree of workability is needed. A high
colours in various shapes. Emulsion paints use polyvinyl acetate and polystyrene as degree of workability is required in situations like deep
binding materials, and they contain driers like cobalt and beams, thin sections with high percentage of
Mosaic tile manganese. They can be water or oil based, and reinforcement, beam and column junctions, pumping of
Mosaic tiles are one of the most popular choices for pigments are used to achieve the desired color. Emulsion concrete, tremie concreting, hot weather concreting etc.
decorative tiles consisting of small tiles, often square, paints are characterized by their fast drying and The conventional methods of improving work-ability are
mosaic tiles are laid together to create a larger effect for hardening, and surfaces can be cleaned easily with by improving the gradation or increasing the quantity of
a high visual impact. Mosaic tiles can be made of varying water. Once applied, enamel paints offer durability, good fine aggregate or by increasing the cement quantity.
materials, with stone, glass, and ceramic being the most color retention, and alkali resistance.
commonly used. Mosaic tiles give you chance to flex your These are used for the following proposes:
creative interior design muscles since it comes in so Emulsion paints are commonly used for interior walls,
many different shapes, sizes, colours, styles and even ceilings and masonry work. Some specialized types of 1. To achieve a higher strength by decreasing the
materials. emulsion paints can be used for woodwork. water/cement ratio at the same workability as that of an
admixture free mix.
Marble tiles Cement Paint 2. To achieve the same workability by decreasing the
Marble tiles have become increasingly popular because Cement paint is available in powder form, which is mixed cement and to reduce the heat of hydration in the mass
of its immediate touch of sophistication and refinement with water to achieve paint consistency. The base concrete.
to any space. Marble is said to be the king of natural material is white or colored cement, and it may also 3. To increase the workability to provide ease in placing
stone and is the most famous type of natural stone, contain pigments, accelerators and other additives. concrete in inaccessible locations.
however marbles, has their own inberent flaws, owing to Cement paint is durable and waterproof, and it is
which, they have been a niche choice, for a select set of commonly used in rough internal and external surfaces. Materials Used as Plasticizers:
people that can afford and maintain them. But now, with Generally following materials are used as plasticizers:
the introduction of marble tiles, one can easily add the Consider that cement paint has a long drying time,
beauty of marble to kitchen, bathroom or any other typically 24 hours. It must also be applied in two coats to 1. Ligno sulphates and their derivatives and
interior space. They are available in different colors, prevent dampness issues. modifications, salts of sulphonates hydrocarbons.
patterns or veined. They are low in maintenance and are 2. Polyglycol esters, acid of hydroxylated carboxylic acids
affordable as compared to natural stone. Bituminous Paint and their derivatives and modifications
This type of paint is made from dissolved asphalt or tar, 3. Carbohydrates.
Metal tiles which gives it a characteristic black color. It is waterproof
Form ceiling to kitchen backsplash, metal tiles are and alkali-resistant, but not suitable for applications properties of metals are:
becoming increasingly popular due to their durability, where it will be exposed to the sun, since it deteriorates.
versatility and stylist appeal. Here are some features of Luster: Metals are shiny when cut, scratched, or
metal tiles. A few metal tiles go a long way, so while they Bituminous paint is commonly used in underwater polished.
aren't as cost effective as other types of tiles, you will ironworks, concrete foundations, wooden surfaces and Malleability: Metals are strong but malleable, which
typically useless. Available in a variety of finishes to iron pipes. It also helps provide rust resistance when means that they can be easily bent or shaped. For
match your style preference, they are popular for kitchen applied in metals. centuries, smiths have been able to shape metal objects
backsplash. They can be used with or without grout. by heating metal and pounding it with a hammer. If they
They can also be used on flooring, ceiling and Aluminium Paint tried this with nonmetals, the material would shatter!
countertops. Being ideal for interiors, the metal effect is This type of paint is produced by mixing aluminium Most metals are also ductile, which means they can be
perfect for floor and wall tiling any surface, thanks to its particles with oil varnish. It is resistant to corrosion, drawn out to make wire.
original design. They can be uninstalled easily. electricity and weather exposure. Aluminum paint is Conductivity: Metals are excellent conductors of
Natural stone tiles commonly used for metals and wood, and some specific electricity and heat. Because they are also ductile, they
Is one of the most luxurious materials available for applications are gas tanks, oil tanks, water pipes and are ideal for electrical wiring
architecture and interior design. Our most popular radiators. High melting point: Most metals have high melting
varieties are marble, limestone, quartzite, travertine, and points and all except mercury are solid at room
basalt. We also offer a carefully curated selection of Anti-Corrosive Paint temperature.
granite,onyx,slate, and more . We stock our most Anticorrosive paint is characterized by its chemical Sonorous: Metals often make a ringing sound when hit.
popular items in deep inventory in addition to hundred resistance, as implied by its name. It is made from
of others available in limited stock or via special order. linseed oil, zinc chrome and fine sand. Anticorrosive What is preventive maintenance?
paint has a black color, and it is durable and affordable. It Preventive maintenance is maintenance that is regularly
Paint is normally used for metallic surfaces and pipes. performed on a piece of equipment to lessen the
Since painting enhances the look of buildings, it is a likelihood of it failing. It is performed while the
common element of renovation projects. However, Synthetic Rubber Paint equipment is still working so that it does not break down
paints have additional uses beyond improving This paint is made from dissolved synthetic resins, and unexpectedly.
appearance. Knowing the performance features of each can include pigments. It has a moderate cost and its Advantages of preventive maintenance
type of paint is important to select the best product for main benefits are chemical resistance, fast drying and Advantages compared with less complex strategies
each application. weather resistance. Synthetic rubber paint is used for Planning is the biggest advantage of a preventive
concrete surfaces in general, and this includes fresh maintenance program over less complex strategies.
Painting is normally carried out for the following concrete. Unplanned, reactive maintenance has many overhead
reasons: costs that can be avoided during the planning process.
 Protecting surfaces from insects, rain, Cellulose Paint The cost of unplanned maintenance includes lost
solar radiation and other external factors Cellulose paint is produced from celluloid sheets, amyl production, higher costs for parts and shipping, as well as
 Simpler maintenance: Well painted acetate and photographic films. Adhesion can be time lost responding to emergencies and diagnosing
surfaces are easier to keep clean and safe improved by adding castor oil, and surfaces can be easily faults while equipment is not workin
 Increasing the visual appeal of a surface cleaned and washed once the paint has dried. This type What is predictive maintenance?
 Waterproofing of paint is characterized by its quick drying, smooth finish Predictive maintenance is a technique that uses
 Increasing surface durability and hardness, while offering resistance to water, smoke condition-monitoring tools and techniques to track the
and acids. Thanks to its properties, cellulose paint is performance of equipment during normal operation to
Before selecting the type of paint for a specific commonly used in cars and airplanes. detect possible defects and fix them before they result in
application, its physical properties must be considered. failure.
A good paint will offer the following benefits: The main disadvantage of cellulose paint is its high price. Advantages of predictive maintenance
Compared with preventive maintenance, predictive
 Ease of application Plastic Paint maintenance ensures that a piece of equipment
 Reasonable drying period This paint uses water as a thinner, and it is available in a requiring maintenance is only shut down right before
 Forming a thin film without cracking wide range of colors. It dries very quickly and offers high imminent failure. This reduces the total time and cost
 Forming a hard and durable coating coverage. The following are some common applications: spent maintaining equipment.
Disadvantages of predictive maintenance
 Its performance should not be affected by
Walls and ceilings of auditoriums, showrooms, display Compared with preventive maintenance, the cost of the
the weather
rooms, etc condition monitoring equipment needed for predictive
 Not harmful for users
Slabs maintenance is often high. The skill level and experience
Decks required to accurately interpret condition monitoring
Oil Paint
Silicate Paint data is also high. Combined, these can mean that
Oil paints use white lead as a base, and are applied in
Silicate paint is made from a mixture of silica and condition monitoring has a high upfront cost. Some
three coats: primer, undercoat and finish coat. Oil paints
resinous substances. Its performance benefits include companies engage condition monitoring contractors to
can achieve mat and glossy finishes, while being durable
good adhesion, hardness, heat resistance, and being minimize the upfront costs of a condition monitoring
and affordable. They are characterized by their ease of
chemically unreactive with metals. Therefore, this type program.
application, and painted surfaces are easy to clean. Oil
of paint is commonly used in metal structures.
paint is commonly used in walls, doors, windows and
metal structures.
Casein Paint
This paint is made from casein mixed with white
Note that oil paint is not suitable for humid conditions,
pigments. It is available in powder and paste form, and
and it takes time to dry completely. Also, before applying
oil paints, linseed oil and pigments must be added.