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The term 'animal' originates from the Latin word 'animalis', referring to members of the kingdom Animalia, typically excluding humans in colloquial use. Animals are characterized by being eukaryotic, multicellular, and unable to produce their own food, instead ingesting organic material. They possess unique structural features such as a blastula stage in embryonic development and an extracellular matrix, which allows for complex tissue and organ formation controlled by Hox genes.

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The term 'animal' originates from the Latin word 'animalis', referring to members of the kingdom Animalia, typically excluding humans in colloquial use. Animals are characterized by being eukaryotic, multicellular, and unable to produce their own food, instead ingesting organic material. They possess unique structural features such as a blastula stage in embryonic development and an extracellular matrix, which allows for complex tissue and organ formation controlled by Hox genes.

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The word animal comes from the Latin noun animal of the same meaning,

which is itself derived from Latin animalis 'having breath or soul'.[6] The biological
definition includes all members of the kingdom Animalia. [7] In colloquial usage,
the term animal is often used to refer only to nonhuman animals. [8][9][10][11] The
term metazoa is derived from Ancient Greek μετα meta 'after' (in biology, the
prefix meta- stands for 'later') and ζῷᾰ zōia 'animals', plural of ζῷον zōion 'animal'.
[12][13]

Characteristics

Animals are unique in having the ball of


cells of the early embryo (1) develop into a hollow ball or blastula (2).
Animals have several characteristics that they share with other living things.
Animals are eukaryotic, multicellular, and aerobic, as are plants and fungi.
[14]
Unlike plants and algae, which produce their own food,[15] animals cannot
produce their own food[16][17] a feature they share with fungi. Animals ingest
organic material and digest it internally.[18]
Structural features
Animals have structural characteristics that set them apart from all other
living things:
[19]
 cells surrounded by an extracellular matrix composed of
[20]
 collagen and
[19][21]
 elastic glycoproteins
[22]
 motility i.e. able to spontaneously move their bodies during at least part of
their life cycle.
[23]
 a blastula stage during embryonic development
Typically, there is an internal digestive chamber with either one opening (in
Ctenophora, Cnidaria, and flatworms) or two openings (in most bilaterians).[24]
Development
Animal development is controlled by Hox genes, which signal the times and
places to develop structures such as body segments and limbs.[25][26]
During development, the animal extracellular matrix forms a relatively
flexible framework upon which cells can move about and be reorganised into
specialised tissues and organs, making the formation of complex structures
possible, and allowing cells to be differentiated.[27] The extracellular matrix may be
calcified, forming structures such as shells, bones, and spicules.[28] In contrast, the
cells of other multicellular organisms (primarily algae, plants, and fungi) are held
in place by cell walls, and so develop by progressive growth.[29]

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