TWO DIMENSIONAL CARTESIAN SYSTEM
[A. Rectangular Cartesian Coordinates:
F 1. Two mutually perpendicular int er sec ting lines in a plane are called axes of reference or coordinate axes
and the po int of int erection is called the origin.
F 2. The axes of reference or axes are not necessarily perpendicular to each other. The axes may be inclined
to each other at an angle. Such axes are called oblique axes.
F 3. Once the coordinate axes and their directions are chosen, every po int in the x - y plane has definite
coordinates of the form Qx,yV . Conversely, corresponding to the definite coordinates Qx,yV, there is an unique
po int in the x - y plane.
: 4. If at least one of x,y is non - real, then Qx, yV cannot denote the coordinates of any po int in the x - y plane.
[B. Cartesian and Polar form of a point:
Cartesian form: P Qx,yV
Polar form: P Qr, iV
where, x = r cos i; y = r sin i
and r = x 2 + y2 ; i = tan -1 T x Y .
y
[C. Result regarding points in a plane:
F 1. Dis tan ce formula:
: Q i V Dis tan ce between two po int s P Qx1, y1V and Q Qx 2,y2V is given by,
PQ = Qx 2 - x1V + R y 2 - y1 W ,
2 2
: QiiV Dis tan ce between two po int s P Qr1, i1V and Q Qr2, i 2V is given by,
PQ = r12 + r22 - 2r1 r2 cos Qi 1 - i 2V .
F 2. Section Formula:
Coordinates of a po int P Qx,yV dividing the join of A Qx1,y1V and B Qx 2,y2V in the ratio m | n is given by,
: Q i V int ernally | T mx 2 + nx1 ,
my 2 + ny1 Y
,
m+n m+n
: QiiV externally | T mx 2 nx1 , Y.
- my 2 - ny1
m-n m-n
F 3. Coordinates of the midpo int joining A Qx1, y1V and B Qx 2,y2V is given by,
T x1 + x 2 , 1
y + y2 Y
.
2 2
F 4. If A Qx1,y1V and B Qx 2,y2V are the vertices of an equilateral triangle, then coordinates of the third vertex is
given by,
+ x 2 " 3 R y 2 - y 1 W y 1 + y 2 ! 3 Qx 2 - x 1 V
T x1 , Y.
2 2
F 5. Let the vertices of triangle ABC are A Qx1, y1V, B Qx 2,y2V and C Qx 3,y3V also let,
AB = c, BC = a and CA = b, then coordinates of,
: Q i V Centroid : G | T x1 + x 2 + x 3 , Y,
y1 + y 2 + y 3
3 3
: QiiV Circumcentre: C | T x1 sin 2A + x 2 sin 2B + x 3 sin 2C , Y,
y1 sin 2A + y 2 sin 2B + y 3 sin 2C
sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C
or T ax1 cos A + bx 2 cos B + cx 3 cos C , Y,
ay1 cos A + by 2 cos B + cy 3 cos C
cos A + cos B + cos C cos A + cos B + cos C
: QiiiV Orthocentre: O | S
x1 tan A + x 2 tan B + x 3 tan C x1 tan A + x 2 tan B + x 3 tan C X
tan A + tan B + tan C , tan A + tan B + tan C ,
or T ax1 sec A + bx 2 sec B + cx 3 sec C , Y,
ay1 sec A + by 2 sec B + cy 3 sec C
sec A + sec B + sec C sec A + sec B + sec C
: QivV Nine po int centre | If a circle pas sin g through the feet of perpendiculars Qi.e. D, E, FV, mid po int s of
sides BC, CA, AB respectively Qi.e. H, I, J V and the mid po int s of the line joining the orthocentre O
to the angular po int s A, B, C Qi.e. K, L, MV thus the nine po int s D, E, F, G,H,I,J,K,L,M all lie on a
circle. This circle is known as nine po int circle and its centre is called the nine po int centre.
* Qa V The orthocentre, the nine po int centre, the centroid and the cicumcentre all lie on a straight line.
* QbV If O is orthocentre, N is nine po int centre, G is centroid and C is cicumcentre, then remember
ONGC, in left of G are 2 and right 1, therefore G divides O and C in the ratio 2 | 1 int ernally.
* Qc V N is the mid po int of O and C.
* Qd V Radius of the nine po int circle = 12 # Radius of cicumcircle.
: QvV Incentre: I | T ax1 + bx 2 + cx 3 ,
ay1 + by 2 + cy 3 Y
,
a+b+c a+b+c
: QviV Centre of excribed circle opposite to angle A:
Excentre: I1 | T ax1 + bx 2 + cx 3 , Y,
- - ay1 + by 2 + cy 3
-a + b + c -a + b + c
: QviiV Centre of excribed circle opposite to angle B:
Excentre: I2 | T ax1 bx 2 + cx 3 , Y,
- ay1 - by 2 + cy 3
a-b+c a-b+c
: QviiiV Centre of excribed circle opposite to angle C:
Excentre: I3 | T ax1 + bx 2 cx 3 , Y,
- ay1 + by 2 - cy 3
a+b-c a+b-c
: Qix V Area of the triangle ABC:
T = 12 x1 R y 2 - y 3 W + x 2 R y 3 - y1 W + x 3 R y1 - y 2 W ,
= 12 y1 Qx 2 - x 3V + y 2 Qx 3 - x1V + y 3 Qx1 - x 2V ,
x1 y1 1
1
= 2 x2 y2 1 .
x3 y3 1
F 6. Three po int s A Qx1, y1V, B Qx 2,y2V and C Qx 3, y3V are collinear if
: Q i V x1 R y 2 - y 3 W + x 2 R y 3 - y1 W + x 3 R y1 - y 2 W = 0,
: QiiV y1 Qx 2 - x 3V + y 2 Qx 3 - x1V + y 3 Qx1 - x 2V = 0,
x1 y1 1
: QiiiV x2 y2 1
x3 y3 1
F 7. If A Qr1, i1V, B Qr2, i 2V and C Qr3, i 3V are the vertices of a triangle, then area of the triangle is given by,
T = 12 r1 r2 sin Qi 1 - i 2V + r2 r3 sin Qi 2 - i 3V + r3 r1 sin Qi 3 - i 1V .
[D. Relativity of Coordinates:
The coordinates of a po int depend on the position and direction of the axes. The change of axes may be
affected when the origin is shifted to a po int keeping the directions of the axes unchanged, or when the axes
are rotated through the same angle, keeping the position of the origin unaltered. The former is called the
translation of axes and the latter rotation of axes. Change of coordinate axes may also be the affect of a
combination of the two in either order, is called, a rigid motion. These change of axes or transformations are
known as Orthogonal Transformations.
F 1. Translation:
Let the coordinates of a po int P with respect to a set of rec tan gular axes be P Qx,yV, O being the origin.
Let the origin O be shifted to Qh,k V with respect to the old axes and Ol be the origin of the new axes.
Let PlQxl , ylV be the coordinates of the po int P with respect to the new axes of reference, then
x = xl + h & y = yl + k,
and xl = x - h & yl = y - k.
F 2. Rotation:
Let P Qx,yV be the coordinates of any po int P with respect to a set of rec tan gular axes. Let the axes be
rotated about the origin through an angle i in the anti - clockwise sense. Let PlQxl , ylV be the coordinates of
the same po int P with reference to the new axes, then
xl yl
x cos i - sin i
y sin i cos i
: Q i V x = xl cos i - yl sin i,
: QiiV y = xl sin i + yl cos i,
: QiiiV xl = x cos i + y sin i,
: QivV yl = - x sin i + y cos i.
F 3. Rigid Motion:
Let P Qx,yV be the coordinates of any po int P with respect to a set of rec tan gular axes. Let the origin O be
shifted to Qh,k V and the axes be rotated about the origin through an angle i in the anti - clockwise sense. Let
PlQxl , ylV be the coordinates of the same po int P with reference to the new axes, then
: Q i V x = h + xl cos i - yl sin i,
: QiiV y = k + xl sin i + yl cos i,
[E. General Orthogonal Transformation:
F 1. Let lx + my + n1 = 0 and mx - ly + n 2 = 0 be the equations of the new axes referred to old axes. Let P Qx,yV
be the coordinates of any po int referred to the old system of axes and PlQxl , ylV be the coordinates of the
same po int referred to the new system of axes, then
: Q i V xl =
mx - ly + n 2
,
l2 + m2
: QiiV yl =
lx + my + n 1
,
l2 + m2
: QiiiV x =
mxl + lyl ln 1 + mn 2
- 2 ,
l2 + m2 l + m2
: QivV x =
- lxl + myl mn1 - ln 2
- 2 .
l2 + m2 l + m2
F 2. Invariants:
If, by the orthogonal transformation without change or origin, i.e.,
x = X cos i - Y sin i,
y = X sin i + Y cos i,
the exp ression
ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c
be changed to
AX 2 + 2HXY + BY 2 + 2GX + 2FY + C, then
: Q i V A + B = a + b,
: QiiV AB - H 2 = ab - h 2,
: QiiiV G 2 + F 2 = g 2 + f 2 .
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