CHAPTER
Introduction of
Statistics and Its Uses
INTRODUCING THECHAPTER
Common Statistical Terns
Definition of Statistics
Sources for Data Collection
Statistics or Datum
Statistical Data
" Statistics or Data
Qualitative Data (or discrete)/ Discontinuous
Basic Concepts ofStatistics Quantitative or Continuous Data
Definition
Statistical Method
Uses of Statistics
INTRODUCTION
a become fundamental requirement of every individual.
Today in modern life,change has
every field of human life. Behind these changes and require
These changes are emerging in research. Without research,we can not find the new concept
ments, there is a great hand of data from the population, which can be com
various needed
or demand. Research requires The statistic is the science of figures, data or values
statistic.
pleted by the power house of events. In today science,stastistic has become a key step
which give the countable facts to any give a
statistics and research are working as mortar and pestle which
for any research. Both
new output for implement.
DEFINITION OFSTATISTICS
as "a science offgures, it is afield of study concerned with techniques
Statistics may be defined classification, summarising, interpretation, drawing inferences,
or methods of collection of data,
influencing the individual for desired change."
making recommendation and
345
346 UNT- Introduction to Statistics
Statistic or Datum
The word statistic or datum means "measured or calculated fact or piece of
information depic,
figure" such as height of one person, birth of a baby, a death in a road accident.
Statistics or Data
than
When we use words data or statistics, these would be plural, depicted as more one suC
figure
height of two persons, birth of five babies, no. of deaths in road accidents. These are colle
from experiments, records and surveys from all areas of life such as economics, politics,
cation, industry, business, administration, medicine, agriculture, society etc.
BASICCONCEPTS OF BIO-STATISTICS
Definition
The word biostatistics is used "when tools of statistics are implemented for the data which are d
from biological sciences, such as medicine, disease" etc.
EXAMPL? In medicine, everywhere biostatistics is applied, e.&, in diagnosis or treata
It depends on counting or measurement e.g., High or low blood pressure has no meat
unless it is expressed in figures or data.
Statistical Methods
Data should be systematically collected, d¡ta lying in a haphazard manner are of no use
less properly sorted, presented, compared, analysed and interpreted. For such study o
ures, one has to apply certain mathenmatical techniques called statistical methods, e.g
dard deviation. Medical statistics go under different names when applied in different
which are:
1,Health statistics : It deals in public health or community health.
2. Medical statistics : It deals in medicine related to the study of defect, injury, dis
efficacy of drug, serum and line of Rx and improvement in patient's condition.
3. Vital statistics : It deals in demography pertaining to vital events of birth, mart
deaths and diseases.
Uses of Statistics
Uses are divided as :
1. Statistics as a science
2. Statistics in community mnedicine and public health
3. Statistics as science of figures.
Chapter-28 Introduction of Statistics and its Uses 347
Applications and Uses of Statistics as a Science
1. In physiology and anatomy : It is used to find out what is normal or healthy in a popu
lation. It helps to find limits of normality in variables such as respiration and pulse rate.
The mean pulse rate is 72 per minute, and respiration is 21.
For finding the difference, between means and proportionsof normal at two places
or in different periods. The mean height of boys in Gujrat is less than the mean height
of boys in Punjab.
- For finding the correlation between two variables Xand Ysuch as height and weight.
Weight increases or decreases proportionately with height and if so, then, how much
variation is present.
2. Inpharmocalogy : animals or humans to see
For finding the action ofdrug A drug is tested on
whether the changes produced are due to the drug or by chance.dosages of the same
two successive
- To compare the action of two different drugs or
drug. with respect to a standard drug and give
To find the relative potency of new drug,
conclusion.
3. In medicine : line treat
comparing the efficacy of a particular drug during operation orand control
- It helpsin cured, relieved or died in the experiment
ment. For this, the percentage
group of population isused.
association
individual such as cancer and
between two attributes of an
- For finding an
smoking. disease or syndrome. Cough in typhoid is
symptoms of a
For detecting the signs and is found in almost every case of diseases.
found by chance and fever
Community Medicine and PublicHealth field, percentage of attacks
or
In vaccines in this
usefulness of sera and among the unvaccinated ones
For determining subjects is compared to that
deaths among the vaccinated
difference observed is statistically significant or not. tested. Defi
statistically
to find whether thestudies-The role of causative factors is confirmed only after
epidemiological a community is
o In
iodine as an important cause of goitre in after giving iodised salt.
ciency of
incidence of goitre cases before and
comparing the
Statisticsas Figures following information :
Application and Uses of able to give the
statistics as a science of figures willbe
The death?
leading causes of
What are the sickness? prevalence?
are the important causes of falling in severity and affected the most?
What disease is rising or is
Whether a particular social class of people, profession or place
group, sex,
4 Which age, standards of health reached.
The levels or
