Chapter 1: Introduction to Operating Systems (Simplified)
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Chapte r
1
: Intr oduct ion
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Chapter
1
: Introduction
W h atOp e ra ti n g Sys te m s Do
Com p u te r
-
Sys te m Org a n i za ti o n
Com p u te r
-
Sys te m Arc h i te c tu re
Op e ra ti n g
-
Sys te m Stru c tu re
Op e ra ti n g
-
Sys te m Op e ra ti o n s
Pro c e s s Ma n a g e m e n t
Me m o ry Ma n a g e m e n t
Sto ra g e Ma n a g e m e n t
Pro te c ti o n a n d Se c u ri ty
Kern e l Data Stru c tu re s
Com p u ti n g En vi ro n m e n ts
Op e n
-
Sou rc e Op e ra ti n g Sys te m s
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Objectives
To d e s c ri b e th e b a s i c o rg a n i za ti o n o fc o m p u te rs ys te m s
To p ro vi d e a g ra n d to u ro fth e m a j o rc o m p o n e n tso f
o p e ra ti n g s ys te m s
To g i ve a n o ve rvi e w o fth e m a n ytyp e s o fc o m p u ti n g
e n vi ro n m e n ts
To e xp l o re s e ve ra l o p e n
-
s o u rc eo p e ra ti n g s ys te m s
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W hat isan OS?
A p ro g ra m th a ta c ts a s a n i n te rm e d i a ryb e twe e n a u s e ro fa
c o m p u te ra n d th e c o m p u te rh a rd wa re
Op e ra ti n g s ys te m g o a l s :
Exe c u te u s e rp ro g ra m s a n d m a k e s o l vi n g u s e rp ro b l e m s
easier
Ma k e t h e c o m p u te rs ys te m c o n ve n i e n tto u s e
Us e t h e c o m p u t e rh a rd wa re i n a n e f f i c i e n t m a n n e r
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Computer System Str ucture
Com p u te rs ys te m c a n b e d i vi d e d i n to fo u rc o m p o n e n ts :
Hard wa re
p ro vi d e s b a s i c c o m p u ti n g re s o u rc e s
CPU, m e m o ry,I/ Od e vi c e s
Op e ra ti n g s ys te m
Con tro l s a n d c o o rd i n a te su s e o fh a rd wa re a m o n g va ri o u s
a p p l i c a ti o ns a n d u s e rs
Ap p l i c a ti o n p ro g ra m s
d e fi n e th e wa ys i n wh i c h t h e s ys te m
re s o u rc e s a re u s e d to s o l ve th e c o m p u ti n g p ro b l e m s o fth e
u s e rs
W o rdp ro c e s s o rs ,c o m p i l e rs ,we b b ro ws e rs ,d a ta b a s e
s ys te m s ,vi d e o g a m e s
Us e rs
Peo p l e ,m a c h i n e s ,o th e rc o m p u te rs
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Four Components of aComputer System
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W hat OSs Do
Dep e n d s o n th e p o i n to f vi e w
Us e rs wa n t c o n ve n i e n c e ,
ease
of
us e
and
go od p e rforma nc e
Don
Aû
tc a re a b o u t
res ou rce
uti li z a tio n
Bu ts h a re d c o m p u te rs u c h a s
m a in fram e
or
m in ic o m p u te r
must
k e e p a l l u s e rs h a p p y
Us e rs o fd e d i c a te s ys te m s s u c h a s
w o rks ta tio n s
h a ve d e d i c a te d
re s o u rc e s b u tfre q u e n tl yu s e s h a re d re s o u rc e s fro m
s e rve rs
Han d h e l d c o m p u te rs a re re s o u rc e p o o r, o p ti m i ze d fo r u s a b i l i ty
a n d b a tt e ryl i fe
So m e c o m p u te rs h a ve l i tt l e o r n o u s e ri n te rfa c e ,s u c h a s
e m b e d d e d c o m p u te rs i n d e vi c e s a n d a u to m o b i l e s
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OS Definition
OS i s a
res ou rce a ll oc a tor
Ma n a g e s a l l re s o u rc e s
De c i d e s b e t we e n c o n f l i c t i n gre q u e s t s f o r e f f i c i e n t a n d
f a i rre s o u rc e u s e
OS i s a
c on trolprog ram
Con tr o l s e xe c u ti o n o fp ro g ra m s to p re ve n te rro rs a n d
i m p ro p e ru s e o f t h e c o m p u t e r
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OS Definition (Cont.)
No u n i ve rs a l l ya c c e p te d d e fi n i ti o n
Aþ
Eve ryth i n g a ve n d o rs h i p s wh e n yo u o rd e ra n o p e ra ti n g
s ys te m
Aÿ
i s a g o o d a p p ro xi m a ti o n
Bu tva ri e s wi l d l y
Aþ
Th e o n e p ro g ra m ru n n i n g a t a l l ti m e s o n t h e c o m p u te r
Aÿ
is
th e
k e rne l
.
Eve ryth i n g e l s e i s e i th e r
a s ys te m p ro g ra m (s h i p s wi th t h e o p e ra ti n g s ys te m ),o r
a n a p p l i c a ti o n p ro g ra m .
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Computer Star tup
bo ots trapprogram
i s l o a d e d a tp o we r
-
u p o r re b o o t
Typ i c a l l y s to re d i n ROM o rEPROM, g e n e ra l l yk n o wn
as
firmw a re
In i ti a l i ze s a l l a s p e c ts o f s ys te m
L o a d s o p e ra ti n g s ys te m k e rn e l a n d s ta rts e xe c u ti o n
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Computer System Organization
Com p u te r
-
s ys te m o p e ra ti o n
On e o rm o re CPUs ,d e vi c e c o n tro l l e rs c o n n e c tth ro u g h c o m m o n
b u s p ro vi d i n g a c c e s s to s h a re d m e m o ry
Con c u rre n te xe c u ti o n o f CPUs a n d d e vi c e s c o m p e ti n g fo r
m e m o ryc yc l e s
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Computer
-
Sys tem Operation
I/ O d e vi c e s a n d th e CPU c a n e xe c u te c o n c u rre n tl y
Ea c h d e vi c e c o n tro l l e ri s i n c h a rg e o fa p a rti c u l a rd e vi c e typ e
Eac h d e vi c e c o n tro l l e rh a s a l o c a l b u ff e r
CPU m o ve s d a ta fro m /t o m a i n m e m o ryto /f ro m l o c a l b u ff e rs
I/ O i s fro m th e d e vi c e to l o c a l b u ff e ro fc o n tro l l e r
Devi c e c o n tro l l e ri n fo rm s CPU t h a ti th a s fi n i s h e d i ts
o p e ra ti o n b y c a u s i n g a n
i n te rru p t
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Common Functions of Interr upts
In te rru p ttra n s fe rs c o n tro l to t h e i n te rru p ts e rvi c e ro u ti n e
g e n e ra l l y,th ro u g h th e
in te rrup t
ve c tor
, wh i c h c o n ta i n s th e
a d d re s s e s o fa l l th e s e rvi c e ro u ti n e s
In te rru p ta rc h i te c tu re m u s ts a ve th e a d d re s s o fth e
i n te rru p te d i n s tru c ti o n
A
trap
or
e x c e p tio n
i s a s o ft wa re
-
g e n e ra te d i n te rru p t
c a u s e d e i th e rb y a n e rro ro r a u s e rre q u e s t
An o p e ra ti n g s ys te m i s
in te rrup tdrive n
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Interrupt Handling
Th e o p e ra ti n g s ys te m p re s e rve s th e s ta te o fth e CPU b y
s to ri n g re g i s te rs a n d th e p ro g ra m c o u n te r
Dete rm i n e s wh i c h t yp e o f i n te rru p th a s o c c u rre d :
polling
ve c tored
i n te rru p ts ys te m
Se p a ra te s e g m e n ts o fc o d e d e te rm i n e wh a t a c ti o n s h o u l d
b e ta k e n fo r e a c h typ e o fi n te rru p t
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Interr upt Timeline
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I/O Structure
Aft e rI/ O s ta rts ,c o n tro l re tu rn s to u s e rp ro g ra m o n l yu p o n I/ O
c o m p l e ti o n
W a iti n s tr u c ti o n i d l e s th e CPU u n ti l th e n e xt i n te rru p t
W a it l o o p (c o n t e n t i o n f o rm e m o rya c c e s s )
At m o s t o n e I / O re q u e s t i s o u t s t a n d i ng a t a t i m e , n o
s i m u l t a n e o us I / Op ro c e s s i n g
Afte rI/ O s ta rts ,c o n tro l re tu rn s to u s e rp ro g ra m wi th o u twa i ti n g
fo rI/ O c o m p l e ti o n
Sys te m c a ll
re q u e s tto th e OS to a l l o wu s e rto wa i t fo r
I/Ocompletion
Devic e
-
s ta tus ta bl e
c o n ta i n s e n try f o re a c h I/ O d e vi c e
i n d i c a t i n g i t s t yp e , a d d re s s , a n d s t a t e
OS i n d e xe s i n t o I / O d e vi c e t a b l e t o d e t e rm i n e d e vi c e
s ta tu s a n d to m o d i fyta b l e e n tr y t o i n c l u d e i n te rru p t
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Stor ageDefiniti onsand Notation Revi ew
T h e basic u n it of comput e r storage is th e
b it
.A bit can con ta in on e of two
valu e s,
0
an d
1
. A ll oth e r storage in a comput e r is base d on colle ction s of bits.
Give n e n ou gh bits, it is amazin g h ow many th in gs acompu te r can r e pr e se n t:
n u mbe r s, le tt e r s, image s, movie s, sou n ds, docu me n ts, an d software, ton ame
afe w. A
b y te
is
8
bits, an d on most comput e r s it is th e smalle st conve n ie n t
ch u n k of storage . For e xample , most compu te r s don
t h a ve a n in str u ction t o
move abit but do h ave on e tomove abyte . A le ss common te r m is
word
,
wh ich is agive n comput e r ar ch ite ctu r e
s n at ive u n it of data .A wor d is made u p
of on e or mor e byte s. For e xample , acompu te r th at h as
64
-
bit r e giste r s an d
64
-
bit me mor y addre ssin g typically h as
64
-
bit (
8
-
byte ) wor ds. A comput e r e xe cu te s
many ope rat ion s in its n at ive wor d size rat h e r th an abyte at atime .
C ompu te r storage , alon g with most compu te r th r ou gh pu t, is ge n e rally me asu r e d
an d man ipulat e d in byte s an d colle ction s of byte s.
A
ki lo b y te
, or
KB
, is
1,02 4
byte s
a
me g a b y te
, or
MB
, is
1,024
2
byte s
a
g ig a b y te
,or
GB
, is
1 ,02 4
3
byte s
a
te ra b y te
, or
TB
,is
1,02 4
4
byte s
a
p e ta b y te
,or
PB
, is
1,02 4
5
byte s
C omput e r man u factu r e r s ofte n r ou n d off th e se n u mbe r s an d sayth at a
me gabyte is
1
milli on byte s an d agigabyte is
1
bill ion byte s. Ne twor kin g
me asu r e me n ts ar e an e xce ption to th is ge n e ral r u le ; th e yar e give n in bits
(be cau se n e twor ks move data abit at atime ).
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Stora ge Str ucture
Ma i n m e m o ry
o n l yl a rg e s to ra g e m e d i a th a tth e CPU c a n a c c e s s
d i re c tl y
Random
access
Typic all y
vol ati l e
Sec o n d a rys to ra g e
e xte n s i o n o f m a i n m e m o ryth a tp ro vi d e s l a rg e
no nvol a til e
s to ra g e c a p a c i ty
Hard d i s k s
ri g i d m e ta l o r g l a s s p l a tt e rs c o ve re d wi th m a g n e ti c
re c o rd i n g m a te ri a l
Dis k s urf ac eis logic all ydividedint o
tracks
, whic hare s ubdividedint o
sectors
The
di skcontrol l er
det erm ines t he logic alint erac t ionbet ween t hedevic e
and t hec om put er
Soli d
-
s ta te di s k s
fa s te rth a n h a rd d i s k s ,n o n vo l a ti l e
V arious t ec hnologies
B ec om ingm orepopular
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Storage Hierar chy
Sto ra g e s ys te m s o rg a n i ze d i n h i e ra rc h y
Sp e e d
Cos t
Vo l a ti l i ty
Cac hi ng
c o p yi n g i n fo rm a ti o n i n to fa s te rs to ra g e s ys te m ;
m a i n m e m o ryc a n b e vi e we d a s a c a c h e fo r s e c o n d a ry
s to ra g e
Devic e Drive r
fo re a c h d e vi c e c o n tro l l e rto m a n a g e I/ O
Provi d e s u n i fo rm i n te rfa c e b e twe e n c o n tro l l e ra n d
k e rn e l
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Storage
-
Device Hier ar chy
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Caching
Im p o rta n tp ri n c i p l e ,p e rfo rm e d a tm a n yl e ve l s i n a c o m p u te r
(i n h a rd wa re ,o p e ra ti n g s ys te m ,s o ft wa re )
In fo rm a ti o n i n u s e c o p i e d fro m s l o we r t o fa s te rs to ra g e
te m p o ra ri l y
Fa s te rs to ra g e (c a c h e )c h e c k e d fi rs tto d e te rm i n e i f
i n fo rm a ti o n i s th e re
If i ti s ,i n fo rm a ti o n u s e d d i re c tl yfro m th e c a c h e (fa s t)
If n o t, d a ta c o p i e d to c a c h e a n d u s e d th e re
Cac h e s m a l l e rth a n s to ra g e b e i n g c a c h e d
Cac h e m a n a g e m e nti m p o rta n td e s i g n p ro b l e m
Cac h e s i ze a n d re p l a c e m e ntp o l i c y
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Direct Memory Access Structure
Us e d fo rh i g h
-
s p e e d I/ O d e vi c e s a b l e to t ra n s m i t
i n fo rm a ti o n a tc l o s e to m e m o rys p e e d s
Devi c e c o n tro l l e rtra n s fe rs b l o c k s o fd a ta fro m b u ff e r
s to ra g e d i re c tl yto m a i n m e m o rywi th o u tCPU
i n te rve n ti o n
On l y o n e i n te rru p ti s g e n e ra te d p e rb l o c k ,ra th e rth a n
th e o n e i n te rru p tp e rb yte
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Computer
-
Sys tem Architect ure
Mo s t s ys te m s u s e a s i n g l e g e n e ra l
-
p u rp o se p ro c e s s o r
Mo s t s ys te m s h a ve s p e c i a l
-
p urp o se p ro c e s s o rsa s we l l
M ul tip roce s s ors
s ys te m s g ro wi n g i n u s e a n d i m p o rta n c e
Al s o k n o wn a s
p a ra l l e l s ys te m s
,
tig htl y
-
c o u p l e d s ys te m s
Adva n ta g e s i n c l u d e :
1.
In c rea s e dthrou gh pu t
2.
Ec on om y of s c a le
3.
In c rea s e drel ia bi li ty
g ra c e fu l d e g ra d a ti o n o rfa u l tto l e ra n c e
Two typ e s :
1.
As ym m e tric M ul tip roce s s in g
e a c h p ro c e s s o ri s a s s i g n e d a
s p e c i e ta s k .
2.
Sym m e tric M ul tip roce s s in g
e a c h p ro c e s s o rp e rfo rm s a l l ta s k s
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Symmetr i c M ul ti pr ocessi ngAr chitectur e
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A Dual
-
Core Design
Mu l ti
-
chipand
m ul tic ore
Sys te m s c o n ta i n i n g a l l c h i p s
Cha s s i s c o n ta i n i n gm u l ti p l e s e p a ra te s ys te m s
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Clustered Systems
L i k e m u l ti p ro c e s so rs ys te m s ,b u tm u l ti p l e s ys te m s wo rk i n g t o g e th e r
Us u a l l ys h a ri n g s to ra g e vi a a
s tora ge
-
a rea ne tw ork (SAN)
Provi d e s a
high
-
a va il a bi li ty
s e rvi c e wh i c h s u rvi ve s fa i l u re s
As ym m e tric c lu s te ring
hasonemachineinhot
-
s ta n d b ym o d e
Sym m e tric c lu s te ring
h a s m u l ti p l e n o d e s ru n n i n g a p p l i c a ti o ns ,
m o n i to ri n g e a c h o th e r
Som e c l u s te rs a re fo r
high
-
pe rform a nc e c om pu tin g(HPC)
Ap p l i c a ti o n sm u s tb e wri tt e n to u s e
pa ral le li z a tio n
Som e h a ve
di s tribute dlo c k m a na ge r
(
DLM
)to a vo i d c o n fl i c ti n g
o p e ra ti o n s
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Clustered Systems
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OS Structure
M ul tip rogra m m in g
(
Ba tc h s ys te m
) needed f or ef f ic ienc y
S i ngl eus er c annot k eepCP Uand I / Odevi c es bus y at all t i m es
Mult i program m i ngorganizes j obs (c odeand dat a) s oCP Ualways has one
t oexec ut e
A s ubs et of t ot al j obs i ns ys t em i s k ept i nm em ory
One j obs elec t edandrun vi a
job scheduling
W heni t has t owai t (f or I / Of or exam pl e), OS s wi t c hes t o anot her j ob
Ti m e s ha ring
(
m ul tita s k in g
)
is logic alext ens ion inwhic h CP Us wit c hes jobs
s of requent ly t hat us ers c anint erac t wit h eac hjobwhil e it is running, c reat ing
in te rac tive
c om put ing
Res po ns e ti m e
s houldbe<
1
s ec ond
E ac hus er has at l eas t oneprogram exec ut i ngi nm em ory
proc e s s
I f s everal j obs ready t orun at t hes am et i m e
CPU s c he du li ng
I f proc es s es don
Aû
t f it in m em ory,
s w a pp in g
m oves t hem inand out t orun
Vi rtua lm e m ory
all ows exec ut ionof proc es s es not c om plet elyinm em ory
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Ed i ti o n
M emor y Layou t for M ul ti pr ogr ammedSystem
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Ed i ti o n
Operating
-
Syste m Operations
I n te rrup td rive n
(h a rd wa re a n d s o f t wa re )
Hard wa re i n te rru p tb y o n e o fth e d e vi c e s
So ft wa re i n te rru p t(
e x c e pti on
or
trap ):
So ft wa re e rro r(e .g ., d i vi s i o n b y ze ro )
Re q u e s tfo ro p e ra ti n g s ys te m s e rvi c e
Oth e rp ro c e s s p ro b l e m s i n c l u d e i n fi n i te l o o p ,p ro c e s ses
m o d i fyi n g e a c h o th e ro rth e o p e ra ti n g s ys te m
1.
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Ed i ti o n
Operating
-
Syste m Operations (cont.)
Dual
-
m od e
o p e ra ti o n a l l o ws OS to p ro te c ti ts e l fa n d o th e rs ys te m
c o m p o n e n ts
Use r m od e
and
k e rne lm od e
M od e bi t
p ro vi d e d b y h a rd wa re
Pro vi d e s a b i l i tyto d i s ti n g u i s h wh e n s ys te m i s ru n n i n g u s e r
c o d e o r k e rn e l c o d e
So m e i n s tru c ti o ns d e s i g n a te da s
privil e ge d
,o n l y
e xe c u ta b l e i n k e rn e l m o d e
Sys te m c a l l c h a n g e s m o d e to k e rn e l ,re tu rn fro m c a l l re s e ts
i tto u s e r
In c re a s i n g l yCPUs s u p p o rtm u l ti
-
m o d e o p e ra ti o n s
i .e .
virtua l m a c hi ne m a na ge r
(
VM M
)m o d e fo r g u e s t
VM s
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Ed i ti o n
Transition from User to Kernel Mode
Ti m e r t o p re ve n ti n fi n i te l o o p /p ro c e s s h o g g i n g re s o u rc e s
Ti m e r i s s e tto i n te rru p tth e c o m p u te ra ft e rs o m e ti m e p e ri o d
Kee p a c o u n te rth a ti s d e c re m e n te d b y t h e p h ys i c a l c l o c k .
Op e ra ti n g s ys te m s e tth e c o u n te r(p ri vi l e g e d i n s tru c ti o n)
W h en c o u n te rze ro g e n e ra te a n i n te rru p t
Se tu p b e fo re s c h e d u l i n gp ro c e s s to re g a i n c o n tro l o rte rm i n a te
p ro g ra m th a te xc e e d s a l l o tt e d ti m e
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Ed i ti o n
Pr ocess Management
A p ro c e s s i s a p ro g ra m i n e xe c u ti o n .It i s a u n i to fwo rk wi th i n th e
s ys te m .Pro g ra m i s a
pa s s iv e e nti ty
,p ro c e s s i s a n
a c tiv e e n tity
.
Pro c e s s n e e d s re s o u rc e s to a c c o m p l i sh i ts ta s k
CPU, m e m o ry,I/ O,fi l e s
In i ti a l i za ti o n d a ta
Pro c e s s te rm i n a ti o n re q u i re s re c l a i m o fa n y re u s a b l e re s o u rc e s
Si n g l e
-
th re a d e dp ro c e s s h a s o n e
program c ou nte r
s p e c i fyi n g
l o c a ti o n o f n e xt i n s tru c ti o n to e xe c u te
Proc e s s e xe c u te s i n s tru c ti o ns s e q u e n ti a ll y,o n e a ta t i m e ,
u n ti l c o m p l e ti o n
Mu l ti
-
th re a d e d p ro c e s s h a s o n e p ro g ra m c o u n te rp e rth re a d
Typ i c a l l y s ys te m h a s m a n yp ro c e s s e s,s o m e u s e r,s o m e
o p e ra ti n g s ys te m ru n n i n g c o n c u rre n tlyo n o n e o rm o re CPUs
Con c u rre n c yb y m u l ti p l e xi n g th e CPUs a m o n g th e p ro c e s s e s
/ th re a d s
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Ed i ti o n
Pr ocess Ma nagement Acti vi ties
Crea ti n g a n d d e l e ti n g b o th u s e ra n d s ys te m p ro c e s s e s
Sus p e n d i n g a n d re s u m i n g p ro c e s s e s
Pro vi d i n g m e c h a n i s m sfo rp ro c e s s s yn c h ro n i za ti o n
Provi d i n g m e c h a n i s m sfo rp ro c e s s c o m m u n i ca ti on
Pro vi d i n g m e c h a n i s m sfo rd e a d l o c k h a n d l i n g
Th e o p e ra ti n g s ys te m i s re s p o n s i b le fo rth e fo l l o wi n g a c ti vi ti e s i n
c o n n e c ti o n wi th p ro c e s s m a n a g e m e n t:
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Ed i ti o n
Memory Management
To e xe c u te a p ro g ra m a l l (o r p a rt)o fth e i n s tru c ti o n sm u s tb e i n
m e m o ry
Al l (o r p a rt)o fth e d a ta th a ti s n e e d e d b y t h e p ro g ra m m u s tb e i n
m e m o ry.
Me m o ry m a n a g e m e ntd e te rm i n e s wh a t i s i n m e m o rya n d wh e n
Op ti m i zi n g CPU u ti l i za ti o n a n d c o m p u te rre s p o n s e to u s e rs
Me m o ry m a n a g e m e nta c ti vi ti e s
Ke e p i n g tra c k o f wh i c h p a rts o fm e m o rya re c u rre n tl yb e i n g
u s e d a n d b y wh o m
Dec i d i n g wh i c h p ro c e s s e s (o rp a rts th e re o f)a n d d a ta to
m o ve i n to a n d o u to fm e m o ry
Al l o c a ti n g a n d d e a l l o c a tin g m e m o rys p a c e a s n e e d e d
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Ed i ti o n
Stor age Ma nagement
OS p ro vi d e s u n i fo rm ,l o g i c a l vi e w o f i n fo rm a ti o ns to ra g e
Ab s tra c ts p h ys i c a l p ro p e rti e s to l o g i c a l s to ra g e u n i t
-
fil e
Ea c h m e d i u m i s c o n tro l l e d b y d e vi c e (i .e ., d i s k d ri ve , ta p e d ri ve )
Va ryi n g p ro p e rti e s i n c l u d e a c c e s s s p e e d ,c a p a c i ty,d a ta
-
tra n s fe rra te ,a c c e s s m e th o d (s e q u e n ti a l o r ra n d o m )
File
-
Sys te m m a n a g e m e nt
Fi l e s u s u a l l yo rg a n i ze d i n to d i re c to ri e s
Ac c e s s c o n tro l o n m o s ts ys te m s to d e te rm i n e wh o c a n a c c e s s
wh a t
OS a c ti vi ti e s i n c l u d e
Cre a ti n g a n d d e l e ti n g fi l e s a n d d i re c to ri e s
Pri m i ti ve s to m a n i p u l a te fi l e s a n d d i re c to ri e s
Ma p p i n g fi l e s o n to s e c o n d a rys to ra g e
Ba c k u p fi l e s o n to s ta b l e (n o n
-
vo l a ti l e )s to ra g e m e d i a
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Ed i ti o n
Mass
-
Storage Management
Us u a l l yd i s k s u s e d to s to re d a ta th a td o e s n o tfi t i n m a i n m e m o ryo r
d a ta th a tm u s tb e k e p tfo ra
Aþ
long
Aÿ
p e ri o d o fti m e
Prop e rm a n a g e m e n ti s o f c e n tra l i m p o rta n c e
En ti re s p e e d o fc o m p u te ro p e ra ti o n h i n g e s o n d i s k s u b s ys te m a n d i ts
a l g o ri th m s
OS a c ti vi ti e s
Fre e
-
spacemanagement
Sto ra g e a l l o c a ti o n
Dis k s c h e d u l i ng
So m e s to ra g e n e e d n o tb e fa s t
Te rti a ry s to ra g e i n c l u d e s o p ti c a l s to ra g e ,m a g n e ti c ta p e
Sti l l m u s tb e m a n a g e d
b y OS o r a p p l i c a ti on s
Va ri e s b e twe e n W ORM(wri te
-
o n c e ,re a d
-
many
-
ti m e s)a n d RW
(re a d
-
wri te )
1.
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Ed i ti o n
Pr otection and Se curity
Prote c tio n
a n y m e c h a n i s mfo rc o n tro l l i n g a c c e s s o fp ro c e s s e s o r
u s e rs to re s o u rc e s d e fi n e d b y t h e OS
Se c urity
d e fe n s e o fth e s ys te m a g a i n s ti n te rn a l a n d e xte rn a l a tt a c k s
Hug e ra n g e ,i n c l u d i n g d e n i a l
-
of
-
s e rvi ce ,wo rm s ,vi ru s e s ,i d e n ti ty
th e ft ,th e ft o f s e rvi c e
Sys te m s g e n e ra l l yfi rs td i s ti n g u i s ha m o n g u s e rs ,to d e te rm i n e wh o
c a n d o wh a t
Us e ri d e n ti ti e s (
us e rIDs
,s e c u ri tyIDs )i n c l u d e n a m e a n d
a s s o c i a te dn u m b e r,o n e p e ru s e r
Us e rID th e n a s s o c i a ted wi th a l l fi l e s ,p ro c e s s e s o f th a tu s e rto
d e te rm i n e a c c e s s c o n tro l
Gro u p i d e n ti fi e r(
grou p ID
) a l l o ws s e to fu s e rs to b e d e fi n e d a n d
c o n tro l s m a n a g e d ,th e n a l s o a s s o c i a ted wi th e a c h p ro c e s s ,fi l e
Privil e ge e s c a la tio n
a l l o ws u s e rto c h a n g e to e ff e c ti ve ID wi th
m o re ri g h ts
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Ed i ti o n
Computi ng Envi r onments
Di str i buted
Di s tr i b u te d c o m p u ti i n g
Col l e c ti o n o fs e p a ra te ,p o s s i b l yh e te ro g e n e o u s,s ys te m s
n e two rk e d to g e th e r
Ne tw o rk
i s a c o m m u n i c a ti o ns p a th ,
T CP/ I P
m o s tc o m m o n
Lo c a lArea Netw ork
(
LAN
)
Wi de Area Netw ork
(
WAN
)
M e tropo li ta nArea Ne tw ork
(
M AN
)
Perso na lArea Netw ork
(
PAN
)
Netw ork Ope rati ng Sys te m
p ro vi d e s fe a tu re s b e twe e n
s ys te m s a c ro s s n e two rk
Co m m u n i c a ti on s c h e m e a l l o ws s ys te m s to e xc h a n g e
messages
Il l u s i o n o f a s i n g l e s ys te m
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Ed i ti o n
Computi ng Envi r onments
Cl i ent
-
Ser ver
Cli e n t
-
Serve rCom p u ti n g
Dum b te rm i n a l s s u p p l a n te d b y s m a rtPCs
Ma n y s ys te m s n o w
s e rve rs
, re s p o n d i n g to re q u e s ts g e n e ra te d
by
c li e nts
Comp ute
-
s e rve rs ys te m
p ro vi d e s a n i n te rfa c e to c l i e n tto
re q u e s ts e rvi c e s (i .e ., d a ta b a s e )
File
-
s e rve rs ys te m
p ro vi d e s i n t e rf a c e f o rc l i e n t s t o s t o re
a n d re tri e ve fi l e s
Si l b ersch atz, G al vi n an d G ag n e©
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O p erati n g SystemCo n cep ts
9
th
Ed i t
9
on
End of Chapte r 1
