Design and Performance Evaluation of a Multiband

Microstrip Patch Antenna Array for Wireless

Application
Rajanish Kumar Chaursiya Maneesha Dwivedi Neelam Srivastava
Electronics and Communication Electronics and Communication Electronics and Communication
Engineering, Engineering, Engineering,
2023 International Conference on Electrical, Electronics, Communication and Computers (ELEXCOM) | 979-8-3503-0511-1/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ELEXCOM58812.2023.10370612

Institute of Engineering and Institute of Engineering and Institute of Engineering and

Technology, Technology, Technology,
Lucknow, India Lucknow, India Lucknow, India
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Abstract— In this study, a microstrip patch antenna for 5G requires—are the main determinants of this selection. A
communications is presented. Due to high demand for satellite microstrip antenna's primary structure consists of three layers. The
communication, there is a requirement for expanding S – band, C- upper, middle, and ground layers are made up of patches, a
band & X- band of the satellite frequency in the communication dielectric substrate, and a ground – plane respectively. The
industry. The proposed design consists of circular and square patch
reactant used to produce the top and bottom layers is metal,
antenna with rectangular and circular slotting in ground plane. It
operates for S-band and C-band at frequencies range of 2GHz to frequently copper. This antenna is like other antennas in that it is
12GHz. The Proposed antenna is designed on FR-4 (lossy) substrate compact and lightweight [6]. The slotting process can be utilised
with a loss tangent of 0.002 and a standard thickness of 1.6 mm. The to improve antenna performance such as high directive gain,
Simulated Antenna gain achieved are 2.39dBi, 3.56dBi, 1.51dBi, which is necessary for satellite communication systems. A feeding
3.54dBi, 1.42dBi, 1.17dBi) with Return loss-27.92dB, -29.80dB, - procedure is also essential for antenna design [13][3]. Due to the
12.48dB, -18.83dB, -18.26dB, -20.87dB) operating at 2.1GHz, usage of microstrip connections in this kind of feeding, the
2.5GHz, 2.8GHz, 3.3GHz, 3.7GHz, 4.6GHz respectively. The overall antenna design uses microstrip feeding to excite the antenna
patch dimension is optimized to 28mm*37mm. For excitation, the radiation. While the central conductor wire of the microstrip
technique of Microstrip feeding is employed. The Defected Ground
connection is directly attached to the radiating patch, the
Structure technique is used for enhancing the gain of the proposed
antenna. The defect disturbs the shielded current distribution which conductor's outside half is attached to the ground plane. With this
result in a controlled excitation and propagation of electromagnetic feeding strategy, the feed point may be placed anywhere inside the
waves through substrate layer. This antenna design is simulated radiating patch to correspond with its input (I/P) impedance,
using CST Microwave Studio Software. which is an advantage [4][10].
DGS is realised by etching of a simple shape in ground plane
Keywords—Slotting method, microstrip feeding, 5G, DGS, Arrays, which is called as defect. The defect disturbs the shielded current
microstrip antenna, CST. distribution which result in a controlled excitation and
propagation of electromagnetic waves through substrate layer.
This disturbance also changes characteristics of transmission line
I. INTRODUCTION such as line capacitance and inductances.
The creation of small gadgets is the current emphasis of
In order to connect billions of connected devices and achieve the communication design. Numerous studies have looked at how
fundamental goals for speed, latency, and cost, 5G is promising well a microstrip patch antenna performs under various conditions
solution to build a MIMO infrastructure. Digital technology will because of its inexpensive cost of production and low profile. The
be profoundly impacted by the implementation of 5G mobile demand for intelligent antennas that can adjust their operational
communication networks since it will be rapidly & easier to use, properties (frequency, polarisation, and radiation pattern) in
it is more efficient than current communication technologies [7]. accordance with the constantly changing requirements of wireless
According to a white paper published by Cisco Systems, would communication systems has significantly grown [15].
increase at an annualized rate of increase of 77% between 2018
and 2022[16]. Therefore, it is projected that in 5G mobile II. ANTENNA DESIGN
communication systems would enable high data rates of gigabits The proposed design consists of circular and square patch
per second (Gb/s) [14][17]. In order to accommodate a range of antenna with rectangular and circular slotting in ground plane.
communication system, multiple fixed performance antennas are The material used in substrate is FR-4 lossy whose dielectric
now connected into a single device [20]. Frequency constant of substrate is 4.3 and (0.02) as the loss tangent. FR-4
reconfigurable antennas are an excellent option when it comes to lossy substrates are a suitable material for most PCB applications.
energy and financial savings. These antennas, which can manage Although this material is affordable and has great mechanical
the increasing demand for cellular communications because they properties, it cannot be used for a broad variety of applications in
make it possible to utilize a single antenna for several systems. electronic components. The antenna design in this study uses a
Additionally, they make it possible for many applications to microstrip feed line approach, which offers simple construction,
coexist on a single platform [5]. homogeneous modelling, and impedance matching. The
The low cost, ease of manufacturing, and inherent flexibility of boundary of the microstrip patch is directly connected to a
microstrip antennas which permits the qualities the antenna conducting strip in microstrip feedline technology. When

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979-8-3503-0511-1/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE
compared to the patch's thickness, it is thinner. The advantage of TABLE II. MEASUREMENT OF MICROSTRIP LINE IMPEDENCE
employing this type of feed system is that it allows for the pursuit S. No. Impedance (Ω) Width (in mm) Length (in mm)
of a flat structure across the same area. Instead of using additional
1 50 4 20.5
matching pieces, an inset cut can be added to the patch to improve
impedance-matching. The recommended antennas design extent 2 70 1.81 14.12
is examined using a transmission line model. The effective
relative dielectric constant ( ) of the substrate and other
measurements (mm), including the patch's length and breadth,
may be calculated using the methods below.
1. The easy way to measure the width of a patch antenna,
W, is to use -
= (1)

2. Next, determine the patch's total length, abbreviated L.

The equation below can be used to calculate it.

= − 2Δ (2)

where h is the substrate thickness in mm, is the relative

permittivity of the dielectric-substrate, and is the resonance
frequency. Various calculations and trials are used to calculate
the dimension of the proposed antenna,

3. The formulas below can be used to calculate the radius

of circular patch using an effective radius ( ), to Fig. 2. Antenna array geometry that is proposed.
replace the actual radius (a) and resonant frequency ( )
can be expressed as- TABLE III. DIMENSION OF PROPOSED ANTENNA
.
= (i) S. no.
Parameter Description
Unit
! √# (mm)
( -.
Outer radius of patch
= {1 + [*+ , 0 + 1.7726]} /
(ii)
1 Ro1=R01’ 15
# / 2 ri1=ri1’ Inner radius of patch 6.5
where ν7 is the speed of light in free-space, 89 is dielectric relative Li1= Li2 Inner length
3 7
permittivity, h is the substrate height. To calculate the dimension
of the proposed antenna, various calculations and trials are used. 4 tr1=tr1’ Radius of triangle 3

5 tri1 Inner radius of triangle 1.5

TABLE I. A DESCRIPTION OF THE SUBSTRATE UNDER
CONSIDERATION IN DETAIL, TOGETHER WITH THE PATCH 6 ri2 Inner radius 4.5
ANTENNA'S PREDICTED DIMENSIONS FOR MULTIBAND FREQUENCY
(IN GHZ). 7 wti2 = wti2’ Triangle width 2
S.no. parameters Dimension wti3’ Inner triangle width
8 1
1. Resonate frequency 2.5GHz
2. Substrate materials FR-4 (lossy) 9 Li3 Inner length 4
3. Permittivity of lossy material 4.3
10 Wf1 = wf1’ Width of Feedline 1&2 4
4. Substrate height 1.6mm
5. Loss tangent 0.002 Lf1 Length of Feedline 1
11 12.12
6. Width of the patch 37mm
7. Length of the patch 28mm 12 Lf2 =Lf2’ Length of Feedline 2 20.5

13 Lf3 Length of Feedline 3 14.12

An interconnected system of two-way power dividers makes up
the array antenna. To align the 100Ω lines with the 50Ω lines, 14 Wf3 Width of Feedline 3 3.62
quadrate wave transformers (70Ω) are utilized. Lf4 Length of Feedline 4
15 14.12
The two-element rectangle array antenna's impedance for each
individual line is shown below in Fig.1.

Fig. 1. Feedline for Impedance matching.

Fig. 3. Circular and Swastik slot in ground plan
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 TABLE IV. DIMENSION OF DESIGNED IN GROUND PLANE c. Directivity Evaluation
S. No. Unit The difference between the subject antenna's highest radiation
Parameter Description
(mm)
intensity and the maximum radiation intensity of an isotropic or
1 rs1 = rs1’ Radius of circular slot1 and 1’ 6 reference antenna that emits the same total power is known as
2 ws1 Width of slot in ground 3 "directivity." A powerful signal is transmitted by an antenna, but
the direction of that signal is very important. Patch antennas have
3 Ls1 Length of slot 1 54
a directivity of around It operates for S-band and C-band at
Length of slot 2
4 Ls2 35 frequencies range of 2GHz and 5GHz and it gives a directive
5 Ls3 Length of slot 3 20 beam which is shown in below figure 6 (a), 6(b), (6c), (6d),
Ls4 Length of slot 4
(6e),(6f), (6g), (6h) in 3D form respectively.
6 20

7 Ls5 Length of slot 5 29

8 Ls6 Length of slot 6 29

III. SIMULATION RESULTS

a. Return Losses measurment
The S11 obtain for time domain analysis is an important
parameter which shows below -10dB, means antenna is radiating
and receved the signal efficient. Return loss is the loss of power
in signal reflect by in discontinuty in transmission line. Fig. 6. Directivity of proposed design in 3D at 2.1GHz

Fig. 6(a). Directivity of proposed design in 3D at 2.5GHz

Fig. 4. S11 Measurement of Proposed antenna

b. VSWR Measurement
The efficiency of transmitting RF energy coming from a power’s
source, via a waveguide, and into a load is gauged by the voltage
standing wave ratio(VSWR). It acts as a barometer to determine
how much the feeding line and the antenna are out of alignment.
A value for VSWR might be anything between 1 and infinity. For Fig. 6(b). Directivity of proposed design in 3D at 2.8GHz
VSWR levels under 2, the majority of antenna applications are
believed to be feasible.

Fig. 6(c). Directivity of proposed design in 3D at 3.3GHz

Fig. 5. Voltage Standing Wave Ratio Measurement

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 d. Gain Evaluation
Antenna gain describes the antenna's ability to emit more or
less in any direction as compared to a theoretical antenna.
The radiation from an antenna would be distributed evenly if
it could be constructed as a perfect spherical. A typical omni
antenna radiates with a gain of 2.1dB in contrast to an
isotropic antenna. The gain of this proposed design is 4.05dbi
at frequency of S-band and C-band at frequencies range of
2GHz and 5GHz

Fig. 6(d). Directivity of proposed design in 3D at 3.7GHz

Fig. 7. Gain of proposed design in 3D at 2.1GHz

Fig. 6(e). Directivity of proposed design in 3D at 4.6GHz

Fig. 7(a). Gain of proposed design in 3D at 2.5GHz

Fig. 6(f). Directivity of proposed design in 3D at 7.6GHz

Fig. 7(b). Gain of proposed design in 3D at 2.8GHz

Fig. 6(g). Directivity of proposed design in 3D at 10.70GHz

Fig. 7(c). Gain of proposed design in 3D at 3.3GHz

Fig. 6(h). Directivity of proposed design in 3D at 11.14GHz

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 e.Surface Current Circulation
The surface current of an antenna, produced by an applied
electromagnetic field, is an actual electric current. A basic
knowledge of how the current moves from the surface is
necessary for high speed design. The printed circuit boards
(PCB) surface current distribution for the PDN is linked to the
input impedance that the IC discovered when examining the
PCB PDN.

Fig. 7(d). Gain of proposed design in 3D at 3.7GHz

Fig. 8. Surface Current Circulation at 4.6GHz

TABLE V. PERFORMANCE SIMULATED RESULT OF PROPOSED

ANTENNA

Fig. 7(e). Gain of proposed design in 3D at 4.6GHz

Ref. Band Freq. VSWR Directivity Gain
Elements (GHz) Return loss (dBi)
(dBi)

[2] 1X2 S 3.5 -1.57 1.2 7.28 1.39

S 2.4 -28.00 1.0 6.56 1.63
[1] 1X2 C 5.03 -17.00 1.3 4.4 1.38
X 8.67 -21.37 1.5 8.84 2.95
4.75 -17.43 1.7 3.92 1.56
[18] C 6.63 -21.20 1.2 1.26 2.88
1X2
7.37 -12.63 1.6 1.00 0.39
X 9.61 -15.61 1.45 NA 0.39
[9] 1X2 S 2.5 -23.00 1.3 1.28 0.76
Fig. 7(f). Gain of proposed design in 3D at 7.6GHz L 1.6 -16.00 1.7 NA 2.5
[11] 1X2
S 2.6 -27.00 1.5 NA 3.5
2.1 -48.81 1.0 4.76 2.36
2.5 -28.35 1.0 5.59 2.05
S 2.8 -12.68 1.6 5.67 2.99
This 3.3 -19.30 1.2 6.22 3.90
Work 3.7 -19.36 1.2 5.40 2.89
1X2
C 4.6 -20.52 1.2 6.06 2.75
7.6 -19.98 1.2 5.65 3.34
X 10.7 -11.24 1.7 5.70 2.93
11.1 -11.37 1.7 6.50 2.47

Fig. 7(g). Gain of proposed design in 3D at 10.7GHz IV. CONCLUSION

Design and analysis of a circular and square shaped patch array
antenna with slotted ground plane is presented in this work for
multiband (especially for S-band, C-band, and X-band)
applications. This antenna design successfully achieves the
nearly ideal voltage-standing-wave-ratio (VSWR), which is < 2
at many frequencies (in GHz). The better simulated results have
been achieved by this antenna design. According to the simulated
results, this operates at frequencies range of 2GHz and 12GHz
(centered at 2.1GHz, 2.5GHz, 2.8GHz, 3.3GHz,3.7GHz,
4.6GHz, 7.6GHz, 10.7GHz, 11.1GHz), with gain (2.36dbi,
2.056dBi,2.99dBi,3.90dBi, 3.90dBi, 2.89dBi, 2.75dBi, 3.34dBi,
2.93dBi) (improved by 1.5dBi-2dBi in each band) and directivity
is (4.76dBi, 5.59dBi, 5.67dBi, 6.226dBi, 5.40dBi, 6.06dBi,
Fig. 7(h). Gain of proposed design in 3D at 11.14GHz
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