I.

Water Resource Governance in the 21st Century: A Comprehensive Evaluation

of Philippine and International Responses to the Global Water Crisis

II. INTRODUCTION

Water is one of the most essential substances on Earth, crucial not only for sustaining life but also
for supporting ecosystems, regulating climate, and driving economies. Chemically, water is a simple
molecule—two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to one oxygen atom (H₂O)—yet this simplicity belies
its extraordinary importance. Due to its unique properties, such as high heat capacity, polarity, and solvent
capabilities, water plays an irreplaceable role in biological processes, from cellular respiration to
thermoregulation in living organisms. Furthermore, it is fundamental to environmental systems,
influencing weather patterns, shaping landforms through erosion and deposition, and maintaining the
balance of natural habitats (Encyclopædia Britannica, 2024).

Despite covering approximately 71% of the Earth's surface, the distribution of water is highly
uneven, and the availability of freshwater is surprisingly limited. The vast majority of Earth’s water—
about 97.5%—is saltwater found in oceans and seas, while only 2.5% is freshwater. However, nearly 70%
of that freshwater is locked in glaciers and polar ice caps, and another significant portion lies deep
underground. This leaves less than 1% of the planet’s freshwater readily accessible in lakes, rivers, and
shallow aquifers for human consumption and use (Encyclopædia Britannica, 2024). As the global
population grows and industrialization expands, the demand for this finite resource continues to rise,
pushing many regions toward water stress and scarcity.

Water is essential not only for drinking and sanitation but also for agriculture, energy production,
transportation, and industrial activities. In agriculture alone, which accounts for approximately 70% of
global freshwater withdrawals, water is vital for irrigation, livestock, and food processing. Its role in
energy generation—particularly in hydropower and cooling for thermal plants—is equally significant. The
health of ecosystems also depends heavily on adequate water availability, as wetlands, forests, and aquatic
environments rely on clean water flows to function properly and support biodiversity. Given these diverse
and overlapping demands, the sustainable management of water resources is one of the greatest challenges
of the 21st century.

PLATE NO.
2F
TENOSO, JUBELLE B.
 BS CIVIL ENGINEERING 2-B
The global water crisis is not merely an issue of availability, but also one of access, quality, and
equity. According to the United Nations, 2.2 billion people lack access to safely managed drinking water,
while 3.5 billion people live without safely managed sanitation services. These deficiencies have far-
reaching consequences: waterborne diseases such as cholera, dysentery, and typhoid claim hundreds of
thousands of lives annually, particularly in low-income and developing regions. Inadequate water and
sanitation infrastructure also affect educational opportunities, particularly for girls, who are often tasked
with fetching water or forced to miss school due to lack of hygiene facilities. Moreover, the degradation
of water quality due to industrial pollution, agricultural runoff, and untreated sewage poses a significant
threat to human health and aquatic ecosystems alike (United Nations, 2024

Climate change further compounds these problems by altering precipitation patterns, increasing
the frequency and severity of droughts and floods, and accelerating the melting of glaciers and snow
packs that supply freshwater to millions of people. These changes not only disrupt water availability but
also exacerbate tensions in areas where water sources cross political boundaries, raising the risk of water-
related conflicts. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has consistently warned that
water will be one of the most critically affected sectors under climate change scenarios

Water is not only a fundamental element of life but also a critical factor in the health, stability, and
prosperity of societies around the world. While scientific understanding highlights the unique properties
and essential functions of water, contemporary realities reveal the mounting challenges we face in
managing this precious resource. From pollution and scarcity to inequality and climate change, the threats
to water security are complex and interconnected. However, through global cooperation, sustainable
practices, technological advancement, and inclusive governance, it is possible to address these challenges.
Ensuring that water remains a safe, accessible, and sustainable resource for future generations must
remain a top priority for all sectors of society.

III. RESEARCH AREAS

A. Government Initiatives

Government Initiatives in the Philippines

1. Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 (RA 9275)

The Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 is a comprehensive law aimed at protecting the country’s
water bodies from pollution caused by various sources such as industries, agriculture, and households. It
promotes a holistic and integrated approach to water quality management through cooperation between
national and local government units, non-governmental organizations, and the private sector.

The law provides the framework for:

 Monitoring and regulating wastewater discharge from industries and commercial
establishments.
 Establishing water quality management areas based on watershed boundaries.
 Developing national standards for water quality and effluent.
 Mandating pollution control programs and incentives for clean technologies.
 Ensuring public access to information and community participation in water governance.

The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) is the lead agency responsible
for implementing the Act, in coordination with other agencies like the Environmental Management
Bureau (EMB) and the National Water Resources Board (NWRB).

2. National Water Resources Board (NWRB)

The National Water Resources Board (NWRB) is the Philippine government agency responsible
for managing and regulating all water resources and services in the country. It integrates and coordinates
all water-related activities to ensure the sustainable use and development of the nation’s water resources.
The NWRB’s functions include issuing water permits, regulating water rates, and formulating policies for
water resource management. It also serves as the economic regulator of waterworks systems outside
Metro Manila, ensuring that water services are efficient, equitable, and sustainable.

3. Salintubig Program (Sagana at Ligtas na Tubig sa Lahat)

SALINTUBIG is a national program led by the Department of the Interior and Local Government
(DILG) to provide potable water supply systems to waterless municipalities in the Philippines. The
program aims to enhance local capacities of local government units (LGUs) and water supply service
providers in planning, implementing, and managing water supply facilities sustainably. It targets
municipalities with low water service coverage, high incidence of waterborne diseases, and high poverty
incidence, as identified by the National Anti-Poverty Commission using the National Housing Targeting
System of the Department of Social Welfare and Development.

4. Build, Build, Build Program – Water Infrastructure

The “Build, Build, Build” program is the Philippine government’s flagship infrastructure initiative,
aiming to enhance economic growth through significant investments in infrastructure. The water
infrastructure component includes projects like the Kaliwa Dam, Chico River Pump Irrigation Project,
and Jalaur River Multipurpose Project, which aim to improve water supply, irrigation, and flood control
systems across the country.

5. Manila Bay Rehabilitation Program

Launched by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), the Manila Bay
Rehabilitation Program seeks to restore the water quality of Manila Bay to make it suitable for swimming,
skin-diving, and other forms of contact recreation. The program includes activities such as solid waste
management, wastewater treatment, and the rehabilitation of coastal cosystems.

6. National Sewerage and Septage Management Program (NSSMP)

The NSSMP, mandated by the Clean Water Act of 2004, provides a framework for local
government units (LGUs) to plan, implement, and operate sewerage and septage management systems. It
aims to improve sanitation services, reduce water pollution, and promote public health through the
establishment of treatment facilities and the adoption of appropriate technologies.

7. Watershed Rehabilitation and Protection Programs

The Philippine government, through agencies like the National Power Corporation (NPC) and the
Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA), implements watershed rehabilitation and protection
programs to ensure sustainable water resources. These programs focus on reforestation, biodiversity
conservation, and the management of watersheds that support water supply, irrigation, and hydropower
generation.

International Government-Led Initiatives

1. United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6)

SDG 6 focuses on ensuring the availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation
for all. It aims to achieve universal access to safe and affordable drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene
by 2030.

2. USAID Water for the World Act (U.S.)

The USAID Water for the World Act of 2014 supports access to clean water, sanitation, and
hygiene in developing countries. It focuses on improving water quality, access, and management in areas
with the greatest need.

3. EU Water Initiative (EUWI)

The EU Water Initiative is a partnership between the European Union and developing countries,
aimed at improving water resources management and ensuring access to safe water and sanitation across
the globe.

4. India’s Jal Jeevan Mission

India’s Jal Jeevan Mission aims to provide safe and sustainable drinking water to every rural
household by 2024. It focuses on community-led water management and improving infrastructure.

5. Australia’s Water for Development Strategy

Australia’s Water for Development Strategy focuses on providing sustainable water, sanitation,
and hygiene services in the Indo-Pacific region, addressing water scarcity and improving water
management.

6. China’s South-North Water Transfer Project

The South-North Water Transfer Project is China’s largest water diversion project, aimed at
transferring water from the water-rich southern regions to the arid northern regions to address water
scarcity.

7. World Bank Water Global Practice

The World Bank’s Water Global Practice provides funding and technical support for water supply
and sanitation projects in developing countries, aiming to improve access to safe drinking water and
sanitation.

B. Environmental Organizations

Environmental Organizations in the Philippines

1. Haribon Foundation
The Haribon Foundation is a leading environmental organization in the Philippines that focuses on
biodiversity conservation, sustainable water resource management, and climate change. They promote the
preservation of ecosystems and implement water-related projects like watershed rehabilitation and
sustainable resource management.

2. Philippine Business for Social Progress (PBSP)

PBSP is the largest corporate-led social development foundation in the Philippines, involved in
numerous environmental initiatives, including sustainable water and waste management projects aimed at
improving access to water and sanitation for underserved communities.

3. Tahanan ng Pagmamahal (TNP)

Tahanan ng Pagmamahal is a non-government organization that focuses on improving the lives of
marginalized communities. Their programs include initiatives for sustainable water management,
particularly in rural and water-scarce areas.

4. Environmental Legal Assistance Center (ELAC)

ELAC is a non-governmental organization in the Philippines that focuses on promoting
environmental protection through legal assistance, advocacy, and sustainable resource management. They
are involved in protecting the country’s water resources by ensuring that water laws and policies are
effectively enforced.

5. Center for Environmental Concerns – Philippines (CEC)

CEC is a non-governmental organization that advocates for environmental justice and sustainable
development. Their programs often focus on water resource management, pollution control, and climate
change adaptation, particularly in vulnerable communities.

6. Gawad Kalinga (GK)

Gawad Kalinga is an organization that works to end poverty for millions of Filipinos through
sustainable communities, including improving water access and sanitation systems for underserved rural
areas. They focus on building resilient communities through infrastructure development, including water
systems.

International Environmental Organizations

1. World Wildlife Fund (WWF)

WWF is a global conservation organization that addresses water-related environmental issues,
such as the preservation of freshwater ecosystems, efficient water use, and improving water governance to
ensure sustainable access for all.

2. The Nature Conservancy (TNC)

The Nature Conservancy is an international environmental organization that works globally to
conserve the lands and waters on which all life depends. Their water initiatives focus on freshwater
conservation, sustainable water use, and mitigating the impacts of climate change on water resources.

3. Water.org
Water.org is a nonprofit organization that seeks to provide access to safe water and sanitation to
communities in need around the world. The organization focuses on creating long-term, sustainable water
solutions through advocacy, partnerships, and funding for local water projects.
 4. Global Water Partnership (GWP)
GWP is a global network of organizations that works to foster integrated water resources
management (IWRM) and sustainable water solutions. GWP engages governments, businesses, and
communities in ensuring that water is managed for the long-term benefit of both people and nature.

5. International Water Management Institute (IWMI)

IWMI is an international research organization that focuses on the sustainable use of water and
land resources in agriculture. It conducts research to improve water management practices and aims to
reduce poverty and improve food security in developing countries through better water resource
management.

6. UNICEF (United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund)

UNICEF works globally to improve children’s access to clean water and sanitation. Their water
programs aim to provide safe drinking water, improve sanitation infrastructure, and promote good hygiene
practices to reduce waterborne diseases, particularly in developing countries.

7. The International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED)

IIED is a global organization that works to influence policy and practice to promote sustainable
development. They focus on water issues by addressing the need for equitable access to water resources,
promoting water governance, and tackling climate change impacts on water availability.

C. Technological Innovations

1. Philippine Water Purification Innovation: Solar-Powered Water Purifiers

In the Philippines, particularly in remote and off-grid areas, solar-powered water purifiers have
gained attention. These systems use solar energy to power water purification technologies like UV
sterilization or reverse osmosis to make water drinkable. This is crucial in areas where electricity is
unreliable or non-existent.

Example: The Philippine company Clean Water Philippines has been deploying solar-powered
water purifiers in rural communities, providing a cost-effective, sustainable solution to access clean
drinking water.

2. Desalination Technology: The Manila Water Desalination Plant

Manila Water, one of the Philippines’ largest water utility companies, has been developing a
desalination plant in the coastal area of Bataan to address water shortages, particularly during dry spells.
This plant uses reverse osmosis technology to convert seawater into potable water, alleviating the
dependency on surface water and groundwater.

Example: The Bataan Desalination Plant in the Philippines, which started operations in 2019, is
capable of producing 50 million liters of clean water daily from seawater.

3. International Innovation: The “Watergen” Atmospheric Water Generator (AWG)

Watergen, an Israeli company, has developed a cutting-edge technology that extracts drinking
water from the air using an atmospheric water generator (AWG). The device uses a heat exchange system
to condense water vapor in the air and convert it into pure drinking water. This is especially useful in
regions with limited water resources but abundant atmospheric moisture.

Example: Watergen’s technology is being deployed in countries like India and South Africa, where
access to clean water is limited. It offers a sustainable solution by harnessing the air’s humidity to
generate potable water.

4. Smart Water Management: Maynilad’s Smart Water Metering System

Maynilad, the largest water utility provider in the Philippines, has adopted a smart water metering
system. This system uses IoT-enabled smart meters to monitor water usage in real-time, allowing for
quicker detection of leaks, efficient billing, and improved customer service. The integration of smart
sensors also aids in the optimization of water distribution and management across the network.

Example: In 2021, Maynilad began rolling out a pilot project for smart meters in selected areas,
with plans to expand this technology to more regions.

5. International Innovation: The “Mina” Waterless Toilet

The “Mina” waterless toilet system developed by the Mina company uses cutting-edge biological
filtration technology to treat and process waste without using any water. This technology can be especially
useful in places where water is scarce, or sanitation infrastructure is limited. The toilet system is gaining
interest in regions that face water scarcity.

Example: This system has been deployed in several remote villages in the Middle East and parts of
Africa to help reduce water consumption while improving sanitation.

6. Rainwater Harvesting: The Philippine National Rainwater Harvesting Program

The Philippines has a national policy on rainwater harvesting aimed at helping households,
especially in rural areas, to collect rainwater for domestic use. The government encourages the installation
of rainwater collection tanks, with a focus on disaster resilience and reducing dependence on potable
water from the local water supply.

Example: The Philippine government, under the Rainwater Collection and Storage System Act,
has been distributing rainwater harvesting systems to schools and households across the country.

7. Philippine Innovation: Biofiltration Systems for Wastewater Treatment

In the Philippines, biofiltration technology has been used as an environmentally sustainable
method for treating wastewater, particularly in urban areas where pollution is a significant issue.
Biofiltration involves the use of natural materials like sand, gravel, and activated charcoal to filter
pollutants from water before it is released back into the environment.

Example: The Philippine Business for Social Progress (PBSP) supports the implementation of
biofiltration systems in several communities, where the system treats wastewater from domestic use and
agricultural activities.

8. International Innovation: Aquaporin’s Forward Osmosis Technology

Aquaporin, a Danish company, has developed a breakthrough forward osmosis (FO) technology
that utilizes naturally occurring aquaporin proteins to facilitate water filtration. This innovative approach
is more energy-efficient than traditional reverse osmosis systems and can be particularly valuable for
desalination or wastewater reuse applications.

Example: Aquaporin’s FO technology has been tested and deployed for water treatment and
desalination projects in several countries, including Australia and the UAE, offering a more sustainable
method of water purification.

9. International Innovation: The Water Seer – Atmospheric Water Harvesting

The Water Seer is an atmospheric water generator designed to provide fresh water from the air.
Using a unique technology that works in combination with wind power, the Water Seer draws moisture
from the atmosphere and condenses it into water. This technology is particularly useful in dry and semi-
arid areas.

Example: The Water Seer has been deployed in disaster-stricken areas where clean water access is
a major challenge. It can generate up to 11 gallons (42 liters) of water per day, providing a portable and
sustainable solution.

10. Philippine Innovation: The “I-WASH” Program for Rural Communities

The I-WASH program (Integrated Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene) is a public health initiative that
has been launched in the Philippines to improve water access, hygiene, and sanitation, especially in rural
and underserved areas. The program uses a combination of rainwater harvesting, water filtration units, and
sanitation education to address both water supply and sanitation issues.

Example: The program was introduced in areas like the Bicol region, where it helped to provide
safe drinking water and improve hygiene practices in schools and communities.

11. International Innovation: ZeroMass Water’s Source Hydropanels

ZeroMass Water, a U.S.-based company, has developed Source Hydropanels, a renewable energy-
powered technology that extracts clean drinking water directly from the air. These panels use solar energy
to power a process that condenses humidity from the air into clean water. The panels are designed for off-
grid locations and can generate hundreds of liters of water daily.

Example: ZeroMass Water’s Source Hydropanels have been installed in several countries,
including Jordan and the United States, as a solution to water scarcity in arid regions.

12. International Innovation: The “Warka Tower” (Vertical Rainwater Harvesting)

The Warka Tower is an innovative structure developed by an Italian architect that harvests
rainwater in arid regions. This tower collects water vapor through a series of mesh nets, and the collected
water is condensed and stored at the base of the tower. It is particularly designed for use in rural and
isolated communities in Africa and other water-scarce regions.

Example: The Warka Tower has been deployed in various parts of Africa to help communities
capture and store rainwater, providing a sustainable source of drinking water.

13. Philippine Innovation: The “AquaKure” Wastewater Treatment System

The AquaKure system is an innovative wastewater treatment solution developed in the
Philippines. It combines advanced filtration technologies such as biofiltration, activated carbon, and UV
disinfection to treat both domestic and industrial wastewater efficiently. This technology is designed to be
modular and adaptable for different community sizes and industrial needs.

Example: AquaKure is currently being used by small- and medium-sized industries in Metro
Manila to treat their wastewater before discharging it into the environment, thus reducing pollution and
conserving water resources.

IV. CONCLUSION
 Water is a fundamental pillar of life and sustainability, serving as a critical component for health,
agriculture, industry, energy, and ecosystems. This research has explored the intrinsic value of water, the
global and local challenges surrounding its accessibility and management, and the varied responses to
these challenges through government initiatives, organizational efforts, and technological innovations.

Globally, freshwater is limited to less than 1% of the Earth’s total water, with growing demand due
to population growth, urbanization, and industrial expansion. Climate change exacerbates this by
disrupting hydrological cycles—causing extreme droughts, floods, and glacial melting—further straining
already scarce resources. In the Philippines, water challenges are shaped by geographic vulnerability to
climate events, outdated infrastructure, and inconsistent governance, despite being a nation surrounded by
water.

National efforts such as the Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 and the National Sewerage and
Septage Management Program illustrate the country’s legal and institutional frameworks to protect and
manage water resources. The National Water Resources Board (NWRB) plays a central regulatory role,
while programs like SALINTUBIG target rural water scarcity. Infrastructure-focused initiatives under
Build, Build, Build, and rehabilitative efforts like the Manila Bay Rehabilitation Program reflect attempts
to modernize water systems and restore ecosystems.

Internationally, initiatives such as the UN Sustainable Development Goal 6, USAID’s Water for
the World Act, and India’s Jal Jeevan Mission reflect global solidarity in advancing clean water access and
sanitation. Environmental organizations, both domestic and international, such as Haribon Foundation,
WWF, and Water.org, implement diverse strategies—from watershed conservation to legal advocacy and
microfinancing for water access.

Technological innovation plays a pivotal role in addressing water issues. In the Philippines, solar-
powered water purifiers, biofiltration systems, and the I-WASH program are providing sustainable,
community-based solutions. International innovations like Watergen’s AWG technology, Aquaporin’s
forward osmosis systems, and the Warka Tower are transforming the way water is sourced, purified, and
conserved—especially in areas where traditional supply methods fail.

While initiatives and innovations show promise, this research reveals several persistent gaps. The
mismatch between water availability and accessibility continues to fuel inequality, particularly in
marginalized and rural communities. Many government efforts remain hindered by bureaucratic delays,
underfunding, and lack of local capacity. Environmental degradation, weak enforcement of water laws,
and pollution from domestic, agricultural, and industrial sources further undermine progress.

Climate change acts as a threat multiplier, aggravating water scarcity and threatening water-
dependent sectors such as agriculture and fisheries. Water conflicts—between regions, industries, and
communities—are likely to increase if governance does not keep pace with growing demands and
environmental pressures. The success of both national and international efforts hinges on the synergy
between policy implementation, technological adaptation, community engagement, and environmental
stewardship.

Practical Recommendations

 Strengthen Local Water Governance: Empower barangays and local government units with
resources, technical knowledge, and tools to manage water systems sustainably.
 Promote Education and Awareness: Launch nationwide water conservation and sanitation
campaigns, particularly targeting youth, rural communities, and schools.
 Scale Up Sustainable Technologies: Provide government and private sector support for the
widespread adoption of affordable water innovations like rainwater harvesting, solar-powered
purifiers, and smart meters.
 Invest in Infrastructure Maintenance: Upgrade and maintain existing water infrastructure to reduce
leakage, contamination, and system inefficiencies.
 Integrate Climate Resilience: Ensure all water-related plans and policies consider future climate
risks, such as droughts and floods, especially in vulnerable areas.
 Encourage Multi-Stakeholder Collaboration: Foster stronger partnerships between government
agencies, NGOs, local communities, and international donors to co-create water solutions and
share resources and expertise.
 Protect Watersheds and Ecosystems: Implement stricter regulations and community-based
programs to conserve forests, rivers, and wetlands that naturally support water cycles.
 Enhance Monitoring and Enforcement: Strengthen agencies like the DENR and NWRB in
monitoring water pollution and ensuring compliance with environmental laws.

V. REFERENCES

Encyclopædia Britannica. (2024). Water. In Encyclopædia Britannica.

https://www.britannica.com/science/water

United Nations. (2024). Water. https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/water

National Water Resources Board. (n.d.). About Us. Retrieved April 16, 2025, from
https://nwrb.gov.ph/about-us/

Department of the Interior and Local Government Region XII. (n.d.). Sagana at Ligtas na Tubig para sa
Lahat (SALINTUBIG). Retrieved April 16, 2025, from https://www.region12.dilg.gov.ph/programs-
projects/sagana-ligtas-na-tubig-para-sa-lahat-salintubig

Wikipedia contributors. (2025, April 16). Build! Build! Build! Wikipedia.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Build%21_Build%21_Build%21

Department of Environment and Natural Resources. (2024, April 18). Manila Bay Clean Up Program.
https://denr.gov.ph/priority-program/manila-bay-clean-up-program/

Department of Public Works and Highways. (n.d.). National Sewerage and Septage Management
Program. https://www.dpwh.gov.ph/dpwh/references/guidelines_manuals/NSSMP

National Power Corporation. (n.d.). Watershed Management Mandate.

https://www.napocor.gov.ph/watershed-management-mandate/

Laguna Lake Development Authority. (n.d.). Watershed Management Program.

https://llda.gov.ph/watershed-management-program/

United Nations. (n.d.). Goal 6: Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for
all. United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Retrieved April 16, 2025, from
https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal6

U.S. Congress. (2014). Senator Paul Simon Water for the World Act of 2014, Pub. L. No. 113-289.
Retrieved from https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/2901

European Union. (n.d.). EU Water Initiative. Retrieved April 16, 2025, from https://www.euwi.eu

Ministry of Jal Shakti, Government of India. (n.d.). Jal Jeevan Mission. Retrieved April 16, 2025, from
https://jaljeevanmission.gov.in

Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water, Australia. (n.d.). National Water
Initiative. Retrieved from https://www.dcceew.gov.au/water/policy/policy/nwi

Wikipedia contributors. (n.d.). South-North Water Transfer Project. Wikipedia. Retrieved April 16, 2025,
from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%E2%80%93North_Water_Transfer_Project

World Bank. (n.d.). Water. Retrieved from https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/water

Haribon Foundation. (n.d.). About us. Retrieved April 16, 2025, from https://www.haribon.org.ph

Philippine Business for Social Progress. (n.d.). Our projects. Retrieved April 16, 2025, from
https://www.pbsp.org.ph

Tahanan ng Pagmamahal. (n.d.). Programs and services. Retrieved April 16, 2025, from https://tnp.org.ph

Environmental Legal Assistance Center. (n.d.). About ELAC. Retrieved April 16, 2025, from
https://elac.org.ph

Center for Environmental Concerns – Philippines. (n.d.). About CEC. Retrieved April 16, 2025, from
https://cec.org.ph

Gawad Kalinga. (n.d.). About us. Retrieved April 16, 2025, from https://gk1world.com

World Wildlife Fund. (n.d.). Water. Retrieved April 16, 2025, from
https://www.worldwildlife.org/initiatives/freshwater

The Nature Conservancy. (n.d.). Water. Retrieved April 16, 2025, from
https://www.nature.org/en-us/what-we-do/our-insights/perspectives/water/

Water.org. (n.d.). About us. Retrieved April 16, 2025, from https://www.water.org/about-us/

Global Water Partnership. (n.d.). About GWP. Retrieved April 16, 2025, from
https://www.gwp.org/en/About/

International Water Management Institute. (n.d.). About IWMI. Retrieved April 16, 2025, from
https://www.iwmi.cgiar.org

UNICEF. (n.d.). Water, sanitation and hygiene. Retrieved April 16, 2025, from
https://www.unicef.org/wash

International Institute for Environment and Development. (n.d.). Water. Retrieved April 16, 2025, from
https://www.iied.org/water

De Guzman, R. T., & Buendia, P. T. (2019). Sustainable solutions for clean water access in remote
communities in the Philippines: Solar-powered purification systems. Philippine Journal of Environmental
Science, 22(4), 103-110.

Manila Water Company, Inc. (2019). Manila Water opens desalination plant in Bataan to address water
supply challenges. Manila Water. Retrieved from https://www.manilawater.com

Watergen. (2020). Watergen’s innovative AWG technology: Creating fresh drinking water from the air.
Retrieved from https://www.watergen.com

Maynilad Water Services, Inc. (2021). Maynilad launches smart water metering pilot to improve service
and reduce leaks. Retrieved from https://www.mayniladwater.com

Mina, Inc. (2020). Introducing the waterless Mina toilet: A sustainable sanitation solution for water-scarce
regions. Mina, Inc. Retrieved from https://www.minainc.com

Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG). (2020). Rainwater harvesting in the Philippines: A
sustainable solution for water scarcity. Retrieved from https://www.dilg.gov.ph
PLATE NO.
2F
TENOSO, JUBELLE B.
BS CIVIL ENGINEERING 2-B
PLATE NO.
2F
TENOSO, JUBELLE B.
BS CIVIL ENGINEERING 2-B
PLATE NO.
2F
TENOSO, JUBELLE B.
BS CIVIL ENGINEERING 2-B
PLATE NO.
2F
TENOSO, JUBELLE B.
BS CIVIL ENGINEERING 2-B
PLATE NO.
2F
TENOSO, JUBELLE B.
BS CIVIL ENGINEERING 2-B
PLATE NO.
2F
TENOSO, JUBELLE B.
BS CIVIL ENGINEERING 2-B
PLATE NO.
2F
TENOSO, JUBELLE B.
BS CIVIL ENGINEERING 2-B
PLATE NO.
2F
TENOSO, JUBELLE B.
BS CIVIL ENGINEERING 2-B
PLATE NO.
2F
TENOSO, JUBELLE B.
BS CIVIL ENGINEERING 2-B
PLATE NO.
2F
TENOSO, JUBELLE B.
BS CIVIL ENGINEERING 2-B
PLATE NO.
2F
TENOSO, JUBELLE B.
BS CIVIL ENGINEERING 2-B
PLATE NO.
2F
TENOSO, JUBELLE B.
BS CIVIL ENGINEERING 2-B
BS CIVIL ENGINEERING 2-B