MODULE 1
FOUNDATIONS OF
INVESTIGATION & ANALYSIS
PROF. CHRISTIAN G. DOMINGO, MCJ, CST, EORA
INSTRUCTOR
LEVELLING UP OF EXPECTATIONS
WHO U?
PURPOSE
EXPECTATION
COURSE DESCRIPTION
• It deals with the foundations of criminal investigation. It covers
the concepts of criminal detection and analysis, intelligence &
information gathering, and the legal terms provided by existing
laws concerning the investigation of crimes. Designed for
newbies in the detection and investigation world.
• Subject matters are focused on principles of investigation and
analysis, the scientific methods and processes employed in
crime detection and identification, apprehension of criminal
offenders, systematic collection and preservation of criminal
evidences, and the tools and techniques in obtaining
information.
COURSE OBJECTIVES
1. Define criminal investigation
2. State the foundations or basic principles of criminal investigation and
intelligence.
3. Explain the legal sanctions and/or requirements that should be
observe in conducting criminal investigation & intelligence operations.
4. Identify and discuss the elements, tools and phases of criminal
investigation and intelligence cycle.
5. Discuss the standard processes and techniques of identifying, tracing,
locating, and apprehending suspects.
6. Apply the systematic methods of collecting and preserving evidences,
appreciate the importance of utilizing scientific knowledge in the field
of law enforcement for the successful detection and prevention of
crimes.
7. Write a standard criminal investigation report.
MODULE OBJECTIVES
1. Describe the concept of investigation & analysis.
2. Identify the different purposes of investigation & analysis.
3. Illustrate the difference and linkages of investigation & analysis.
4. Actively participate to some mental, psychological & analytical
exercises.
5. Pass the module assessment/evaluation.
INVESTIGATION VS ANALYSIS
• INVESTIGATION is a systematic and thorough examination or inquiry into
something or someone (the collection of facts and information) and
the recording of that examination in a report (Dempsey, 1996, p. 3).
**SYSTEMATIC
INQUIRY FACTS
**THOROUGH
PURPOSE OF INVESTIGATION
DOCUMENTATION
*Thoroughly documenting incidents;
correlating facts surrounding any
situation or allegation; compiling
information that proves or
disproves an allegation or that
implicates or exonerates an
individual suspected of committing a
crime or misconduct
(OVERALL, TO GET REAL ANSWERS
TO THE 5Ws + 1H)
PURPOSE OF INVESTIGATION
IDENTIFICATION
*Identifying the CAUSE OF UNDESIRABLE
SITUATIONS where nefarious activity is
suspected.
(e.g., notable losses, sudden decrease in
income or market share, unexplained
shrinkage, inventory discrepancies,
defalcation failure to properly account
for money, etc.)
*Identifying SUSPECTS INVOLVED IN A
CRIME or act of misconduct
PURPOSE OF INVESTIGATION
DECISION MAKING
*Allowing a decision to be made
regarding an individual (e.g., in a
personnel security clearance) or an
organization (e.g., a potential partner
firm or acquisition target)
EFFECTIVE INVESTIGATION QUALITIES
1. OBJECTIVITY (neutral, fair, impartial, independent)
2. THOROUGHNESS (careful, diligent, meticulous)
3. RELEVANCE (important, significant, substantial)
4. ACCURACY (correct, exact, precise, truthful)
5. TIMELINESS (suitable, appropriate, apt, fit)
INVESTIGATION
**SYSTEMATIC
INQUIRY FACTS
**THOROUGH
OBJECTIVE
THOROUGH
RELEVANT
ACCURATE
TIMELY
OBJECTIVITY
Focus on the use of a rational investigative
hypothesis. Avoid the interjection of prejudgment
Possible Challenge/s
Difficult to decide with objectivity because it
defies human nature
People tend to jump to conclusion without
collaborating facts
Possible Solution/s to challenge/s
Recognize personal prejudices
Critical thinking in forming hypotheses
THOROUGHNESS
Follow all relevant leads to their logical conclusion
and focus on corroboration of all key investigative
findings. (JUST BEING DETAILED)
Possible challenge/s
Inconsistencies of findings that promotes
confusion
Possible Solution/s
Independent case management
Balance between lead and logical conclusion
Maximize sources of info (SMEs, Interview,
Databases, Public Records, Physical and Electronic
Evidence, Surveillance Results, Open sources, etc.)
RELEVANCE
Relevance means that the information in question
pertains to the subject of the investigation in some
way and at the appropriate level of detail.
“…information should only be adequate in depth of
details without gathering so much data that can
confuse the facts of the case and bog down the
investigation or even obscure the truth…”
Challenge : Cognitive bias; which information is
relevant?
Solution : Application of Analytical tools or
judgement aids
ACCURACY
The credibility of a source, whether human, physical or
electronic evidence, or the result of observation or
surveillance.
Challenge : Source of Info
Solution : Understanding literature, metal
processes, human senses
“…Eyewitness accounts are among the least accurate
forms of investigative information..” Given the nature
of memory, eyewitness testimony can never be totally
accurate or reliable (Cassel, 2000)
“…In the corporate environment, most credible
information on losses, sexual harassment, and other
reportable incidents comes from employee tips.
However, workers are also the source of many
incorrect or misinterpreted tips…” (Albrecht, 2004)
TIMELINESS
The ability to complete an
investigation quickly, but not too
quickly, and to resist pressure by
outside forces to rush a case, thereby
damaging the quality of the resolution.
*** open an investigation as soon as
possible,
*** complete an investigation as
quickly as possible, and
*** avoid closing an investigation
prematurely.
INVESTIGATION
**SYSTEMATIC
INQUIRY FACTS
**THOROUGH
OBJECTIVE
THOROUGH
RELEVANT
ACCURATE
TIMELY
PROBLEM
• GERONIMO lying dead on the floor in
bloodshed
• KISHA is known GF of Geronimo
• BRIAN is a Security Guard of Apartment
1014
• MARCO is a known drug dealer who just
been released from prison
• Logbook shows entry of KISHA and
MARCO at Apartment 1014
• WHO KILLED GERONIMO?
BASIC CONCEPT
• ANALYSIS is an in-depth probe into all the characteristics of a problem and the
factors contributing to the problem.
** IN-DEPTH APPROPRIATE
PROBLEM
** PROBE RESPONSE
*counter-measure
of prevention
“…ANALYSIS REQUIRES THE ACQUISITION OF DETAILED INFORMATION ABOUT
OFFENDERS, VICTIMS, AND OTHERS WHO MAYBE INVOLVED IN A PROBLEM,
THE TIME OF OCCURRENCE, LOCATIONS, DETAILS ABOUT THE PHYSICAL
ENVIRONMENT, THE MOTIVATIONS, GAINS AND LOSSES OF ALL INVOLVED
PARTIES AND THE RESULT OF CURRENT RESPONSES” – Goldstein (1990)
Importance/ Purposes of Analysis
• Key to DETECTING PATTERNS and implementing responses
• IDENTIFIES factors to the problem or facilitating the problem
• DISCOVER the location of problem
• REVEAL repeat offenders and offenses
• DISCOVER helpful facts regarding crime victims
• ADDRESSES causes rather than crime symptoms
COMPARISON AND LINK
Concept INVESTIGATION ANALYSIS
Manner or Basic inquiry or In-depth probe of
Approach
collection of info available/given data
Tools Sophisticated Analytical tools
The 3 I’s e.g. ACH, SARA, SWOT, ComStat
Immediate Criminal Identification Appropriate Response
Goal and Detection to the Problem
Ultimate SEEK THE TRUTH
Goal
In the process of seeking the TRUTH and in
solving a problem…
INVESTIGATION needs ANALYSIS ANALYSIS needs INVESTIGATION!
to understand the
WHAT? WHO? WHERE? WHEN? To
WHY? and HOW?
of a PROBLEM SOLVE A PROBLEM!
PROBLEM
• GERONIMO lying dead on the floor in bloodshed
• KISHA is known GF of Geronimo
• BRIAN is a Security Guard of Apartment 1014
• MARCO is a known drug dealer who just been released from prison
• Logbook shows entry of KISHA and MARCO at Apartment 1014
• WHO KILLED GERONIMO?
CREATING FOUNDATIONS FOR ANALYSIS
• SCANNING PHASE Problem identification
• KNOWING SOURCE OF DATA Open? ODEX? Interview? Survey?
• DATA COLLECTION Overt-covert method
• SCHED OR TIMEFRAME OF TASKS Completing the activity
FACTORS AFFECTING ANALYSIS
• SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL UPBRINGING – Intelligence and Human
Values – founded on how we have developed our INTELLECT from
birth to adulthood to old age which also include our characters -
(influenced by hereditary or environmental factors)
• PERSONAL DEVELOPMENTS AND BIASES – those that are established
on experience and use of our 5 ordinary senses – reasoning power
• ANALYTICAL SKILLS – use of tools (such statistics)
ANALYSIS & TEST OF YOUR UPBRINGING!
BANANA ISLAND RIVER CAMOTE ISLAND
RODY A BOAT JOMAR
MAR &
GRACE LOTS OF
ALLIGATORS
TEST YOUR REASONING ABILITY!
• What comes after… ?
Red – Yellow – ___
Red – Orange – Yellow – Green – Blue – Indigo - ___
2 6 12 ___
TEST YOUR PSYCHOLOGICAL POWER
TEST YOUR MATHEMATICAL ANALYTICS
• Given a set of numbers, what is the mean, median, and mode?
• Sample: 9, 4, 2, 5, 7, 4, 2, 3, 4, 3, 4, 8, 6, 7, 8
Mean - average of the numbers or a calculated "central" value of a set
of numbers.
Median - number that is halfway into the set.
Mode - value that appears most often in a set of data.
What is the PERCENTAGE change in Robbery between 2008 and 2009?
What is the PERCENTAGE change in Residential Burglary between the last 6 months of
2008 and the last 6 months of 2009?
CALCULATING CRIME RATES
• Determine the crime rate per 100,000 (the standard for UCR
comparisons) given the following statistics:
• Robbery : 45 Population : 50,000
• Auto Theft : 140 Population : 200,000
• Assault : 114 Population : 250,000
Crime Volume (CV) ???
Crime Solution Efficiency (CSE) ???
Crime Clearance Efficiency (CCE) ???
CRIME ANALYSIS SIMPLIFIED FORMULAS
CRIME VOLUME - the totality of crimes reported (CV = Index + Non-index)
CRIME RATE - the number of crimes reported per 100,000 population
(CR = no. of crimes/area population x 100,000)
CRIME SOLUTION EFFICIENCY (CSE)
- Crime Solved - Offender has been taken into custody & has been charged;
arrest of one offender involving several others
- CSE is the percentage of solved cases out of the total no. of crime incidents
given a period of time (CSE = Solved Cases/CV x 100%)
CLEARED CASE - offender has been identified
CRIME CLEARANCE EFFICIENCY (CCE)
(CCE = CC/CVx100%)
CRIME TRENDS
- the rise & fall of crimes based on crime data as presented in a graph
- example, the breakdown of index crimes by Region
January – October 2011 January – October 2011
Understanding Index and Non- Index Crimes
Index and Non- Index Crimes
Month Index Crimes Non- Index Crimes Grand
Total
TOTAL VIOL OF RA OTHER TOT
CRIME VS. PERSON CRIME VS. PROPERTY
6425/9165 CRIMES AL
MURDER HOMICIDE PHY RAPE ROBBERY THEFT
INJ
Remember: “HMPRRT”
KNOWLEDGE OF ANALYSIS
THE TYPES OF CRIME ANALYSIS ARE:
1. STRATEGIC CRIME ANALYSIS
2. ADMINISTRATIVE CRIME ANALYSIS
3. TACTICAL CRIME ANALYSIS
4. INTELLIGENCE ANALYSIS
5. OPERATIONS ANALYSIS
End of Presentation
THANK YOU
