WE ARE GOING TO DISCUSS….

• COMMUNICATION ON THE WEB

• WEB SERVER TECHNOLOGIES
• WEB DESIGNING
• STATIC AND DYNAMIC WEB PAGES
• SCRIPTS AND TYPES OF SCRIPTING LANGUAGES
• POPULAR SCRIPTING LANGUAGES
• CASCADING STYLE SHEET
• BASIC CONCEPTS OF HTML DOCUMENTS
We rely on different websites for
various purposes like…..
• Submitting online applications
• Viewing web contents
• Watching movies
• Banking transactions
• Purchase of goods through online
transaction and so on.
 A website is a collection of web
pages.
A web page may contain texts,
graphics, sounds, animations, and
movies.
Web pages are developed with the
help of a language called
Hyper Text Markup Language(HTML).
It is also a language of Internet.
How is this website made available on
the Internet?

These web pages are to be stored in

web servers connected to the Internet,
to be made available to others.
Communication on web
Communication on web
 Communication on web

In order to communicate on the web,

computers/devices need to understand each
other. This is made possible by making all devices
follow the same protocol, namely TCP/IP.
 Communication on web

URL is sent After process

Browser
to DNS this request,
connects to
the web page
server to this server
to be displayed
obtain its IP using the IP
is sent to the
address address.
client.

In order to communicate on the web,

computers/devices need to understand each
other. This is made possible by making all devices
follow the same protocol, namely TCP/IP.
Communication on web
 Routing of a data packet from sender
to a recipient

TCP breaks the data TCP reassembles the

into packets data packets back to
original form
The packets travel from
router to router over the
internet according to the IP
In the Internet, there are several types
of communication.

• Websites are accessed using HTTP.

• Email communication happens using SMTP.

• Internet Protocol provides the basics of

communication over Internet.
 The role of routers in transporting
data in Internet
• The routers need not be programmed
separately to handle different types of data.

• They do not need to know about the data

they are transporting.

• It concerned only about the address to which

the packet is to be delivered
• The openness of the data part of the packet gives the
freedom to design new protocols for the Internet.

• This openness and flexibility of TCP/IP that led to the

development of protocols for
– social media websites to handle messages,
– content websites to handle video and audio,
– banking websites to handle money transfer securely, etc
• It is a deciding factor for the economic success of the
Internet.
Communication on the web can be
categorised as
1. Client (browser) to webserver

2. Web server to Web server communication

 Essential for Communication
over the Internet
1. Authentication : is the process of
determining whether a computer / server is
the computer that it claims to be.

2. Security : it should be provided to

communication over Internet so that the
messages are not intercepted and modified
by hackers.
1. Client (browser) to webserver
 1. Client (browser) to webserver
• It does not usually require authentication.
• But in the case of web based banking
applications / e-mail services, user names and
passwords are required to be sent to the server.
• This information cannot be sent to the server in
plain text due to security reasons.
• The hackers may steal usernames and
passwords, if it is communicated and shared as
plain text.
1. Client (browser) to webserver
 HTTPS
(Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure)

• HTTPS (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure)

technology to encrypt the username and
password and then send it to the server.

• It works using SSL (Secure Sockets Layer)

 SSL (Secure Sockets Layer)
• SSL provides a standard security technology for
establishing an encrypted connection between
computers on Internet.
• It provides security capabilities to HTTP.
• This protocol not only ensures privacy, but also
ensures that no other website can impersonate the
user’s login account not alter the information
sent.
• Verisign Inc. is a certification authority.
 Client-Server authentication process

1. Browser requests to start a secure SSI session

2. Server returns its SSL certificate
3. Browser checks that : Certificate is valid,
signed by someone user trusts. If valid,
browser initiates and encrypted session
4. Server and Browser encrypts all the
transmitted data.
 2. Web server to web server
communication
• It may be required in certain web applications.
• The web server of an online shopping website
needs to send confidential information to a bank
web server and vice versa.
• In such cases the web servers of the merchant and
the bank are to be authenticated.
• Digital certificates –
• Payment gateway – a bridge
 2. Web server to web server
communication Payment
Request to gateway
Merchant’s Payment gateway

conformation
Request for
Web server

Payment gateway
to response Bank
order

WS

response
Server response

User placing Bank Merchant

order bank account
 Web server technologies

www.dhsekerala.gov.in
 Web server
• It is a server computer that hosts
websites
• It enables us to deliver web pages or
services like e-mail, blog etc., to users on
the Internet
• It consists of a server computer that runs a
server OS and a web software installed on
it for providing services over the Internet
 Web server

• It is a powerful computer which is always switched on

and connected to a high bandwidth Internet connection
• This will facilitate Internet users around the world to
access the websites and services hosted by it at any
point of time
• It can have single or multiple processors, fast access
RAM, high performance hard disks, Ethernet cards that
supports fast communication
• It is usually installed in a data center to ensure faster
Internet connectivity and redundant power supply
Data center
 Data center
• It is a dedicated physical location where
organisations house their servers and networking
systems
• It is used for storing, processing and serving
large amounts of mission-critical data to their
clients
• It requires extensive backup power supply
systems, cooling systems, high speed networking
connections and security systems
 Popular Server OS
• Linux distributions
– Redhat, openSUSE, Debian, Ubuntu, etc)
• Microsoft Windows Server
• FreeBSD
• Oracle Solaris etc.,
 Web server software
• After setting up a server, a web server
software has to be installed in it and
configured according to the given OS
• The web server software is a program that
uses the client-server model and the HTTP to
ensure timely distribution of files stored in it
to the users
 Some of the preferred
web server packages are

• Apache Server
• Microsoft Internet Information Server (IIS)
• Google Web Server (GWS)
• nginex (engine-x)

Other Software packages :

FTP, e-mail, DNS, databases etc
Hardware Ports

• It is used to connect
external devices to the
computer
• These devices
communicate with the
computer using these
ports
 Software Ports

• It is used to connect a client computer to a

server to access its services like HTTP, FTP,
SMTP etc,
• To distinguish the ports, the software ports
are given unique numbers
• The purpose of software ports is to identify
different services like e-mail, file transfer
etc, running on a single server computer
 Software Ports

• Port number is a 16-bit number which when

added to a computer’s IP address / URL, can
be used for communicating with a particular
service available on that server
• For example :
http://www.google.co.in:80

protocol Domain Port number

name
Some well-known ports and the
associated services
Default Port Service
Number
20 & 21 FTP
22 SSH
25 SMTP
53 DNS
80 HTTP
110 POP3
443 HTTPS
DNS Servers

It runs a special
purpose networking
software that
contains a database of
domain names and
IP addresses
 DNS Servers

The DNS servers are arranged in a hierarchy.

At the top level there are 13 root servers that contains
name server information for all the generic top-level
domains
How the DNS resolves the IP address?
1. The browser first searches it local memory (mini
cache). If found, the browser uses it
2. If it is not found, it checks the OS’s local cache
for the IP address
3. If it is not found there, it searches the DNS
server of the local ISP
4. In the absence of the domain name in the ISP’s DNS
server, the ISP’s DNS server initiates a recursive
search
5. If found returns this IP address to the browser and
the webpage is displayed otherwise it returns the
message “Server not found” in the browser
window
 How the DNS searches and locates
the IP address of a domain name?
Recursive DNS
search

Web DNS DNS

Browser Server Resolver
Operating System
Your ISP
Client Program
 Know your progress
1. Name a protocol that works on top of the
Internet Protocol(IP)

2. Expand HTTPS

3. What are the advantages of installing web

servers in data centers?
 Know your progress
4. State whether true or false
a. The web server software is a program that uses the client-
server model.

b. The web server consists of server OS and web server

software

5. The number of bits in a software port number is

6. A Domain Name System returns the

of a domain name
 Know your progress
9. The social media websites developed their own
protocol for communicating over the Internet. How is
this possible when Internet uses TCP/IP protocol?
 Know your progress
10. The username and password of e-mail account has
to be sent securely over the Internet
a. Name the technology used to send the data to the server
b. How does this technology support secure data
communication?
 Know your progress
11. ABC Engineering College has about 1000 computers
connected to the Internet, in its campus. What is the
advantageof having a local DNS server in the college’s
intranet?
 Know your progress
12. Write an example of a web server OS and a web
server package
13. What is the use of software ports in a web
server?
 Know your progress
13. The port used for HTTP is
14. Suppose you are browsing the website
www.prdkerala.org . Explain how DNS resolves
the IP address.