FOREIGN BÜT
RUSYA
Russia-NATO relations have significantly influenced Russia's foreign policy
and role as a regional power, especially in the context of the Ukrainian
war. The Ukrainian war has seriously strained Russia's relations with the
West and led to a confrontation with NATO. This situation gave rise to the
following main effects:
Military Tension and Threat Perception: The military intervention
against Ukraine was perceived by NATO countries as a threat to Russia's
European security. thus, NATO increased its military presence and
increased its budgets.
Sanctions and Economic Isolation: Western countries have imposed
wide-ranging economic sanctions against Russia. These sanctions have
negatively affected the Russian economy.
Alternative Alliances and the Search for Regional Power:
Deteriorating relations with the West have led Russia to establish closer
relations with China and other Asian countries. This has led Russia to seek
alternative alliances in the regional and global balance of power.
Military and Political Demonstration: The Ukrainian war was used as a
means of demonstrating Russia's military capabilities and political
determination. However, this demonstration also raised questions about
Russia's military capacity and logistical capabilities.
Regional Stability and Security: The conflict in Ukraine has negatively
affected regional stability in Eastern Europe and triggered Russia's efforts
to increase its influence over neighboring countries. This led to a
reshaping of the regional security architecture.
As a result, the Ukraine war has hampered Russia's efforts to strengthen
its role as a regional power, but also led to its being pushed into a more
lonely position internationally and a deep divergence in its relations with
the West.
ABD YÜKSELİŞ DÜŞÜŞ
Periods of Ascension
After the Second World War (1945-1960s):
The United States consolidated its global leadership as the winner of the
war.
He contributed to the reconstruction of Europe with the Marshall Plan.
With the establishment of NATO, he became the leader of the Western
bloc.
The Cold War Period (1947-1991):
The United States defended liberal democratic values against the Soviet
Union.
He tried to prevent the spread of communism by participating in the
Korean and Vietnam wars.
He has made significant progress in the space race and economic growth.
After the Cold War (1991-2001):
With the collapse of the Soviet Union, the United States remained the only
superpower.
He supported global economic integration and free trade policies.
By expanding NATO, he increased his influence in Europe.
Periods of Decline
After the Vietnam War (1970s):
The failure of the Vietnam War increased insecurity in domestic and
foreign policy.
The Watergate scandal shook trust in the government.
1970s Oil Crisis and Stagflation:
The energy crisis and the economic recession have weakened the global
leadership role of the United States.
Events such as the Iranian hostage crisis have damaged the reputation of
the United States The September 11 Terrorist Attacks and Their Aftermath
The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 marked an important turning
point in the foreign policy of the United States:
Counter-Terrorism and Security Priority:
The attacks have prompted the United States to adopt a more aggressive
strategy in the fight against terrorism.
The wars in Afghanistan and Iraq were launched.
Internal Security and Strengthening of Laws:
Internal security measures have been increased and national security has
been prioritized through laws such as the Patriot Act.
International Image and Allied Relations:
The Iraq War has strained the relations of the United States with some of
its allies and damaged its international image.
The unilateral military interventions of the United States have been
criticized.
Security and Foreign Policy Shifts:
The United States has pursued a more interventionist policy against global
threats with the doctrine of "preventive war".
Counterterrorism has continued to play a central role in U.S. foreign policy.
September 11th has made the US role in the world more interventionist
and security-oriented, which has had both positive and negative
consequences.
CHINA
China's foreign policy has become more active and assertive in recent
years, in line with its economic growth and global influence. Economic
Diplomacy:
Belt and Road Initiative (BRI): China aims to increase its economic
influence by building infrastructure projects and trade corridors in Asia,
Africa and Europe.
Global Trade and Investment: China is strengthening its economic ties
by signing trade agreements and making investments around the world.
Multilateralism and International Institutions:
United Nations and Other Organizations: China is trying to shape
global governance by taking an active role in the UN and other
international organizations.
Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB): The Chinese-led AIIB
supports regional development by providing infrastructure financing.
Security and Defense Policies:
South China Sea: China is making investments in military and civilian
infrastructure to strengthen its sovereignty claims in the South China Sea.
Military Modernization: China aims to play a more effective role in regional
and global security by modernizing its military capacity.
Soft Power and Cultural Diplomacy:
Confucius Institutes: It promotes the Chinese language and culture by
establishing Confucius Institutes all over the world.
Media and Propaganda: China is trying to influence global public opinion
by investing in international media outlets.
Environmental and Climate Policies:
Paris Climate Agreement: China is taking a leadership role in combating
climate change and increasing its investments in renewable energy.
Regional Cooperation and Alliances:
Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO): China is increasing
security and economic cooperation in Central Asia through the SCO.
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC): China promotes economic
integration by taking an active role in regional forums such as APEC.
As a result, China's foreign policy is based on a multidimensional strategy
aimed at increasing its economic growth and global influence. China aims
to play a more active and effective role at both the regional and global
levels.
Eleştirel teori ve insani diplomasi
A critical approach: is a way of thinking that questions and analyzes the
existing power structures, ideologies and institutions in international
relations.
Example:
Marxist Theory: Analyzes how capitalism shapes global power dynamics
and creates economic inequalities in international relations. For example,
world systems theory examines the relations of exploitation between rich
"Decenter" countries and poor "periphery" countries.
Humanitarian diplomacy: is an approach that prioritizes human rights,
humanitarian aid and crisis management in international relations. States
and international organizations strive to protect human dignity and help
victims in situations of conflict and crisis.
Example:
The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC): Provides
humanitarian assistance in war and conflict zones, providing medical
assistance, food and shelter to victims of war Jul.
