Welcome to Section 6
Networking
By: Imran Afzal
www.utclisolutions.com
How Computers Communicate 1/2
• To connect to the Internet and other computers on a network, a computer must have a NIC (network
interface card) installed and a network cable plugged into the NIC on one end and plugged into another
computer’s NIC port
• Computers need to be connected to one another through Ethernet cable, or "Category 5" wiring
CAT5
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How Computers Communicate 2/2
• Like a phone line, Ethernet cables can have four to eight wires, as much as double
the amount found in a phone line
• To connect to other computers on the internet, CAT5 cable must be connected to a
computer port and then to a cable modem, DSL modem, router, or switch
192.168.1.5
Modem or Router
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IP address 1/4
• IP stands for Internet Protocol
• An Internet Protocol address is a numerical label assigned to each device connected to
a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. An IP address
serves two main functions: host or network interface identification and location
addressing
• Compare IP address with our home address. We need our home address to send and
receive mail and provides the location information
• When you’re at home, an IP address is assigned to your computer by your Internet service
provider aka ISP (e.g., Time Warner Cable, Optimum, AT&T or Verizon). Since they are the
ones giving you access to the Internet, it’s their role to assign an IP address to your computer.
Your Internet activity goes through them, and they route it back to you, using your IP address
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IP address 2/4
• IPv4 addresses are usually represented in dot-decimal notation, consisting of four
decimal numbers, each ranging from 0 to 255, separated by dots, e.g., 192.168.123.13.
Each part represents a group of 8 bits (an octet) of the address with a total of 32 bits
• For example, the dotted-decimal IP address 192.168.123.132 is (in binary notation)
the 32-bit number 110000000101000111101110000100. This number may be hard to
make sense of, so divide it into four parts of eight binary digits.
• These 8-bit sections are known as octets. The example IP address, then, becomes
11000000.10101000.01111011.10000100. This number makes a little more sense now,
so to make it even simpler convert it into dotted-decimal format (192.168.123.132).
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IP address 3/4
• There are two IP versions: IPv4 and IPv6. IPv4 is the older version which has a space of
over 4 billion IP addresses. However, the new IPv6 version can provide up to trillions of
IP addresses to fulfill the need of all internet users and devices
Let’s look at how to
• Example of IPv4 = 192.168.1.30
find IP of your
• Example of IPv6 = 4ggr:1925:5656:7:600:t4tt:tc54:98vt
computer?
• IP address can be private or public
192.168.1.5
192.168.1.1 47.17.41.131
• There are 2 types of IPs
• Static
• DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
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IP address 4/4
• Every website has and IP address
• E.g. when we input the URL www.google.com it gets translated to an IP address by DNS
www.google.com → 172.217.10.68
• Internet addresses are allocated by the InterNIC, the organization that administers the Internet
• InterNIC is a registered service mark of the U.S. Department of Commerce. It is licensed to the
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers.
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TCP/IP
• TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol and IP stands for Internet Protocol
• Bob Kahn at ARPA, and Vint Cerf, at Stanford University, published research in 1974 that evolved into
the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP), the two protocols of the Internet
protocol suite
• TCP and IP are two separate computer network protocols. IP is the part that obtains the address to
which data is sent. TCP is responsible for data delivery once that IP address has been found
• This protocol is responsible for managing the connection between a client and a server, making sure that
the data which needs to be transferred is split into several packets which will all eventually reach their
destination. If they don't, or if one of them is corrupt, TCP defines how the missing data will be
retransmitted
• When you configure the TCP/IP protocol on a Windows computer, the TCP/IP configuration settings
require:
• An IP address
• A default gateway
• A subnet mask
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Gateway
• A gateway is a hardware device that acts as a "gate" between two networks. It may be a router,
firewall, server, or other device that enables traffic to flow in and out of the network. It allows
computers within the local network to send and receive data over the Internet
• For basic Internet connections at home, the gateway is the Internet Service Provider that gives
you access to the entire Internet
• Gateway can provide hard-wired network or Wifi network (Wireless Fidelity)
• A gateway has an IP address just like any computer and most of the it’s IP address ends with 1.
e.g. 192.168.1.1
• A home ISP gateway serves the DHCP server purpose as well to lease out IP addresses to
requested devices
Let’s look at how to find Gateway of your computer?
By: Imran Afzal
www.utclisolutions.com
Subnet Mask 1/2
• A subnet is a logical subdivision of an IP network. The practice of dividing a network into two or more
networks is called subnetting. Computers that belong to the same subnet are addressed with an identical most-
significant bit-group in their IP addresses. (Wikipedia)
• A subnet mask is used to divide an IP address into two parts. One part identifies the host (computer), the other
part identifies the network to which it belongs
• The subnet mask is used by the TCP/IP protocol to determine whether a host is on the local subnet or on a
remote network
192.168.1.2 192.168.1.3 192.168.1.4 192.168.2.2 192.168.2.3 192.168.2.4
255.255.0 .0 Switch 255.255.255 .0 Switch
192.168.x.x 192.168.1.x
Router Router
192.168.1.1 192.168.2.1
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Subnet Mask 2/2
• There are 3 major classes of IP address subnets:
Let’s look at how to find Subnet mask of your computer?
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MAC Address
• MAC stands for Media Access Control; it is given to a network adapter when it is manufactured. It is
hardwired or hard-coded onto your computer’s network interface card (NIC) and is unique to it
• The MAC address is sometimes referred to as a networking hardware address, the burned-in address
(BIA), or the physical address
• The MAC address is a string of usually six sets of two-digits or characters, separated by colons. Here’s an
example of a MAC address: 00:14:22:DA:77:71
• Each manufacturer put an Organizationally Unique Identifier or OUI in the MAC address.
For example:
• Dell: 00:14:22
• Nortel: 00:04:DC
• Cisco: 00:40:96
• Belkin: 00:30:BD
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MAC Address
Something called the ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) translates an IP
address into a MAC address
47.17.51.191
192.168.1.2 192.168.1.3 192.168.1.4 192.168.1.5 192.168.1.6
00:06:5B:20:1B:21 00:0A:27:EF:2B:11 00:0A:27:EF:35:23 0C:47:C9:R3:25:50 18:B4:30:T1:00:H0
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MAC Address
• MAC addresses are assigned by the manufacturers of the device
Who assigns MAC addresses to manufacturers
• The IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) assigns manufacturers the
numbers, called organizationally unique identifiers
• The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers is a professional association for
electronic engineering and electrical engineering with its corporate office in New York City
and its operations center in Piscataway, New Jersey
Let’s look at how to find MAC address of your computer?
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OSI Layer
• OSI stands for Open Systems Interconnection and it is a theoretical or reference Application layer
model that computer system uses to communicate over a network Presentation layer
Session layer
• The main purpose of the OSI model was to standardize the communication between Transport layer
different hardware vendors Network layer
Data Link layer
• OSI was introduced in 1983 by the major computer and telecom companies Physical layer
• There are 7 layers in the OSI model
• Physical, Data link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation and Application
From:
To:
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OSI Layer
7 Application layer → FTP, SMTP, Telnet
6 Presentation layer → Format data, Encryption
5 Session layer → Start and Stop Session
4 Transport layer → TCP, UCP, Port numbers
3 Network layer → IP address, routers
2 Data Link layer → MAC addresses Switches
1 Physical layer → Cables, NIC, Hubs etc.
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OSI Layer
Application layer Hi Hi Application layer
Presentation layer Hi Hi Presentation layer
Session layer Hi Hi Session layer
Transport layer Hi Hi Transport layer
Network layer Hi Hi Network layer
Data Link layer Hi Data Link layer
Physical layer Physical layer
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OSI vs. TCP/IP
• OSI is a reference model around which the networks are built and generally, it is used as a guidance tool. On
the other hand TCP/IP model is, in a way implementation of the OSI model
• OSI has 7 layers and TCP/IP has 4
• OSI model is developed by ISO (International Standard Organization), whereas TCP Model is
developed by ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Agency Network)
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LAN, MAN and WAN
• LAN - Local Area Network
• A Local Area Network (LAN) is a private network that connects computers and devices within a
limited area like a residence, an office, a building or a campus. On a small scale, LANs are used to
connect personal computers to printers. However, LANs can also extend to a few kilometers when
used by companies, where many computers share a variety of resources like hardware (e.g.,
printers, scanners, audiovisual devices etc.), software (e.g., application programs) and data.
• MAN - Metropolitan Area Network
• A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a larger network than LAN. It often covers multiple cities
or towns. It is quite expensive and not a lot of organization own it. Example of companies using
MAN is cable TV network, ISP or companies running their businesses across country . MAN
provides higher speed, from 1 gigabit per second to 100 Gbps
• WAN - Wide Area Network
• A Wide Area Network (WAN) is a much larger network than LAN and MAN. It often covers
multiple countries or continents. Satellite is used to manage WAN. Internet is a big example of
WAN
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Protocols and Ports
Protocol:
• Network Protocols are a set of rules governing exchange of information in an easy, reliable and
secure way
• A protocol is just the language that the two applications on either end of a conversation agree to
speak in. If an application “A” is sending streams of bytes to application “B” then application “B”
needs to know how to translate those bytes
• Most common protocols used in computer networks and the internet are TCP (Transmission Control
Protocol), UDP (User Datagram Protocol), and IP (Internet Protocol)
Port:
• As the IP address identifies the computer, The network port identifies the application or service
running on the computer. The use of ports allow computers/devices to run multiple
services/applications
• You can think of a port as a phone extension, with the computer's IP address being like its phone
number. You can call the number (IP address) to talk to the computer, then dial the extension (port)
to talk to a specific application. An application needs to be listening on a port in order to
communicate
• Most common ports used are SSH (22), HTTP (80), HTTPS (443), FTP (20), DNS (53) etc.
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Types of Network Devices
(Hub, Switch, Modem, Router, Gateway, Access point) 1/4
• Network devices are called hardware devices that link computers, printers, faxes and other electronic
devices to the network. Such devices easily and safely transfer data from one network to another
• Back in the days, each network device referred to a single device that performed a single function. That is
no longer the case these days. Your “modem” from your ISP is probably a modem, router, switch and
access point all-in-one
Hub:
• Hub has several Ethernet ports that allows multiple computers to communicate with each other
over a network. It is an obsolete device that you would never want to buy these days. It looks just
like a switch but works differently on the inside
• Hubs are like switches but are not as "smart." Switches send incoming data to a specific port
whereas hubs broadcast all incoming data to all active ports
• Hub shares the bandwidth across all the ports
• Hubs are considered the OSI layer 1 (Physical) devices.
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Types of Network Devices
(Hub, Switch, Modem, Router, Gateway, Access point) 2/4
Switch:
• Switches have a smarter job than hubs in general. A switch improves the capacity of the network
• A switch also has several ports that allows multiple computers to communicate with each other over a
network
• Switches read incoming packets “hardware addresses” to transfer them to their respective destinations that is
why incoming data is sent to a specific port whereas hubs broadcast all incoming data to all active ports
• Switches are considered the OSI layer 2 (Data link)
• Switch provides dedicated speed on each port unlike hub.
Modem:
• A modem is a small box that connects your household to the Internet using cables. It acts as a digital
translator, taking an information signal (Internet data) from your cable or phone lines and making it
accessible to your computer
• Mostly modem has one port for Coaxial cable and 2nd for Ethernet which can either go directly to your
computer or a switch/hub.
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Types of Network Devices
(Hub, Switch, Modem, Router, Gateway, Access point) 3/4
Router:
• Routers work at Layer 3 (Network) of the OSI model, which deals with IP addresses
• A router is a device that joins networks together and routes traffic between them. At home, this typically
means the router connects your local network to your ISP’s network
• Now a days a router serves as a hub, switch, modem, gateway and router functionality (All in one)
• A gateway and a router are essentially the same. The term "default gateway" is used to mean the router
on your LAN which has the responsibility of being the first point of contact for traffic to computers
outside the LAN.
By: Imran Afzal
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Types of Network Devices
(Hub, Switch, Modem, Router, Gateway, Access point) 4/4
Access Point:
• Access points are used for extending the wireless coverage of an existing network and for increasing the
number of users that can connect to it
• A high-speed Ethernet cable runs from a router to an access point, which transforms the wired signal into
a wireless one.
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How Internet Works?
The Internet is a vast network that connects computers all over the world. Through the Internet, people can
share information and communicate from anywhere
13 root DNS servers (A to M)
Router DNS
• DNS = Domain Name System
• url address / hostname = IP
• IP = hostname
• Hostname to hostname (alias)
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