### **Classical Thermodynamics**
1. **Which law of thermodynamics introduces the concept of entropy?**
a) Zeroth Law
b) First Law
c) Second Law
d) Third Law
**Answer:** c) Second Law
2. **The work done in an isothermal reversible expansion of an ideal gas depends on:**
a) Initial pressure only
b) Final pressure only
c) Both initial and final pressures
d) Neither initial nor final pressure
**Answer:** c) Both initial and final pressures
3. **For a cyclic process, the change in internal energy (ΔU) is:**
a) Positive
b) Negative
c) Zero
d) Depends on the path
**Answer:** c) Zero
4. **The Gibbs free energy (G) is defined as:**
a) G = H - TS
b) G = U + PV
c) G = H + TS
d) G = U - TS
**Answer:** a) G = H - TS
5. **Which of the following is an extensive property?**
a) Temperature
b) Pressure
c) Volume
d) Density
**Answer:** c) Volume
6. **The Maxwell relation derived from dG = -SdT + VdP is:**
a) \((\frac{\partial S}{\partial V})_T = (\frac{\partial P}{\partial T})_V\)
b) \((\frac{\partial S}{\partial P})_T = -(\frac{\partial V}{\partial T})_P\)
c) \((\frac{\partial T}{\partial V})_S = -(\frac{\partial P}{\partial S})_V\)
d) \((\frac{\partial V}{\partial S})_P = (\frac{\partial T}{\partial P})_S\)
**Answer:** b) \((\frac{\partial S}{\partial P})_T = -(\frac{\partial V}{\partial T})_P\)
7. **The efficiency of a Carnot engine depends on:**
a) Working substance
b) Temperatures of source and sink
c) Heat input
d) Work output
**Answer:** b) Temperatures of source and sink
8. **For an adiabatic process, which relation is correct?**
a) PV = constant
b) TVγ ¹ = constant
c) P/T = constant
d) V/T = constant
**Answer:** b) TVγ ¹ = constant
9. **The third law of thermodynamics states that:**
a) Energy is conserved
b) Entropy of a perfect crystal at 0 K is zero
c) Heat flows from hot to cold
d) Absolute zero cannot be attained
**Answer:** b) Entropy of a perfect crystal at 0 K is zero
10. **The condition for spontaneity at constant T and P is:**
a) ΔG < 0
b) ΔH < 0
c) ΔS > 0
d) ΔU < 0
**Answer:** a) ΔG < 0
11. **The heat capacity at constant pressure (Cp) is related to heat capacity at constant volume (Cv)
by:**
a) Cp - Cv = R
b) Cp + Cv = R
c) Cp/Cv = R
d) Cp × Cv = R
**Answer:** a) Cp - Cv = R
12. **The Joule-Thomson coefficient (μ) is given by:**
a) \((\frac{\partial T}{\partial P})_H\)
b) \((\frac{\partial H}{\partial P})_T\)
c) \((\frac{\partial P}{\partial T})_V\)
d) \((\frac{\partial V}{\partial T})_P\)
**Answer:** a) \((\frac{\partial T}{\partial P})_H\)
13. **The van der Waals equation corrects the ideal gas law for:**
a) Intermolecular forces and molecular volume
b) Only intermolecular forces
c) Only molecular volume
d) Quantum effects
**Answer:** a) Intermolecular forces and molecular volume
14. **The critical temperature (Tc) of a gas is related to van der Waals constants by:**
a) Tc = \(\frac{8a}{27Rb}\)
b) Tc = \(\frac{a}{27Rb}\)
c) Tc = \(\frac{27a}{8Rb}\)
d) Tc = \(\frac{a}{Rb}\)
**Answer:** a) Tc = \(\frac{8a}{27Rb}\)
15. **The Helmholtz free energy (A) is defined as:**
a) A = U - TS
b) A = H - TS
c) A = U + PV
d) A = G - PV
**Answer:** a) A = U - TS
---
### **Statistical Thermodynamics**
16. **The Boltzmann distribution law gives the probability of a molecule being in energy state Ei
as:**
a) \(P_i = \frac{e^{-E_i/kT}}{Q}\)
b) \(P_i = \frac{e^{E_i/kT}}{Q}\)
c) \(P_i = \frac{E_i}{kT}\)
d) \(P_i = \frac{kT}{E_i}\)
**Answer:** a) \(P_i = \frac{e^{-E_i/kT}}{Q}\)
17. **The partition function (Q) represents:**
a) Sum of all possible energy states
b) Sum of Boltzmann factors for all states
c) Average energy of the system
d) Total entropy of the system
**Answer:** b) Sum of Boltzmann factors for all states
18. **For a monoatomic ideal gas, the translational partition function depends on:**
a) Temperature only
b) Volume only
c) Both temperature and volume
d) Pressure only
**Answer:** c) Both temperature and volume
19. **The equipartition theorem states that each quadratic term in energy contributes:**
a) kT to the total energy
b) \(\frac{1}{2}kT\) to the total energy
c) RT to the total energy
d) \(\frac{3}{2}kT\) to the total energy
**Answer:** b) \(\frac{1}{2}kT\) to the total energy
20. **The Sackur-Tetrode equation gives the entropy of:**
a) A diatomic gas
b) A monoatomic ideal gas
c) A solid crystal
d) A liquid
**Answer:** b) A monoatomic ideal gas
21. **The residual entropy of a system arises due to:**
a) Zero-point energy
b) Degeneracy at absolute zero
c) High temperature effects
d) Quantum fluctuations
**Answer:** b) Degeneracy at absolute zero
22. **The vibrational partition function for a harmonic oscillator is:**
a) \(Q_{vib} = \frac{1}{1 - e^{-hν/kT}}\)
b) \(Q_{vib} = \frac{e^{-hν/kT}}{1 - e^{-hν/kT}}\)
c) \(Q_{vib} = \frac{hν}{kT}\)
d) \(Q_{vib} = \frac{kT}{hν}\)
**Answer:** a) \(Q_{vib} = \frac{1}{1 - e^{-hν/kT}}\)
23. **The rotational partition function for a linear diatomic molecule is:**
a) \(Q_{rot} = \frac{T}{\Theta_{rot}}\)
b) \(Q_{rot} = \frac{8π²IkT}{h²}\)
c) \(Q_{rot} = \frac{kT}{hB}\)
d) Both a) and b)
**Answer:** d) Both a) and b)
24. **The electronic partition function for most atoms at room temperature is approximately:**
a) 0
b) 1
c) 2
d) ∞
**Answer:** b) 1
25. **The average energy of a system is given by:**
a) \(E = kT² (\frac{\partial lnQ}{\partial T})_V\)
b) \(E = -(\frac{\partial lnQ}{\partial β})_V\)
c) \(E = kT (\frac{\partial Q}{\partial T})_V\)
d) \(E = QkT\)
**Answer:** a) \(E = kT² (\frac{\partial lnQ}{\partial T})_V\)
26. **The canonical ensemble describes a system with fixed:**
a) N, V, E
b) N, V, T
c) μ, V, T
d) N, P, T
**Answer:** b) N, V, T
27. **The grand canonical ensemble describes a system with fixed:**
a) N, V, T
b) μ, V, T
c) N, P, T
d) N, V, E
**Answer:** b) μ, V, T
28. **The Fermi-Dirac statistics apply to:**
a) Photons
b) Electrons
c) Bosons
d) Classical particles
**Answer:** b) Electrons
29. **The Bose-Einstein statistics apply to:**
a) Fermions
b) Photons
c) Electrons
d) Distinguishable particles
**Answer:** b) Photons
30. **The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution is valid for:**
a) Quantum particles at high T and low density
b) Quantum particles at low T
c) Only bosons
d) Only fermions
**Answer:** a) Quantum particles at high T and low density
31. **The chemical potential (μ) of an ideal gas is given by:**
a) \(\mu = -kT \ln(\frac{Q}{N})\)
b) \(\mu = kT \ln(\frac{N}{Q})\)
c) \(\mu = RT \ln(P)\)
d) \(\mu = \frac{G}{N}\)
**Answer:** b) \(\mu = kT \ln(\frac{N}{Q})\)
32. **The Debye model describes the heat capacity of solids at low temperatures as proportional
to:**
a) T
b) T²
c) T³
d) T⁴
**Answer:** c) T³
33. **The Einstein model assumes that all atoms vibrate with:**
a) Same frequency
b) Different frequencies
c) Zero frequency
d) Random frequencies
**Answer:** a) Same frequency
34. **The heat capacity of a diatomic gas at high temperature approaches:**
a) \(\frac{3}{2}R\)
b) \(\frac{5}{2}R\)
c) \(\frac{7}{2}R\)
d) 3R
**Answer:** c) \(\frac{7}{2}R\)
35. **The law of corresponding states reduces the properties of all gases to a function of:**
a) P, V, T
b) Reduced variables (Pr, Vr, Tr)
c) Critical constants
d) Compressibility factor
**Answer:** b) Reduced variables (Pr, Vr, Tr)
36. **The virial equation of state is given by:**
a) \(PV = RT (1 + \frac{B}{V} + \frac{C}{V²} + ...)\)
b) \(PV = nRT\)
c) \(P = \frac{nRT}{V - nb}\)
d) \(P = \frac{RT}{V_m - b} - \frac{a}{V_m²}\)
**Answer:** a) \(PV = RT (1 + \frac{B}{V} + \frac{C}{V²} + ...)\)
37. **The phase rule (F = C - P + 2) applies to:**
a) Only single-component systems
b) Only binary systems
c) Any heterogeneous system
d) Only ideal gases
**Answer:** c) Any heterogeneous system
38. **The Gibbs phase rule for a one-component system at triple point gives:**
a) F = 0
b) F = 1
c) F = 2
d) F = 3
**Answer:** a) F = 0
39. **The critical point of a substance is characterized by:**
a) Maximum P and T
b) Identical liquid and gas phases
c) Zero surface tension
d) Both b) and c)
**Answer:** d) Both b) and c)
40. **The Lindemann criterion for melting relates melting temperature to:**
a) Lattice vibrations
b) Electron density
c) Critical pressure
d) Heat capacity
**Answer:** a) Lattice vibrations
