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Citing and Referencing:

East west University Library

OSCOLA Citation Style
 Adapted from OSCOLA (4th ed., Hart 2012)
OSCOLA <http://www2.le.ac.uk/library/help/referencing/oscola/oscola#articles>
Accessed 31 July 2017

OSCOLA Referencing Guide

The Oxford University Standard for the Citation of Legal Authorities (OSCOLA) is the referencing
style used by the Leicester Law School, and by many law schools and legal publishers in the
UK.OSCOLA is a guide to legal citation, not a style guide. For advice on punctuation, grammar
and writing style, use the most recent editions of Fowler’s Modern English Usage, The Oxford
English Dictionary, and Hart’s Rules. Hart’s Rules is particularly useful for information about
typographical conventions, but note that the legal citation section is not always consistent with
OSCOLA.

OSCOLA is published and maintained by the University of Oxford, and is available to download
For free from https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/research-subject-groups/publications/oscola. OSCOLA
includes rules and examples for referencing all types of primary and secondary legal resources
in the UK, Europe and Internationally. Please read this guide first. If you have any questions
about OSCOLA referencing, please contact at Reference Section of EWU Library.

When to cite:

Reference Required No Reference Required

Discus the ideas and resource of another Present the result of your own experiment
person in your own words. and survey.

Copy text from another source Write about your own opinion on a topic

Include a table or data or a diagram from Mention a fact which is commonly known.
another source.

Paraphrase the ideas from two separate

sources linking them together using your own
words.

Write about something you know you have

read about somewhere but you cannot
remember where.
 Adapted from OSCOLA (4th ed., Hart 2012)
OSCOLA <http://www2.le.ac.uk/library/help/referencing/oscola/oscola#articles>
Accessed 31 July 2017

Principles for footnotes

• When citing any source, either directly (as a quotation) or indirectly (by paraphrasing or
Referring to ideas in a source), cite the reference in a footnote, in the style indicated in
OSCOLA.

• Indicate footnotes with a superscript number which should appear after the relevant
punctuation in the text (if any).Put the footnote marker at the end of a sentence, unless
for the sake of clarity it is necessary to put it directly after the word or phrase to which it
relates. If the word or phrase to which the footnote marker relates is in brackets, put the
marker before the closing bracket.

• A quotation need not be footnoted separately from the name of the source from which it is
derived if the two appear in the same sentence. Otherwise, separate notes should be used.

• Close footnotes with a full stop (or question or exclamation mark).Where more than one
citation is given in a single footnote reference, separate them with semi-colons.

• When citing cases, give the name of the case, the neutral citation (if appropriate), and
volume and first page of the relevant law report, and where necessary the court.

• If the name of the case is given in the text, it is not necessary to repeat it in the
footnote.

• In the footnote at the bottom of the same page, insert the reference. In your footnote
reference, refer to a specific page - or range of pages - if appropriate (this is known as
'pinpointing').

Principles for Bibliography

At the end of your work (and before any appendices) include all your references in a full
bibliography.
Your bibliography is a list of every source of information you have used in preparing your piece
of work, including sources you have used for background reading but not necessarily quoted
from or referred to directly in your work. In your bibliography reference the information source
as a whole, not specific pages. Sources should be listed alphabetically by author's surname, or
by title if no author is given.
 Adapted from OSCOLA (4th ed., Hart 2012)
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Accessed 31 July 2017

Your bibliography should be laid out in three parts:

1. Table of cases

2. Table of legislation

3. Bibliography

Table of cases

• Cases should be listed alphabetically by case name (eg Brown v Wilson, then Brown v
Wright, then Browne v Wright).

• Cases should be alphabetized by the significant name. So, for example, In re the Estate
of Farquar or Re Farquar's Estate should be listed in the table of cases under Farquar's
Estate, Re.

• Unless there are very few cases, you should divide the table of cases into separate
sections for separate jurisdictions.

O European cases should be distinguished between ECJ, CFI and Commission cases
and should be arranged in chronological and numerical order by their assigned
case number.

• Shipping and trade mark cases (which are often referred to simply by the name of the
ship or trade mark) should be included as normal, but should also have an additional entry in
the table included under the name of the ship or trade mark, with a cross-reference to the full
name of the case.

Table of legislation

• Legislation should be listed alphabetically by title.

• Your table of legislation should be listed with similar divisions to your table of cases to identify
legislation from different jurisdictions.

• You may want to distinguish between primary and secondary legislation (eg having a
'List of Statutes' and a 'List of Statutory Instruments').
 Adapted from OSCOLA (4th ed., Hart 2012)
OSCOLA <http://www2.le.ac.uk/library/help/referencing/oscola/oscola#articles>
Accessed 31 July 2017

Short forms and ibids

Syntax:

The first time you reference a source, full details should be given in the footnote.
For subsequent citations, a short form of the reference can be given, followed by a cross-
reference (in brackets) to the fully referenced footnote. For cases the short form is normally the
first party name, and for books and articles the author's surname. If you refer to the same work
in the immediately following footnote, you can use ibid (an abbreviation of the Latin ibidem,
meaning 'in the same place'), instead of the short form. Page numbers can also be used at the
end of short forms and ibids.

Example:

(Where footnote 3 refers to footnote 2 and footnote 4 refers to footnote 1)

1. Richard Pears and Graham Shields, Cite them right: the essential referencing guide (9th
ed., Palgrave Macmillan 2013).

2. Lisa Webley, Legal Writing (3rd ed., Routledge 2013).

3. ibid.

4. Pears and Shields (n 1).

Quotations

Syntax:

Short quotations (up to three lines of text), should be incorporated into the text, within
'single quotation marks'; longer quotations (over three lines of text), should be presented in
an indented paragraph, without quotation marks. All quotations should be referenced by a
footnote, and the page number of the quotation should be indicated at the end of the
 Adapted from OSCOLA (4th ed., Hart 2012)
OSCOLA <http://www2.le.ac.uk/library/help/referencing/oscola/oscola#articles>
Accessed 31 July 2017

footnote. Quotations from other works must be faithful to the original, except where it is
necessary to change quotation marks from single to double, or vice versa. If some words are
missing from the quotation, or if it ends mid-sentence in the original text, use an ellipsis (...) to
indicate that some of the quotation is missing.

Page numbers

Syntax:

If you directly quote or paraphrase a source, you should include the page or paragraph number
at the end the footnote (although not in the bibliography). OSCOLA uses minimal punctuation,
and page numbers are given simply as a number e.g. 5 or range of numbers e.g.
5-6 at the end of the footnote, without any 'p' or 'pp' or 'page' prefix; paragraph numbers are
Normally given in square brackets e.g. [5] or [5-7] at the end of the footnote, without any
'para' prefix.

Example:

Book: - Lisa Webley, Legal Writing (3rd ed., Routledge 2013) 5

Journal: - Graham Virgo, ‘Why Study Law: the Relevance of Legal Information’ (2011) 11 LIM
221, 223-224

Authors

Syntax:

Give authors' names as they appear in the publication, but omit post nominal such as QC.
In footnotes, give the author's first name or initial(s) followed by their surname; in the
bibliography, give the author's surname first, followed by their initial(s)

Example:

Footnote: - Lisa Webley, Legal Writing (3rd edn, Routledge 2013).

Bibliography: -Webley L, Legal Writing (3rd edn, Routledge 2013)
 Adapted from OSCOLA (4th ed., Hart 2012)
OSCOLA <http://www2.le.ac.uk/library/help/referencing/oscola/oscola#articles>
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If there are between 1 and 3 authors, give all the authors' names in the reference; if there are
4 or more authors, give the first author's name, followed by the words 'and others'. If the
author is not known, begin the citation with the title (do not use anon).

Example:

Footnote: - Scott Slorach and others, Legal Systems and Skills (3rd ed., OUP 2017).

Bibliography: -Slorach S and others, Legal Systems and Skills (3rd ed., OUP 2017)

Cite all publications with an ISBN as if they were books, whether read online or in hard copy.
Older books do not have ISBNs, but should be cited as books even if read online

Publication information follows the title within brackets. Publication elements should always
include the publisher and the year of publication, with a space but no punctuation between them.
The place of publication need not be given. If you are citing an edition other than the first
edition, indicate that using the form ‘2nd ed. (or ‘rev ed.’ for a revised edition).
 Adapted from OSCOLA (4th ed., Hart 2012)
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Accessed 31 July 2017

Additional information should be of a clarifying nature: it may include the editor, the translator or other
descriptive information about the work.

Syntax:

Author, | Title of the Book | (Edition, | Publisher | Year)

Example:

Footnote:- Lisa Webley, Legal Writing (3rd edn, Routledge 2013).

If pinpointing:- Lisa Webley, Legal Writing (3rd edn, Routledge 2013) 5.

If pinpointing:- Lisa Webley, Legal Writing (3rd edn, Routledge 2013) 5.

Short form:- Webley (n #).

Short form if pinpointing:- Webley (n #) 5.

Bibliography:- Webley L, Legal Writing (3rd edn, Routledge 2013)

 OSCOLA (4th ed., 2012)
<https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxlaw/oscola_4th_edn_hart_2012.pdf>
Accessed 22 Dec 2018

Example:

If the work has an author, but an editor or translator is also acknowledged on the
front cover, cite the author in the usual way and attribute the editor or translator at
the beginning of the publication information, within the brackets.

Example:

K Zweigert and H Kötz, An Introduction to Comparative Law (Tony Weir tr, 3rd edn, OUP
1998)
 Adapted from OSCOLA (4th ed., Hart 2012)
OSCOLA <http://www2.le.ac.uk/library/help/referencing/oscola/oscola#articles>
Accessed 31 July 2017

Book chapters

Syntax:
Author, | 'Title of Chapter', | in | Editor (ed), | Title of the Book | (Edition, | Publisher | Year)

Example:

Footnote:- Philip Handler, ‘Legal History’ in Dawn Watkins and Mandy Burton (eds),
Research Methods in Law (Routledge 2013).

Short form:- Handler (n #).

Bibliography:- Handler P, ‘Legal History’ in Dawn Watkins and Mandy Burton (eds),
Research Methods in Law (Routledge 2013)

OSCOLA (4th ed., 2012)

<https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxlaw/oscola_4th_edn_hart_2012.pdf>
Accessed 22 Dec 2018
 OSCOLA (4th ed., 2012)
<https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxlaw/oscola_4th_edn_hart_2012.pdf>
Accessed 22 Dec 2018

Example:
Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (first published 1651, Penguin 1985) 268

Encyclopedias

.
.
.

. .
 OSCOLA (4th ed., 2012)
<https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxlaw/oscola_4th_edn_hart_2012.pdf>
Accessed 22 Dec 2018

Conference papers

When citing conference papers that were only available at a conference or directly from the
author, give the author, the title in quotation marks and then in brackets the title, location and
date of the conference. If a conference paper has been published, cite the published version
instead; papers that are available online should include a web address and date of access. Cite
conference papers that are not publicly available only if you have the author’s permission

Example :

Ben McFarlane and Donal Nolan, ’Remedying Reliance: The Future Development of Promissory
and Proprietary Estopple in English Law’ (Obligation III conference, Brisbane, July 2006)

Theses

When citing an unpublished thesis, give the author, the title and then in brackets the type of
thesis, university and year of completion.

Example:
Javan Herberg, ‘Injunctive Relief for Wrongful Termination of Employment’ (DPhil thesis,
University of Oxford 1989)
 Adapted from OSCOLA (4th ed., Hart 2012)
OSCOLA <http://www2.le.ac.uk/library/help/referencing/oscola/oscola#articles>
Accessed 31 July 2017

Journal articles

Syntax:

Author, | ‘Title of Article’ | [(Year)] | Volume | Abbreviation | First Page

Example:

Footnote: - Graham Virgo, ‘Why Study Law: the Relevance of Legal Information’ (2011) 11
LIM221.

If pinpointing :- Graham Virgo, ‘Why Study Law: the Relevance of Legal Information’ (2011)
11 LIM 221, 223. [NB: A pinpoint is a reference to a particular paragraph of a
judgmentor page of a report.]

Short form:- Virgo (n #).

Short form if pinpointing :- Virgo (n #) 223.

Bibliography:- Virgo G, ‘Why Study Law: the Relevance of Legal Information’ (2011) 11 LIM
221

Websites

Syntax:

Author, | Title of Website | (Date) | < URL > | accessed Date

 Adapted from OSCOLA (4th ed., Hart 2012)
OSCOLA <http://www2.le.ac.uk/library/help/referencing/oscola/oscola#articles>
Accessed 31 July 2017

Example

Footnote: - Equality and Human Rights Commission, Being Disabled in Britain: A Journey
Less
Equal (3 April 2017) <www.equalityhumanrights.com> accessed 8 May 2017.

Short form:- Equality and Human Rights Commission (n #).

Bibliography:- Equality and Human Rights Commission, Being Disabled in Britain: A

Journey Less Equal (3 April 2017) <www.equalityhumanrights.com> accessed 8 May 2017

Blogs

Syntax:

Author, | ‘Title of Post’ | (Title of Blog, | Date of Post) | < URL > | accessed | Date

Example

Footnote:- Brian Meli, ‘May the 4th Be With Your Brand: A Legal Guide to Making Star Wars
Tributes’ (Legal Matter, 27 April 2015) < www.legalmatterblog.com > accessed 28 May 2017.

Short form: - Meli (n #).

Bibliography:- Meli B, ‘May the 4th Be With Your Brand: A Legal Guide to Making Star Wars
OSCOLA (4th edn, 2012)
Tributes’ (LegalMatter, 27 April 2015) < www.legalmatterblog.com > accessed 28 May 2017
 Adapted from OSCOLA (4th ed., Hart 2012)
<https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxlaw/oscola_4th_edn_hart_2012.pdf>
Accessed 22 Dec 2018

Newspaper articles

When citing newspaper articles, give the author, the title, the name of the newspaper in italics
and then in brackets the city of publication and the date. Some newspapers have ‘The’ in the title
and some do not. If known, give the number of the page on which the article was published, after
the brackets. If the newspaper is divided into sections, and the page numbering begins afresh in
each section, put the section name in roman before the page number, with a space but no comma
between the two. If the reference is to an editorial, cite the author as ‘Editorial’. If the article is
sourced from the web and there is no page number available, provide the web address and date of
access.

Example:

Jane Croft, ‘Supreme Court Warns on Quality’ Financial Times (London, 1 July 2010) 3

Ian Loader, ‘The Great Victim of this Get Tough Hyperactivity is Labour’ The Guardian
(London, 19 June 2008) <www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/jun/19/justice.ukcrime>
accessed 19 November 2009

Adapted from OSCOLA (4th ed., Hart 2012)

OSCOLA <http://www2.le.ac.uk/library/help/referencing/oscola/oscola#articles>
Accessed 31 July 2017

e-Books and e-Journals

Syntax:

If you read books and journals online, as eBook and e-Journals, you should normally reference
 Adapted from OSCOLA (4th ed., Hart 2012)
OSCOLA <http://www2.le.ac.uk/library/help/referencing/oscola/oscola#articles>
Accessed 31 July 2017

them as if you were reading the print resource. There is no need to acknowledge the electronic
format, database supplier, or web address (URL) and digital object identifier (DOI). If resources
are published online only, with no print equivalent, then you should follow guidance for
referencing websites, as far as possible.

UK legislation

Syntax:

If you give a full legislation reference (title, year and section) in the main text of your essay,
then you do not need to repeat the information in the footnote. The reference can be omitted
from the footnote, but it should be included in the bibliography.

Act / Statute

Syntax:

Short Title | Year

Example

Footnote: - Human Rights Act 1998.

If pinpointing: - Human Rights Act 1998, s 12.

If shortening: - Human Rights Act 1998, s 12 (HRA 1998).

Short form: HRA 1998, s 12.

Bibliography: Human Rights Act 1998

 Adapted from OSCOLA (4th ed., Hart 2012)
OSCOLA <http://www2.le.ac.uk/library/help/referencing/oscola/oscola#articles>
Accessed 31 July 2017

Statutory Instrument

Syntax:

Title | Year, | SI Year/Number

Example

Footnote: - Copyright (Industrial Designs) Rules 1949, SI 1949/2367.

If pinpointing: - Copyright (Industrial Designs) Rules 1949, SI 1949/2367, reg 4.

If shortening: - Copyright (Industrial Designs) Rules 1949, SI 1949/2367, reg 4 (CIDR 1949).

Short form: - CIDR 1949, reg 4

Bibliography: - Copyright (Industrial Designs) Rules 1949, SI 1949/2367

EU legislation

Syntax:

Title | [Year] | OJ Citation

 Adapted from OSCOLA (4th ed., Hart 2012)
OSCOLA <http://www2.le.ac.uk/library/help/referencing/oscola/oscola#articles>
Accessed 31 July 2017

Example

Footnote: - Directive 2003/88/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4

November 2003 concerning certain aspects of the organization of working time [2003] OJ
L299/9.

If pinpointing:- Directive 2003/88/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4

November 2003 concerning certain aspects of the organization of working time [2003] OJ
L299/9, art 7.

If shortening:- Directive 2003/88/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4

November 2003 concerning certain aspects of the organization of working time [2003] OJ
L299/9 (Working Time Directive 2003).

Short form: - Working Time Directive 2003.

Bibliography: - Directive 2003/88/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4

November 2003 concerning certain aspects of the organization of working time [2003] OJ
L299/9

Treaties

Syntax:

Title | (adopted Date, | entered into force Date) | Citation

Citation = Volume | Abbreviation for Series | Page number

Citations should be from the UNTS (United Nations Treaty Series), or another National Treaty
series.
 Adapted from OSCOLA (4th ed., Hart 2012)
OSCOLA <http://www2.le.ac.uk/library/help/referencing/oscola/oscola#articles>
Accessed 31 July 2017

Example

Footnote: - WIPO Copyright Treaty (adopted 20 December 1996, entered into force 6
March 2002) 2186 UNTS 121.

If pinpointing: - WIPO Copyright Treaty (adopted 20 December 1996, entered into force 6
March 2002) 2186 UNTS 121 (WCT), art 10.

If shortening: - WIPO Copyright Treaty (adopted 20 December 1996, entered into force 6
March
2002) 2186 UNTS 121 (WCT).

Short form: - WCT.

Bibliography: - WIPO Copyright Treaty (adopted 20 December 1996, entered into force 6
March 2002) 2186 UNTS 121

UK cases

If you give the full case name in the main text of your essay, then you only need to give the
case citations in the footnote (the case name can be omitted from the footnote).

Cases with a neutral citation (published after 2001)

Syntax:

Case Name | Neutral Citation, | Report Citation

 Adapted from OSCOLA (4th ed., Hart 2012)
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Accessed 31 July 2017

Neutral Citation = [Year] | Abbreviation for Court | Case number

Report Citation = [(Year)] | Volume | Abbreviation for Law Report | Page number

Where possible cite cases from The Law Reports first, then Weekly Law Reports and All England
Law Reports.

Example

Footnote:- Lucasfilm Ltd v Ainsworth [2011] UKSC 39, [2012] 1 AC 208.

If pinpointing to page:- Lucasfilm Ltd v Ainsworth [2011] UKSC 39, [2012] 1 AC 208, 228

If pinpointing to a judge:- Lucasfilm Ltd v Ainsworth [2011] UKSC 39, [2012] 1 AC 208
[42]-
[44] (Lord Walker SCJ).

If case name given in essay:- [2011] UKSC 39, [2012] 1 AC 208.

Short form:- Lucasfilm (n #).

Adapted from OSCOLA(4th edn, Hart 2012)
Bibliography:-
OSCOLA Lucasfilm Ltd v Ainsworth [2011] UKSC 39, [2012] 1 AC 208
<http://www2.le.ac.uk/library/help/referencing/oscola/oscola#articles>
accessed 31 July 2017

Cases without a neutral citation (published before 2001)

Syntax:

Case Name | Report Citation | (Court)

 Adapted from OSCOLA (4th ed., Hart 2012)
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Accessed 31 July 2017

Report Citation = [(Year)] | Volume | Abbreviation for Law Report | Page number

Where possible cite cases from The Law Reports first, then Weekly Law Reports and All England
Law Reports.

Example

Footnote: - Tyburn Productions Ltd v Conan Doyle [1990] 3 WLR 167 (Ch).

If pinpointing to page:- Tyburn Productions Ltd v Conan Doyle [1990] 3 WLR 167 (Ch),
168.

If pinpointing to a judge:- Tyburn Productions Ltd v Conan Doyle [1990] 3 WLR 167 (Ch),
178-
179 (Vinelott J).

If case name given in essay:- [1990] 3 WLR 167 (Ch).

Short form:-Tyburn (n #).

Bibliography:- Tyburn Productions Ltd v Conan Doyle [1990] 3 WLR 167 (Ch)

ECJ cases

Syntax:

Case Number | Case Name | ECLI citation, | Report citation

ECLI citation = Region | Court | Year | Case number

 Adapted from OSCOLA (4th ed., Hart 2012)
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Accessed 31 July 2017

ECR citation = [Year] | ECR | Volume- | Page number

CMLR citation = [Year] | Volume | CMLR | Page number

Where possible cite cases from the European Court Reports first, then Common Market Law
Reports, or other major series.
If pinpointing to a paragraph number, use the prefix para instead of [brackets].
In the bibliography, reorder the citation by case name first, then case number and citation.

Example

Footnote:- Case C-607/11 ITV Broadcasting Ltd v TV Catchup Ltd EU:C:2013:147,

[2013] 3 CMLR 1.

If pinpointing: - Case C-607/11 ITV Broadcasting Ltd v TV Catchup Ltd EU:C: 2013:147,
[2013] 3 CMLR 1, paras 30-36.

Case name given in essay:- Case C-607/11, EU:C:2013:147, [2013] 3 CMLR 1

Short form:- ITV Broadcasting Ltd (n #).

Bibliography: - ITV Broadcasting Ltd v TV Catchup Ltd (Case C-607/11) EU:C:2013:147,

[2013] 3 CMLR 1

Unreported ECJ cases

Syntax:

Case Number | Case Name | OJ Citation

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Accessed 31 July 2017

Example

Footnote:- Case C-527/15 Stichting Brein v Jack Frederik Wullems [2017] OJ C195/02.

Case name given in essay:- Case C-527/15, [2017] OJ C195/02

Bibliography:-Stichting Brein v Jack Frederik Wullems (Case C-527/15) [2017] OJ C195/02

ECtHR cases

Syntax:

Case Name | Report Citation

ECHR citation = ECHR | Year | Volume | Page number

EHRR citation - (Year) | Volume | EHRR | Case number

Cite either from the Reports of Judgments and Decisions (ECHR) or the European Human
Rights Reports (EHRR).

If pinpointing to a paragraph number, use the prefix para instead of [brackets].

Example

Footnote:- Animal Defenders International v United Kingdom (2013) 57 EHRR 21.

If pinpointing:- Animal Defenders International v United Kingdom (2013) 57 EHRR 21,

para 124.

Case name given in essay:- (2013) 57 EHRR 21.

Short form:- Animal Defenders International (n # ).

Bibliography:- Animal Defenders International v United Kingdom (2013) 57 EHRR 21

 Adapted from OSCOLA (4th ed., Hart 2012)
OSCOLA <http://www2.le.ac.uk/library/help/referencing/oscola/oscola#articles>
Accessed 31 July 2017

International cases

Syntax:

Case Name | Citation

Where possible cite cases from the International Court of Justice Reports first, then the
International Law Reports or other law report series.

Example

Footnote:- Case Concerning the Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo
(Democratic Republic of the Congo v Uganda) [2005] ICJ Rep 168.

Case name given in essay:- [2005] ICJ Rep 168.

Short form:- Congo v Uganda (n #).

Bibliography:- Case Concerning the Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo
(Democratic Republic of the Congo v Uganda) [2005] ICJ Rep 168