Explain in detail about air circuit breaker.

Air Circuit Breaker

The alternator breaker for three-
phase supply has a single unit for each phase.
The three units are linked together by an
insulated bar for simultaneous operation.
This avoids imbalance in loads, single-
phasing, etc. The air-break circuit breakers
used for marine installations are frame-
mounted and arranged for isolation from the
busbars and alternator input cable contacts
by being moved horizontally forward to a
fixed position.

Electrical interlock switches are

connected into circuit breaker control
circuits to prevent incorrect sequence of operation, e.g., when a shore supply breaker is closed
on to a switchboard. The ship’s generator breakers are usually interlocked (“Off’) to prevent
parallel running of a ship’s generator and the shore supply.

In the air chute circuit breaker, there are two types of contacts namely “main contact”
and “auxiliary or arcing contacts”. The main contacts are made of copper and the silver plates
having low resistance and conduct the current in a closed position.

Auxiliary or arcing contacts are made of a copper alloy as they are heat resistant and
used to prevent from damaging the main contacts due to arcing and can be easily replaced when
needed in case of wear and tear. During the circuit breaker operation, the arcing or auxiliary
contacts are closed before and open after the main contacts of the circuit breaker.

When the circuit breaker is being opened, the main contacts open first. When the main
contacts opened the arcing contacts are still in touch with each other.

As the current gets a parallel low resistive path through the arcing contact. During the opening
of the main contacts, there will not be any arcing in the main contact. The arcing is only initiated
when finally the arcing contacts are separated.
The arc discharge moves upward due to both thermal and electromagnetic effects. As the arc is
driven upward it enters the arc chute, consisting of splitters. The arc in the chute will become
colder, lengthen, and split hence arc voltage becomes much larger than the system voltage at
the time of operation of an air circuit breaker, and therefore the arc is extinguished finally
during the current zero.

Advantages:
 There is no risk of fire
 It washes away the arcing products and it prevents restriking
 Easy to operate
 Low maintenance
Disadvantages:
 Inefficiency at low current where the electromagnets are weak
 The chute itself is not necessarily less efficient in its lengthening and deionizing action
than at high currents, but the arc movement into the chute tends to become slower, and
high-speed interruption is not necessarily obtained.

Explain in detail about low voltage and high voltage switch gear
equipment’s.
On-board ships, low-
voltage switchgear handles
voltages up to 1,000 volts
(1kV), while high-voltage
switchgear manages voltages
above 1kV, often at 3.3kV,
6.6kV, or even 11kV.

High-voltage systems are more complex, require stricter safety measures, and utilize
specialized equipment for testing and switching.
Low-Voltage Switchgear:
 Voltage: Up to 1,000 volts (1kV).
 Common Uses: Lighting, smaller motors, and various on-board equipment.

Components:
 Circuit breakers: Provide overcurrent and short-circuit protection.
 Fuses: Similar protection to circuit breakers.
 Switchboards: Contain various circuit breakers and other components for power
distribution.
 Control and protection equipment: Monitor and control power flow and provide fault
protection.
 Safety: Generally considered safer than high-voltage systems, but still requires proper
training and procedures.
Examples: Common LV switchgear uses air circuit breakers (ACBs),

High-Voltage Switchgear:
Voltage: Above 1,000 volts (1kV), commonly 3.3kV, 6.6kV, or 11kV.
Common Uses: High-power motors (e.g., main propulsion engines), large consumers, and
power distribution.

Components:
 High-voltage circuit breakers: Specialized for interrupting high currents.
 Transformers: Step-down voltage for lower-voltage loads.
 Isolators: Used to isolate sections of the system for maintenance.
 Switchboards: Similar to LV switchboards but designed for high-voltage
applications.
 Control and protection equipment: Specialized for high-voltage applications,
including metering, control, and protection.
 Safety: Requires strict safety protocols, limited access to high-voltage areas, and
specialized training.

Advantages of High-Voltage Systems:

 Reduced current: For a given power, higher voltages mean lower currents, reducing
the size and weight of equipment.
  Efficiency: High-voltage systems can be more efficient for long-distance power
transmission.
 Reduced losses: Lower currents reduce losses due to resistance in cables and
equipment.

Key Differences:

Complexity: HV systems are more complex and extensive, with more intricate networks and
connections.
Isolation and Safety: Strict isolation procedures are required for HV systems to prevent
accidental contact.
Specialized Equipment: HV systems use specialized testing instruments, probes, and circuit
breakers.
Earthing: HV systems often use earthed neutral and current-limiting resistors.

Write about the safety precautions to be taken for high voltage

MSB installation.
1. Main Switch Board or MSB to be installed on a raised platform.

2. The location where Switch Board or MSB is installed should have good ventilation,

illumination and affected by minimum vibration.

3. No water or oil pipes should pass above the Switch Board or MSB.

4. There should be adequate space around allowing comfortable operation and

maintenance.

5. The operating floor space in front and behind the Switch Board or MSB should be

covered with anti-skid, insulated rubber mats with a minimum thickness of 15 mm.

6. Panel doors should be in locked position.

7. Door opening mechanism should be interlocked with power supply.

8. The enclosure should be drip proof.

9. MSB should be dead front type. (i.e. All the live conductor should pass behind MSB)

10. Every equipment onboard must be properly earthed. Also MSB must be properly

earthed.

11. Every incoming and outgoing feed must be protected by a switch fuse or circuit breaker.

12. Insulation resistance should not be less than 1 Mega Ohm in any case. Insulation

Resistance (IR) to be checked and records are maintained.

13. All meters must be calibrated periodically and records are maintained.

14. All the meters, switches, fuses, push button, indicating lamps, etc. should be in working

condition and identified with individual name plate or tag.

15. All the interlocks must be in working condition.

16. Operating switch gear, tools such as circuit breaker handle, fuse puller, lamp grip, etc.

must be readily available and to be used.

17. Red tag / name plate indicating high voltage and danger sign should be fitted

18. Appropriate ready to use fire extinguishers should be positioned nearby. (CO2and DCP)

19. Charts indicating drill procedures in case of electric shocks must be displayed near

MSB.

20. Wiring diagram laminated or framed indicating supply system must be displayed

nearby.

21. All the appropriate spares should be properly preserved and protected, individually

packed and identified, and should be readily available for use.

22. Earth fault indication should be fitted and displayed in front panel.

23. 24-volt battery supply emergency light should be provided near MSB.
Explain in detail about application of microprocessor controls in
various systems on board ship
Microprocessors play a crucial role in automating and controlling various systems on-
board ships, enabling more efficient and reliable operation. They are used in everything from
engine management and navigation to auxiliary systems and cargo handling, offering enhanced
accuracy, speed, and ease of control compared to traditional methods.

1. Engine Room Automation:

 Engine Control:
Microprocessors monitor and control engine parameters like speed, fuel consumption,
and temperature, optimizing performance and efficiency. They can automate tasks like starting,
stopping, and adjusting engine settings based on real-time conditions.
 Auxiliary Systems:
Microprocessors manage auxiliary systems like pumps, compressors, and generators,
ensuring optimal operation and preventing failures.
 Monitoring and Diagnostics:
They continuously monitor engine and auxiliary systems, detecting potential issues
early on and providing valuable diagnostic information.

2. Navigation and Steering:

 Automatic Steering:
Microprocessors control the rudder, maintaining the ship's course and responding to
commands from the bridge.
 Navigation Systems:
They are integral components of GPS, radar, and other navigational systems, providing
precise location data and course guidance.
 Bridge Systems:
Microprocessors manage the display and integration of various navigation and control
systems on the bridge, offering a centralized and efficient interface.
3. Cargo Handling and Storage:

 Crane Control:
Microprocessors automate the operation of cranes used for loading and unloading
cargo, improving efficiency and safety.
 Cargo Management Systems:
They manage cargo storage, tracking, and documentation, ensuring accurate inventory
and efficient handling.
 Temperature Control:
Microprocessors control the temperature of cargo holds, preventing spoilage and
ensuring safe storage.

4. Other Systems:
 Electrical Distribution:
Microprocessors manage the electrical distribution system, ensuring a reliable and
stable power supply.
 Communication Systems:
They are used in ship-to-shore communication, satellite communication, and other
communication systems.
 Security Systems:
Microprocessors are part of security systems, controlling access, monitoring alarms,
and providing real-time security data.

Benefits of using Microprocessors:

 Increased Efficiency:
Automation leads to faster and more efficient operations, reducing labor costs and
improving productivity.
 Improved Accuracy:
Microprocessors offer precise control and monitoring, minimizing errors and ensuring
accurate operation.
 Enhanced Safety:
Real-time monitoring and automatic control reduce the risk of accidents and improve
safety.
 Reduced Maintenance:
 Early detection of potential problems allows for timely maintenance, minimizing
downtime and repairs.
 Data Logging and Analysis:
Microprocessors can log data for analysis, providing valuable insights into ship
performance and helping optimize operations.

What is the procedure to be followed for safe operation with

electrical equipment?

 Inspect portable cord-and-plug connected equipment, extension cords, power bars, and
electrical fittings for damage or wear before each use. Repair or replace damaged
equipment immediately.
 Always tape extension cords to walls or floors when necessary. Nails and staples can
damage extension cords causing fire and shock hazards.
 Use extension cords or equipment that is rated for the level of amperage or wattage that
you are using.
 Always use the correct size fuse. Replacing a fuse with one of a larger size can cause
excessive currents in the wiring and possibly start a fire.
 Be aware that unusually warm or hot outlets may be a sign that unsafe wiring conditions
exists. Unplug any cords or extension cords to these outlets and do not use until a qualified
electrician has checked the wiring.
 Always use ladders made with non-conductive side rails (e.g., fibreglass) when working
with or near electricity or power lines.
 Place halogen lights away from combustible materials such as cloths or curtains. Halogen
lamps can become very hot and may be a fire hazard.
 Risk of electric shock is greater in areas that are wet or damp. Install Ground Fault Circuit
Interrupters (GFCIs) as they will interrupt the electrical circuit before a current sufficient
to cause death or serious injury occurs.
 Use a portable in-line Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI) if you are not certain that
the receptacle you are plugging your extension cord into is GFCI protected.
 Make sure that exposed receptacle boxes are made of non-conductive materials. Know
where the panel and circuit breakers are located in case of an emergency.
 Label all circuit breakers and fuse boxes clearly. Each switch should be positively
identified as to which outlet or appliance it is for.
 Do not use outlets or cords that have exposed wiring.
 Do not use portable cord-and-plug connected power tools with the guards removed. Do
not block access to panels and circuit breakers or fuse boxes.
 Do not touch a person or electrical apparatus in the event of an electrical accident. Always
disconnect the power source first.

Maintenance on different types of circuit breakers on ships

Maintenance for ship circuit breakers varies by type and voltage level. High-voltage
breakers generally require inspection every 6-12 months, while medium-voltage breakers may
need maintenance annually or after 2,000 operations. Specific procedures include visual
inspection, cleaning, lubrication, and testing.

Types of Circuit Breakers and Maintenance:

 Air Circuit Breakers:
These require regular inspection, cleaning, and lubrication of mechanical linkages. Covers and
arc extinguishing shields should be inspected for damage and cleaned if needed.
  Oil Circuit Breakers:
Maintenance includes monthly gradient capacitor checks for oil leaks, which should be plugged
if found. Additionally, every 3-4 years, the dew point of SF6 should be tested.
 Vacuum Circuit Breakers:
These are generally maintenance-free, but should still be inspected for any damage and to
ensure proper operation.
 Moulded Case Circuit Breakers (MCCBs):
These require less maintenance, with low-voltage breakers inspected every 1-3 years and
medium-voltage annually.
 High-Voltage Circuit Breakers:
Require the most frequent checks, with inspections every 6-12 months.
 Solenoid and Spring-Charged Circuit Breakers:
These should be tested for local and remote operation yearly and when required.

Maintenance Procedures:
1. Isolation and Safety: Before any maintenance, the circuit breaker must be switched
off and isolated from both sides by opening the electrical isolator.
2. Visual Inspection: Look for any broken parts, damage, wear, or deterioration.
3. Cleaning and Lubrication: Clean and lubricate all mechanical linkages as needed.
4. Component Inspection: Inspect all breaker components, including covers, arc
extinguishing shields, and contact surfaces.
5. Testing: Perform operational tests, including local and remote operation, as well as
mechanical operation.
6. Certification: Regular testing and certification are crucial for safe and reliable
operation.
7. Restoration: After maintenance, close bus bar access doors, remove lockout tags,
restore power supply, and inform relevant personnel.