Thanks to visit codestin.com
Credit goes to www.scribd.com

0% found this document useful (0 votes)
9 views34 pages

OS Class Work

The document discusses various aspects of computer memory management, including the roles of RAM, HDD, and CPU in executing programs. It covers concepts such as volatile and non-volatile memory, dynamic loading, and process scheduling algorithms like FCFS and Round Robin. Additionally, it touches on the importance of communication between processes and the management of resources in an operating system.

Uploaded by

infinix.0.5g
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
9 views34 pages

OS Class Work

The document discusses various aspects of computer memory management, including the roles of RAM, HDD, and CPU in executing programs. It covers concepts such as volatile and non-volatile memory, dynamic loading, and process scheduling algorithms like FCFS and Round Robin. Additionally, it touches on the importance of communication between processes and the management of resources in an operating system.

Uploaded by

infinix.0.5g
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 34

appliaticns

calulatoh
ex: manen nesRAM
cOntents loadei
per called
the Bootstnap tòadhg,
dynami
s delete
and (t olatile
mon- methoc
LYecutean
asautt ex! HDD
RAM memong
ek:Storaqe
Secondays -vOLatnatoff-ile)utthelHDD
acess

computen Spued in (ex)


this,
Corne ondomy
se poLoes eis
dtoted
[non;
lo
proceson
trat
pnogsam
The a
HDD becas Fpno420m
menony) inldaded
5

and
MotherBO
3)
frolatde)
dlet
of-
powei tsconten
f RAN Pimauy lannot >
Loader RAM
Suye
Smaller
RAM)win
loadu
user
asetwen

hardwae.
Lompneta (PU
*)
only
(Read
Fnd

BbookstTBootsinap
ap
than
RAM
>
AS

few ROM)
Proccs Sorne soure.
De<initien cs an
intemediany
The pogsam hat ati o and the omputr
betweh a omputen
hardwae.

fLe w
ompotnl
3) NOthBo and
Pacmany ex: RAM
Secondany
Stoaage. memory

HDDex: calulator
aplizatiens
RAM

secondany per manent


(non -voLatile)
(volate) dclete contents
povu ot - dlet
contents
pouoes off not acess the RAM.

(annot the
*) (PU because spLed of CPU
Volatie
ROM) (Read only menosy)’ non-
BookstraP Stoted in Bootst nap
loadci

Bortsinap loadu loaded ia eO


’ Find
RAM lines
)42excute
5
Sinp b GB
RAH Vs Srmaller Suye
than win)l

AS > RAM ’this.method called


duynamie ioadng,
t ptoncalls
API
dystm cal ane
data bau
Syst

alt lato openeting systln


compute
pAlnt
hakwe
Ahstrat view Aomponenla
Prous stal t :

) Resowcei aloLals
n s: created
2) ontrol porgam ’ The oess a being
unningInstuctons e
Aung reuated
RAM:
0puratina a postion of RAM ualony ocopud Some eyent
rDess is
to ocewh.
san wait

RAM ’ oring thu antaton roces0r

f cputating yston Funttions


Senies
steamnated:
Prtemiraa has
finished ueoutión
frous Managemnt: ’ The fnoes
passivs ledo nothng otnthng ’Whenth nocesOr needs the
actie nol tdlle do
gts nowat stage
Monoty mansqement:
('

2) hege manoqemut
41 Protectòn and secry:
plaqram Proes, t Gantt chat
neuw)admited
temtrated
(s410
Ilo schedulen (o+5) (s») (142)
pateh o on event waie
W.T T. AT utain
bfgamou vaue:
Valun Tin aound
event waikng 5
Ompaeton.
Pros ontol stock CP8)
PA 1.61s
Ilormalion Qso çated oth each pn0ttb lauo
caiud task eotol olock). 15

AvayewT Avg.TAT = 13. D


6.15

Pblm:2
) Non yoneempwe -’ The deoision nakung by Prown Bust ime
2) PAoess
pãeemptve he deosin 3 Ganti chout
) Fst tome
Job
makingtSysLent
serve ( FCFS)- NOn. peemptwe CN) P&
PoP3 P
2) Shotest Jeb tost l SJF) - N. P, P Pr
1S 22
P3 (3+s) (e+) (ro) (IS a1)
s) priouty -NP,p.
A) Rouund Robin -ptin pnoèss
the W.T TAT
FCFs.
problm:1 Jhe ine . quud prous
Ro
time P&
Proces Bwsttime
waitiy tine Pi TAT - I1.6
J n rOnd u Ps
Pa 22

to all
P Arived time
Bhulauling suttia: B-tune
lPaoces
to -
Pi 15 -9
a) Trouphput 3 !2 -O
3) un round
Tme max mun 1A.r
4) waitng kime > max/mis B.t*.
10 -
5) Respone time ’ mar/mo
ba ti taken y teyoes to N.p)
Procue the c0) FOFS:
4 antt chont
Bolo
|P. P P3 P Ps
I’ Reponu tine' (0+ro)
30 TAT nlT TAT
P. w.T 80.4 22.8
P Avenge
25 7.AT- 33.2
10
31
Average
26
Amived itre 0 Pa 42
N.P B2
A2

Ps 3

Soln
Gantt chart
5
Pa
Pa

5,4
Gantt chaat

25 Averoge wT I6-4
(o42) 3)(s) o*s) (1s1o)
25 Aveag
P.W.T TAT
3t6.k P's
Average w.T 0424S tlo4
5 31
7.AT =a+stto +1s+2S:ST
PA 5 AveLagt
2015 25
sll
Proccs 8. tine
3 6 4
P 5
P ousen no Amphion
W.rA-
gT
(or) TAT
3 0 locsen I4-S=4
Po 14
633

16
Gantt chart PA 10-3- 9
12
P A l Pa Tar

W.T TATA Avuage W.T 32 -


P 3 Average w.T:s.s
T.W.T 38: Proess
hverage 4 P c
92 9.-T-Q: 3 3-3:0

8 Pa
PA 16
38 PA
Soln
Round Robin dehedulin algoithm Cpae emytin)
) um around tine = Completion kine -
amivat time
3 6 D3 9 1
ngwst tum
2) tum apund tin
tumu.
) qst arwal time - asival Respon ompletion
C.T-A.T
ResponsL am . time time
TAT

B. tm P
Pnouss
Pa Averag. 7.9.T- 22.s
P2 5 s-3 tumu quantum 2 ereute ]2
essoA
pNo P
X P2 33-3-0
One 3 secodls. 6
20 Average W.r: ls.7S
20
Baed on FcFS. PA

3 3-3o
STF- Preempkie
Proces Burst um dvied time P
P

P5
R-Qu R-QuLwL Gantl- chat
2)Bst tine
Gant- chauti
P PPBPP:|e Pa
. 4 . A) 5 4 13. (18
(4) chet the C.T- AT A.1-8
3 2-el i
time Cornplehion
P low. P
Phesporye complelion
tino T-AT WT Pi Pa
tíny 2 2-0-2 2-2:0
At’ 2 P
P2 2
3-l: 2 2-1-)
Ps 2 P2 3.

P 3 At - 3
P3 5. 5-2 : 3 3-21
A-t ’ Ps PaP 4-2 14: 3
|2 At’4
P4 13-3= lD

(paonty) 24).4)5 4)
Average T.AT=56 PA
At 4. W.T: 2. &
Average Averagt 7. nT:b.s
Aver a g n.T:35
acheguling
Tntenpnoces Lormmunication
i ealed
bemmunleation btw the roenan
8t At pianiy )
Tntzipnoles ommnieation thtrt
P; 3 with o
ommunilate
Indpendant -Tt wil ojed ce not ah edad
not pnoessan
J) day othu
wholuP hatiup -’ Jt wl be, afect or be
5 ton
Heued uy ather proceeont
fneind Comminu tati
cohmunation
methods P (Irupnows omnunication)
At 0 Gantt hat &haud memoy

bulfe tmponany stong


At ’ I
3-1:2,
)shand memoy
5 6
Pnocess A Proesn ike
P 7AT W.T pnous B
Shnd memo
pr0ces B
P
mess ag quene
PR 5 kernele
main memo"
Pa
2 3 4 Ps
yncknonizalion
I4
soc kíng
|PsPo fs 1A1 2,s
S
Fotk C)
W.1 1.8
fok iu an APl (applieation : nogammig Dtea
Ud to
ProssoL
talled psiogess
M gam whih
fort);pait e"h")y
pid o clad P
stdio h
Olt toeude
yoid motn l)4
Snt p'di
PAg1am gor dinulatig ipe
Plgr
include <stdio. hz
# incude costaib.h>
# incuude 2 unstd.h>
dyine BFFER_ S)ZE A5 Painr tpawal
int main O{ calulationu Ming ork.
cha wait _mesage [ BDFFER -SiZEJ:"Hello, Ppe!"; ram for
Prog de sdi.ky
Chas ead- mesage LBUFFER-8IIEI; )
nu
votd main() { d,ert ;
pid-tpid ;
int pid, az io, b:Eic,
pYd otk 0;
(rid so)}
{pint | stderr,"pÙe failed "); C: atb;
PAltt ("snor");
ping ( d, cd),
pid :
tokl);
(pid zo){
ailed ");
fPAnt (átder, "Fok
fintt ("mo")
3 piat ("yd ", e.t);
4 (pid yo)8 | Potnt proes
los (pa LoJ); 1) cose 6)#ineLude cstdio. h>
e.syte)
mesage,; BUFFER. oid main (1{ many no. of hi Can be pentd?
Too
end ot yu Foamila
close

clOse fotk t);


ULAd Cfd [ol, yeadimessage, BUFFER. SIZF);
fozk);
aqe: Ringc"hi);
pein ("chitd paocess recewed messead.men),

3
w.T T.9.T
data p A-0.T 4
9.1.01s
P#

Proces Btims daiyed.T


(0
-
5-0 Gaantt chut

4
|tow
2 .3 4 b 1o 1S

at Completion
P nsponse
tume
)FCFS! Gantt het

at 2
6-2r4 2
P WT IA.T A- W.T b-d Py
A.f-A-T : 9.2 10

8
at 4

8JF
(i) N-P.
Arived tine o
Gantt ch at
BPa P
3 6 I0
Snltude plhead. hy
hz
We se the pthtad. cne tu do (tale POS|A 1hneads include k dtdio
Pihvad-tvEAD Ittnad, NULL, FunlonName, NULL).
hiamtes int bj
Jhis qwtion has the
Thnead Idenblu
The Jncaion whee the TD of the ney 'avgs (Ag ") a1e;.
thacad wl be dtored, thread.
Thiead atibut: Paing (" Adclition nesult taln,sut);
Te tend atnibie Gbject aptyng Lhe
pthr ead.elt(NULL);
alibutu head is neated void dubstroct (voia avq)
NOLL, St cveates the thead
taig defaul stiys. Avgs args. (Args ) ag;
unt nlsut <
Fur cton to nun:
Paint c' subtacion nesult : /aln", nsut);
This
the oation he unctin pBhread exit (NU);
in binple funtion mame the hscead
ht main )
un, Fnction nane.
pthread.t add. tme ad, aubt1aU. thread:
Funtion agument
ATgs add. augs io15i
These the tunctn ngnenls fen
*)
funcion thu thead NOLE.
pthre ad-(re ate Ce add taread, NLL, add, tvoid
add.args),;
Paogyam P 5omb pthve ad - (reait (esubtra et-th tead, NULL, Subhat,
|#incude spthread.h cP50mb
Cvoid ) s ubt act.agsl;
# nelu de stdio .h
pthvead -jo n(add. thead, NUL)
prvead. joh (sustact. thicad, NULL)
retum o
Tetum NOLL;
int main (
ptfvead.t hread );
, nNoLL)
pfhread veatu (a thveadl , NULL, hveadfuncon
retu
unit:s loun onddion, hoLd
Daadleck can anbe
onts foun
Dea dlocku
kuhnustanoisly
D etual ertuston

h a mutipaogtamming envonmunt serenas ) iol4 6 wat


uoLSss may ) No pruemptio
wait

Cvata be Resoune alocaton 4rrh


to wait Btate
neyer Lome out of he &tal beeauuu
St may
d ome other proceys
othe Resouee tune wit 4 instances
uich also caled a deadlolk.
&ihuation
R P : nTha calhd Resoune R Aequesta tnstane of R'

allorate ud Ly the an hstane of Ri


nous
Ths
ACSOMe alloaton Granh
Yesoue
holds
procesea
(Pantu P RI R

Ps
Re
theu esno deadlock
Py
PI
R3 Ri, la
Rs
ghee i diadleek

PDLCAS SA: holds


P RI
RI
R
P3
Re RI
4R2

Jhee s no deadlak
Cemple
tas
B, A,Po,ß
TntepxoceS communication
yooes0n ls caled
) bemyunicatiorn btw the
Jntzipnocss ommnitation
h u withh othrs
ype
atfed De not heted
not pnoessan
) Indep en dent Tt ywillother
wthatp
wholfp
C0) oopyating, -> st wl be, atject or be
tan ojeed y other protess0n.
y ind
cofhimiCAtion
methods of TPC
(Ttiuprocss ommunicaton)
J&haed memoy
J MUSage possing
bulfe tampon ary stouaqr
a) Mesage pasing )ahaed memong
Pnoces A
Shared memork
Pnos B
PRpcessB

mess age quee


oolllon
kunele ekeAne

nain mtmorg
aynchnoniaion
nasing may le cina siocKÜnq
wiocking
FotkC)
act J
fouk is an APl (opplieation puoguamning Dte
Used to (veate cHTdroesso
#incude h i n t pid
adio. Clp
VauatlL name hi Payent P
pid for);bpt.(h)
pid o clatd P
ptd Le
maiinU4 stdtib.h>
include
unistd.h>
t incude t# # PAoy
stdio.hz
inelude 1am
ntchas dynu Thu
pid-tpid ; chat
33 orkD;pid fpint (Hd).
.)f(pupe fo Lins
ClOs
nead nthit BUFFER,_
Lose Pint ead ClOse close fPants Lad ajtu
tpid dimulating
l{a (dro)
[stderx, mssage --
musage_mesage S)ZE fok
(Ydri3); Ha (d
o]): ("chitd C{d CoJ); tden, a5
loJ, tJ, |Paiunt nor");
PAlnt "papc
(" L [
/|paocess yead "Fok BOFFER ipe
fuiled
BUEFER.
clo Iluita toe )
se _mess uose -SIZ
acadingnceived proes5 jailed "); S1IEI; EJ-
age, mesage,sadiggnd
neAtting
"); "Hel
of BUFFER_
endmessag BUFEER_ lo,
ad.men4 ye end
te SI2E); ot
Pipe!":
SItE),
O#
O1h clrde
oid maint){void #Prnarogn maivo?dn L)
inude incu
mai
tht de
fouk); fock(), pint (1$
d ;csdio. stdio h
nsl
pid, stdiohcatatouor
albiaxb)x
f: e 'd,paicd),ns a-b, atb;dC:
h>
("yd",
e.t);
print ar
i0,
brEyC,
dou ing oR
Fomula many d,ert
no it
at
pid / Prler
of (pd ole
fultno.of hi
Can
he
pstid
thread; pthread.t
(01 main int
NOLL; etum
thread
ln"); Runnng ead c^Th Pacit
mb eCP
-
avqumenta)}
voLd*Fwncton( hnead *veld
.h
stdo ncude #
omb CP Poue
b cpthread.h incude #
Program
thead thefcunction
fngnents
er tuncttin These
the
agument
Functim
nane. Fnction un,
tntion to
the ame inple
tion tums
heAocatin te
This
AUn! cton
to Fun
thuad the ates cve NOLL,
t
Neated
beng thead
is the jattributts
or
ujyung objet atnibute thnend The
Lhe
attibutes: Thiead
the
ad dtrud, bCLìll thaead ated Che
eoy the 4ID the uherl Location
1dent<ú. TheadThe
guments the function
has Jhis
Pasametes
); ,
Name, Funtion NULL, t#ncad, l1
Ceate Pthcad.-
pos|X latu to atupthmead.
one tht use We
yntar
holds
hold
no
s
ondtuons
RI
Theu
Ri)of
hstane
instane
A
with Proces
wn R' alloaton
hesOUAce
lo
of
prtemption qranh:
allocaton
Resounee instane
ation
chanacteuy
Deadline
anis n
Resoue
tyre
can tues
a
6uistaneoualy2)No
Deadlock req
a
2) OR Erample
of
seveny more
poroes
mumby
finie ekesoun
a
tnvonmnt puUh
ing talr
dladlock
acaled u
&
othen mocs t
d,
he as allocate
the ome calld
ot d thevfonoaiig
oq1amnng
maltip1 out
Thu
iT
allorale
om to RPn cespa
mémery
dlocki
Dea puqust
paous Aquuting
neyen P
Aihuation
Ths
may
Btatu Resonces
may
jnoLss Pse PAntu
Dqonton NesOLs.
A bte
avalta
wait
to
St
which
als
kuga P4 tuwo
has any any in
acgcle
P34 need an naod indrg
wll ues n't
thuc
P2, Ce
ntsoun oequest
plr doesn't
E/st0q
does 1s
P d°odlock
y tach Rsand RiG
proutses
Mspectiely 4 gnaph.
&
R2 deadl
ak.
in bdlor
dea
hetd RI
of of of ation holdss no
youi of Tngtame
b nstance instane instantealuoc u
totich with system hold's Jheu
rusoAe
thu
Daaw
Q sytm
eRI,
HeSOwUestn an an
an
2 the
lock (atocatas cals catesstanu
ofR2 allocates R
dedd a gnsowtceTs
othu
atlo atlo
0onsidu
instan
ces
gnaph.
cthere P Protes
P P2 p PaA) P2
) ) 3) a
laek
deadl
no e
holae dtadlock
isfhe froces
4holds the the
Both
Re.
(nce to
RI
the soweve
RI RI R2 allocated
o neso soth
5B,P,
P,Ps graph the uNeS.
neso
R3 RI Re Jheu au +
R than
Pnoess PA cation 4o they
arenteg
PL Ps
negutst
ta(sgmple auD
the
to
and
uquest
the
s ae
sill
hotding
pl vailable tt tor
Stenenio.process where uque
qequesting
process
LOnstuct
tte Attime
tl
dt
time
t P
Pe
Proesses
Proc
proes
2
Ate allo o02
asutm 1
200h , 3 2 2 - t)
Avatal e 332 uoces4? Succes«tully.max
22 3- (it
-431
dtate b153 43 taltorat 4aeds
q4
apihot matusdaenoes
wite Pa P
‘53 402 32
4 it
232 22 witt
6n Max
a the
all to
neuds
in dallotalr
max avatate
dllocaton need system tt 31 avadalle
how tee
agoithmi
Bankens un omprt
getomalro
need BC 2
thconsiolen ate
caut xeqution
) thu shcwtheinmahe
dae, A 2 sequcnce
Safe4 -
hud Falunaed True
Proes I3 th
Prcblem b) SolDhfw’
m
Po Pi
-
P
-
P
unbes alloat
can
availal e
hold, and a ,ati
s the
maximtm
leaue Pn ot
er
OPNd uptontwMecan al
aloxatton
may oy
omt Pa
P
the it PI,
that hulol
in grartid
loe that oces CéS CLs
de
vDCess netoun MeSCwI
to
typ deadtock.
a the ia
tnequts
each
hocus Lach deguene cthe
P2ach
Jodiquente
6aye
b avidanu
pradock the
&
y beCan wih the
j>i.
Eath ontsountes to9CSOUUes that
Alasy 4
ist
a
o 91tqutst OAunt
resouices 473A232210
3332
-3rl
Il0,l0,
15,
the
qelean 2E 5 - 4 3
cafon
Allo
35 3 n
complete4
P granted 3 2 2
avalabt
3 9esowCes
Slatebe 65()
6oo Pe
B
Po, can
9 thuss
+
Pa, acces
allocated
- o30) s54
13 139 D 2
I5 P3, 2d)
&uqunce
Safe Pr Allocation
Agonthm
Bankus C
/5 The A 4|
P2 600 T
neA - ue mar
= B
TeS | mati
hecd
B
z 1
3
NAR 2 4
2
13
^olo: Po
The
eleased the
meleae
(Pmpletu
Ytls
Tesou
resoUnte Pa 13
IS,
y Tesowrees
ces
yesown velead
tayailable
the
2 the
the 12 res Po
uleau
aleady+ elease avat
233 tA54 Boos4b4 465
-A31
4 431
+
465
oll4
A
54 e
& abuady emplulu r896
f-ale avalalte
niuely
Lompletu =Tue
anPs PAnLa Pon
A
4 N.Ae
2234
usak
24
21 à
yesown 2
A
ued
Po 2
>-533 20
the 61 NAR
2130 netaa 2
1o 12
1) P P2
18 I4 Po
+ G ,
| 12 compietis, P4
Bna
-3332 4 Ps, 32
10 P>,
I)
10 2
?i
NAR
Need
3
+2922 Us
rdlaases
44
4- 4 9esow
b6. 9esorces
22
9esonces
2110+2124 7esoLnee R= th
2124 N.A
veltase
22110 tu +
uleass te
avala completa
44bb so
acle
tu
-
0 8
222
22)44
Pr= 44
avolable
bns 2124
3332 2124
42130 el20
2124
4
y
tomptetesahend
2244 :atse
True
P3 2
B832
222.
eompl
na
P2 P4
na 3454
False
- False R-
P4
P2
NA
Ahe
bo tated
allo
sequnie
ESCUNetualts l
edYeltas
btaavala
not
Crequst)
endrive
Bafe
no nequzet)
pend
iv
e
o1l221
Ps u
thene Tesoprintu)
uvtes be
HDD CeD
40ld
221
NA 4a
nPy nventon
p pnemphon
NO |protocot
CD Protocol-
n2
252
Becaun,
dtnid
sarces P
tate
olla
lock
Dead
qnanted 2 221
32
is
F gequet 3
:
3104 F232
-6
2104
r52324
:nedgA the B
143
22)
4 NA21+01
-232
2
122 hat Bne
a Pna
A F T
Asume
O
secton det aun 7em then gecton, ext wh éection
l falow
secluén,
may etry tne seclin
s cincal
enter permisento ask mut tah
tooperate
l design
a s
to retemn
dection ’itical
Sectön (itical
CAital 4
noiu CLen code >
atecthon
(r) setiön,
2
eitical
at
mDlessCamplec one yon at thensuee
dat allesa tumu a agarist guard
race the
to s
ned tondtion them On
dtons Lorteyerform. and iles, Vooialtes
Code
has Quces8
ssgment the repest section Citical >
of seeton BrtThe ical
4|2:2
x2 P
X2
dition rle calleda s
laa dake acces the
depends
the on
oder natiular
in the manipul
ate
ata 6ame
e G
the concwent
eses levenal whee siuatien
and Uess
tonsacion Bonk (ex Tncos
ist problerm:
yan onduien Rau
Teaminatin Proces
loct dead foom Recoy
ey
z3 altocalt
cal allo not Y dve
=| tap
wlait Cincalan
Ilnt:3
Bemaphoru'
when muttiel.
thab may
bccu
Dndithbns Same nesouees
events nace access the
Phoes by to
eooperate p1oces can

Means of th sgnal
means the0Ces, tryng to cces the ban
Ae tonced 'to stop at a sneife plpae
hared )esoce can it aces resouee.
to
tflOLL~~ ·
D
l) Best F.tt
el .dUo Lttfi d, ~ tna,U eJt b Wl k ;thtU- µ h O

f.)fJIA9h • I~
0 '

t Y1 ,Lu,ut A.wtch 114 V(O>tt J1J.> t .

~ i,\toJL\t t~t ·.
;:,. M,loca.ti ~ ~ . b Meet:

~~
~ mun
Glivtn -~ _ o~ - •
.rartuionS /\'-
{'(I I ook 1 'iDO k 1 o2oot /

~
,3ool<- boo K ( k ott-d-e.'f ) . ~ow u.'.)DLL.t d .,ea~ o~ i--tJ-
~ 1
J..,1,1! Vt £i v.,o~•t £: ou.g,oso.lhrM ,r-l,4U J')'Dc£-½U

' .\lilt 1 41i-k, 1 ll~k ~ l\ !L~ 'c LU) o ijdfi ~


,, .,
~ ~
H'= .l. l .2.
IO 0
h - 411 l-'

1't~ ~o Pa ~ l l .2- ~
'
1 t f _2. aoo
,.,-5_, \
f4 ~ 4-!1h X ✓ I

1 ~P9
~11 bOO f
0 j:W., p,tOU~Q>-4)
Ca..nnot ..f'\,lD..C-l
f~t; ~t a t ~
0 0
..lN\,tb ~ mOJ.J'l ffit-t'Y\ 0 '1-~ •

Beu
~
P, -=o1li
Io o
P.1 ~ A\1
P::i. 50 0 p3 ~ 112-
p~ Joo PA ~ 41~
P, ioo
P4 {loo
J1,lete e. _tht, ttLL ~oau
" CaY\.
B.ut ¥ oJri,lnl,W\I
&~ ;ttu. tntun
C'>
f()f rYlO"~ ·
00 vP1•~'2,
✓ f1 , Al 1
fl Sl)O
JOO vr~ - 1ll
P1 3rO PA-4~ ~ l(
JI ,too
P1 -1 oo
P:i - aoo ~5 - bOO ✓
PJ - lrt5"' pb - 5"0 /

F~
p, ~00

300 PS" X UA.n no k plo. u. (P ~) ./11to ,tt--J-


P~ (Y1 t rt11J "~
fb 10'0
(),S - 0 to ~ ~ _,r •
p3 S-OC?
P, -,tv ':i
Pi . 1o to I& Pt -, 00

r~ _,110 14 (3e!r p
A1 - 20
P2. &oo
~ ~ Beu ri 1!!:9 iJlJ;., :-
rJ Joo
pl CU-'- .L:-i to liu.
9 BtMt .,i~ ftl, p~ X lMtvt o,t (Pi,)
P, IOlJ
l>UJo~ iht- J ~ ~afnt 01 -(IJtDlfU·
-
)Ju, rMl'Y\0.1' ~
P-t ~OD
).
~ J1f,oii~ p~ -:too
,,
~
1 '
Of ft.,(, ,f(JIOW'!
~

~Mt fd"
(")$ B- o P, 8 - t; P:i. B- I 0
L - s- J. - f l.. - b ,'.) 00

300
Pl/, P~ X. rc.u1r1ot prrw CPu, P,) ,~to
Po B· trt P-1- B- lo 100 JIM. rr,mr,,1~
/.. - ; l - I ~ ~1) .J

P, -~ 00
mp~ ~JJ_t,Jt1A pr ~1

U) F/fO
---
PR.A • , . .I ,-1 ~ f<_{\
~;

(Ji) _Lto,!t' J1,t,tuv~ ~ r

CJ ii ) opti m o,l, pu-,


JJ I )/J,W,d.JJ.

tt,w
/
1

131,e,p,tcw.m.Vtt
p 4")
""""/
~lll>WUUj
I
~"\ /fl.lU
CJ-~~ ·
I, 1 ' t,1 2
lft0,4&
3 2- ·._:_-)
ocC,U.,,, ,fa" ±ht
MUl'YtlfUt G) f1am£.S' ·
follo~
~lfil
3

~8 §@j@@@tJ
pr ., pl' , , pr: - 3 pt' • 'lA ✓,~\,\~

fl pp.r rr;1. pr :~
- l
3

ff I;:_.
fti'.\l lllltTt•

{Tl ti. _j

ff\ .n h

(ex) I

/P01D
L (I
-=::-,.
P fl
pl) -.:-::
~· J-ror~(•
'Oo
10I
lOl
1 01

h1,2,«-
tt o __, fo. l.¥-
100 ~ ,,tv.u -> w1/.u,,,()
V' ..,,. 2
1--- ', \
~ ~~ . {jti1 "''; ff ,<!al :) 1(tt.f I( t{t,f/l,

~ ~ ~ ~ o;

B~ ~ffi
,ptoctM -lCLr,, ,1,ux;Lpp..u:J, .b1fr1.pa9l out

';t"'""lf .JJ> {), J , ~ Pt µit,> ~ ~~ .& ""' lo


.J,ri1,o .,dU tf}1PY1011 '60ft,
.t,l}111Dz,ue& _h(tcµ,WJ f) '

.,> ;JoliJ-l 'Phf'ufo fl1£ft1'"'( "fM' ,'( .f'U'rL,W,


pr ·, pr.:i. p f";3 PF-~
can £fl~ f}ttJ,/LCtJ.-l
d
rn£mO~'J.
f"~M l 111r, z p r,
~ ? . ,_______
fLf .; "'t:..1
1
31 ~ · , ,,~,,1

~
~ f"'fJA, ~ &!'ft" II/ ti fJtO!M' tw1 b,

-"'""/IJ'"'-~"""' i .(IJWWi'
aJ1cl.tll:t.d, i, ~ ,vUftl""'il
. ~en, ~ ~ µ, (). ya,lto.b{t .
i? Fr t,
I :q ;j,v~ µtan.al ri::r~ @ JJW ::3> \2f!
I -..v ;hoJM p,,te-{rlwi ))f v~ r;by.d r(lllYI~ (, I 2 1

~
-o)

.bl,,c,t,1.
Ow'lU /"Y1'ici
ca tttd
=o/ O,l.v,,4
f 'T arviu ·
¥4-I
/Y)IM""'jj _,j,;r,,

/111"1DJf ~o
r,,_,,1- si;,d
)Jlou::,, of MRI/ - '
' BBill ttJ
p' ff: '). pr:3 pr :4 ill ~ p r: b

0 loJ,(ecJ ro.1 t,1,


f0O i loo ><
fo./i e
· ·. .Thv~d. c;tclO(M< c

A) 01b'ftO
off ~ ur1i
&W £hoo X
Fa.UL
TVl.Va-~d ~

fi) 31 3'10
"'-8('(\ll1,t 8(0-(,
boo / Of( .!- Jen.
0
ex ,q ......,.> '
If g "lo .f= ~go ../'
I J,OO
\
J 100 <'f,/i,W--
'10
$ fi80 off t BOfl- =- b 'f o t I 3 ~ 'f
t 3Jf
od..dlfe,YP. ~w
()"1DJ, ()Jti,, .,1:1<.L \~
I -
-== 1--r11-

~ttD4 tpftd ad~ _·. p. A ~ 31 t1t-f


1)
.J)
~~a
,,
,;p
~
of!]f ,;-) ~\_gqo
bJ t,I~ b) rI r;;;-
3) c), ~O '=f) 2,,4-11- of { ! rt.n
.-1) o,t:,'iD €') cif8'4
15" L 14 X
Fol»-
t) o, 42,0
Xn. yo..tfd OJ..d.~
~L=:-~
-;t-) 3 1 trfi
Lf 2,0 L = i;,OO /
off !- r en~
'fPtU-L 4 i 1 ~ §'q,o ✓ TMI-L
~ -t BM= -4.;o .+RI'} c ,
4q off1Bcta: Lfii-fl3.2.f =- /@O lf
ptuf~I 4d.tbt,tM a 0, 6+ 1 PA-=>) 3 1 1go4

g) ~ rS4
i) t, ro
~ L.o _htt~
ott ~ len3
lO !::, 14 v"
B/f !_ 100 ✓ -r.t~
'jtuJJ · p f) =) I I J .3 IO Of ft 6 = &4 -+ q o 0 11,f
~ -H~,CIJ,l '-- !Ot noo:;:;) nto
II )

l!.titJY!lftlft u'.cni 0 6 rpa(J l Jo lh .


~~ JJ"f
1~' 'fn.t J rncmott ~ Olf.1/4 fMIJ-ltm uJ.n ~ ~ o,u~ rt » 11-;)JiJ,
~)
II>' ; "- dp tclaL i "'-'l . _t.,ot up ,hl,.ld.wtu,i c,,,J!' ,,.; cttUP<I
~oaa.JJJf f;
, \

m.tmoi O'l'l 11-B .

Slff~()'\ ··
d <J:i --,VWf}Ju7JYI JA ,lj Uetlt bY) o f ~ mQ./lt). .
~ ,.,umontJ _ rntm~ tS l,h.t,rne ~ ~,t,fb ~
~ O'f ffU_mO )l 'j .
pit. f>llD'° U!f
I t) no of )J°dh ~ UJ'Jaa! ().d.d:reth ,r ~ 'P"cJ'.'.'o
!>-) l' I' ,, ,, 1'-kf itoJ •t

I 4/
1>) "
/1
(I

(I
par µ,
~~ (/)
!-AS
pl,-f. .
1

(!) I 1-1tS ~ t o.t 1c,, 0


f(\ (lJJ)
Mn)no~
i)
u co.ll ul fay
µ
I KB !: ~4 .1,~tf..s
?4 ()j'li l T \
I a& l< B = IM· X ~J.~
~ I, SI, o1 J..
ll \
(i) Np o¼ ft"'° a,
=
h"" 000 '-'ti cJJ,,dP'-' ,
d.W, cJ,tl,r, ~ '
jJ.U'i\h vu.d

\_.A::. !l-1'1. 0 µ, Iq q q li'.N. (!/,tV;' )J, . """1 """'


.....--· ·1 ' v~
_o.,ey\ • °" #'\.,,it" oJ
"fd-"'d.«- 14 i "-"l.d. ,hl -I""' 1b"' ,u.q uu,< vJ D'-' o.t ~
f ftS = ti a tf, ~
1 i; · 'f¼L q Ll.ti,U- oj- ~n.d.,Lh~ ri-et\ l,l vd;~ lfl n ~o l1? ri e,Ltt , lft

5" lJl(.B? lO~l\ t ~I~ II, 1410,q 1s, i_~H ,q4s , l5lll , ,o1t-a• ~ -fl""' ,t;i,L CV-~
5J~ I 1€ t ,\uM 1'o<i<IO•, WM,\ tl, .ti,, -t:bl">..I rJ_i).U,,,'-' rJ> "l\cJ.v"'.""°')
...utflt .);kl ~ lVl.,f{V-, move& ~o Jtl.·ll's 11d oJI ~ peridLnu
r.

P-~ ~ !lt~
ea. ,.J'l of bu- f-ollo~~ d.v1 ~d,\,L~
a) no .of .fl<lftA .,, s* ot
-flt¥ ~~
u:i~ _ ,;
91 e~(,(,U~
ctl~o.9\.L ttir-M-
~oJ\

A- PCF-5
B· 1-00k •
lj I ~ 'I 11 'ti I Lr I O I !, o lj I 11U 1'l ., 1

~ Qq,;.-S&J-l {'al, -9 1~) rl {C.,f?. -l'lf../e}) .+ {l\llt- lll"IOH

tt;Uq) ➔ { (ID9 - I -fill l


(I qiO'
5-:f- -1 g & i t ~ 6' ..f 1;r .1.2 t 3 9 -+ J H .

t tll3'
~

q o t oo l60 ( l,o t 8-4 I 'ti


;r

a) fC f S

~
-:: c,oo - ~~)-+ t~""'~t)~f~~ - 2,4).+U.9-:-f~)-+crs -9 0,+
ttbo-(9))-lCtro-3~) -\:[2>~ ~l ~(\) ,
AriA l'lo - tbo ) -l
Cl) c.i1 ,::cH a f -" I+ 1.1-f-~ of I tH· 112 .J- tlt C:,
r.:; 45 t 3 +l 1 ()l

-= LJ 4 g

b) j S rF·
IS"D 1f:,o (€'LI l9'J
qo (0 0
0 fB _g,g --r,

:JoJaJ mO Yl5
') f.. 1J ... 111 4 1-f
(14.; - gc,) -+(8{,-ttr-t.01 ➔ Cttt'io - 4 13 -\- c.!

c_)\lr'oV- C/ii~ - '148)-t [~u€ - IW"t)


~ ( too -9 t>) -t- l q o --st) -{ f s- & - rr- H l r;:r- 2, o, 1 + r _; °' , 3~ H
= r; i -t 13~~ .f- ~r "f -1: 86 I -1- € H -t %/ fag -l g ) --1 [rn-1.ro) HIS-0-\bo) ..-dt~o....- l%'t-1J

l., 4 9.-4(, ~
c, ,.,
► ()I r)lv 11>1 ' Ir'(/ lritl.J
Jo LIO

''t~
0 tf O 80 9o 100 /~o /(,I .983 O"lO aoo

io,
0) go I ii O I I 90 I I) 0 I ~ f; I 3
o
L
4-D I t,l
I
d' ;,
~~o .
i)fC r.s J 00 l~o
~ 0 aO
O
0 r:_o l.t O Fro q ~

/'). ?- f 1
- r; , , o r tJ.-1 + - l o ...\ ro f t, o -1- t D 1- ,;- -I C:- -1- '.) c:, i / , o -f ,{1 1 + I 2 J. -t l -: ~ c:; o
c. io + Io 4- 3o -1- I O tJ .}- ~ -I -1

e 43D If

~~b
183
o ~o .:G"" ~o 40 !(Q '1D ,oo !39 I_!:!

_ ...______'--_v
__ ::C-~---·-== ,. 0 9-c;;- DD ~"O cio ~oo
7• &,O ov
a..., 100 l'lO lb! )e,?, ~"10

e ( roo -40) + ( qp 180 _4 0 ) • l 40, ,ol + I Jo-u),


(~L ;.,,) , !'.do_'"'/ ( ,~o- "') + ( I! ,-,83
) ,,~,-)gi.)+
:- l 100 • cio) ~ / r... o w) -1 f 99 1, 01 -tr,, o • 1b 1 ..1
9oO
/M1 ,c,0L1 {,"t0- (10)-t 6,o·> 0 ).f ('1,o H) J (JC .,_o)

10-1-10140~

:: 100.--1 Co - ~oo)-1( 3o,;, :>t;o) "'°'"c;o '.JU i 1)0)


( ., 3 1(, 1 \4 (lb\ /

~ \ 00 -t ;oo -1 \ O ~ -f f I 2 ) 1 Y.,

~
LV) Look } C. tOOIG
/
I'
, -

..
..
. ,'
' I I
,
o Jo o7~ 3o -4 o 0V
a- qo I oo
-r
I 10 I r, I .. J
O ,. .,_-,0
n"
300
..
,. . ;

2 (...

~~~If}:',Ml~ <6 f'Oj<u°'?•' wti,ll" IJJ<'- ' 1'~\I" ~


ii"" f"" µ.,, {"tl•L>l~ ~ ' " { ~ { -t'°';dPd a,
a. I- -fr,J- '>WJY\(w

~ I "L).)"(tb~~') .
~) ,oi~o ;,) ,321~ c) ~10lOl dl 1,~i.o el /q4;t .

f) '

0.) t02..~0
lo 2-40 / I 0'..1 -4 ~ Io I::- 1'a~ ,no ( G)

to1401• t0l4 :: o b of~ul-- n~)

~) '~3,2.
t?J;12 ) (OH

l ~;i, 1· lOJ.4 :; 0

c) l15i"I
Jl~~o,j toJ~ -: d-lO , lf
oH 5'lo I l I O a~ ':. I6 ,

You might also like