FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Finite Element Methods (FEM)
Course Code: 21AS53
Course Coordinator: Prof. Promio Charles F
Department of Aerospace Engineering
R V College of Engineering
FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Unit - II
Mathematical Preliminaries and Basic Procedure
FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
R. V. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(An autonomous institution affiliated to VTU, Belagavi)
Department of Aerospace Engineering
Course Title: Finite Element Methods
Semester: V Course Code: 16AS55
Total Contact Hours: 36 FINITE ELEMENT METHODS Credits:04
SEE Marks: 150 CIE Marks: 150
Semester: V (Theory & Practice) Academic Year: 2019-20
Lesson Plan
Course CodeAuthors: F. Promio Charles
: 21AS53 CIE : Date: 01/09/2019
100+50 Marks
Checked By: Duration of SEE: 3Hrs
Credits: L:T:P : 3:0:1 SEE : 100 +50 Marks
Hours
Prerequisites: : 39L+32.5P SEE Duration : 3.00+3.00 Hours
Structural Mechanics, Mathematics
Course
Course Learning
Learning Objectives: To enable the students to:
Objectives:
11. ToTo
comprehend
comprehend the basic
thefundamentals of Finite Element
basic fundamentals Method.Element Method.
of Finite
2. Build mathematical formulations utilizing Principle of virtual work and minimum potential energy
Build mathematical
23. Understand formulations
the role and significance of shape utilizing
functions inPrinciple of virtual work and minimum potential energy
finite element
4. Apply the procedures of FEM to obtain the solutions for various real life problems
35. Study
Understand theofrole
the importance andand
lumped significance ofmatrix
consistent mass shapein functions in structural
solving various finite element
problemsmethods.
4 Apply the procedures of FEM to obtain the solutions for various real life problems.
FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
COURSE OUTCOMES FOR 2021 & 2022 SCHEME
Course: Finite Element Methods
Course Code: 21AS53
Course Learning Objectives: To enable the students to:
To comprehend the basic fundamentals of Finite Element Method by solving physical problems involving partial
1
differential equations
2 Build mathematical formulations utilizing Principle of virtual work and Minimum potential energy
3 Understand the role and significance of shape functions in Finite Element Methods.
4 Apply the procedures of FEM to obtain the solutions for truss, beams and various real life problems
Course Outcomes: At the end of this course the student will be able to :
Appreciate and apply the basic principles of FEM incorporating the matrix methods for obtaining the solution of simple
CO1:
structures.
Apply the concepts of FEM to get the solution for common engineering problems using assumed displacement method,
CO2:
strong and weak form for the solution of differential equations
Comprehend the complexities involved by using highly sophisticated finite element tools to solve complex engineering
CO3:
problems by understanding the importance of Shape functions.
Derive element matrix equation by various approaches thus applying the basic laws in understanding the use of the Finite
CO4:
Element Analysis in real life engineering problems
FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Unit – II 08 Hrs
Interpolation Models and Higher Order Elements:
1) Interpolation polynomial
2) Types of displacement functions for 1D and 2D elements,
3) Shape function of three-noded Triangular Element (TRIA 3),
4) Four-Noded Quadrilateral Element (QUAD 4),
5) Shape Functions of 2, 3, and 4 Noded bar element,
6) Serendipity family,
7) Lagrange family,
8) Shape functions for Higher Order Elements.
Interpolation Models and Higher Order Elements
INTERPOLATION POLYNOMIALS
The primary idea of FEM is piecewise approximation that is, the complicated problem is divided into small regions (finite
elements) of interest and the approximate solution is obtained using simple function.
Thus, the important solution is in choosing the simple function for the solution in each element.
The functions used to represent the behavior of the solutions within an element are called interpolation functions or
approximating functions or interpolation models.
There are two types of displacement function used,
a) Polynomial function
b) Trigonometric function
WHY POLYNOMIAL FUNCTIONS ARE PREFERRED?
Generally polynomial functions are preferred due to ease of mathematical calculation. For
selection of the displacement model, three condition has to be satisfied.
1. Type and order of the function: Type indicates either polynomial or trigonometric
functions. But for finite element analysis, preferably polynomial functions are used. If
polynomial of nth order is used, then the solution will be realistic but the computational time
and cost involved are more. The solution obtained is approximate and are within the limits.
Suppose if the polynomial is truncated to a finite order, calculation becomes easy.
2. Displacement model selected should give particular magnitude of displacement at nodal
points. These are governed by coefficients of polynomial.
3. For the displacement model selected to reach exact solution, certain condition are to be
satisfied called convergence requirements.
Reasons for using polynomial for displacement function
Polynomial interpolation function have been most widely used due to the following reasons.
1. It is easier to formulate and computerize the finite element equations with polynomial type
interpolation function. Specifically it is easier to perform differentiations or integration with
polynomials.
2. By increasing the order of polynomial, it is possible to increase the accuracy of the results.
Theoretically, a polynomial of infinite order corresponds to the exact solution. But in Practice
we use polynomials of finite order only as an approximation.
If the interpolation polynomial is of the order one, then it is called a linear element.
A linear element is called a simplex element if the number of nodes in the element is 2,3, and 4
in one, two and three dimensions respectively.
Reasons for using polynomial for displacement function
If the interpolation polynomial is of order two or more, the element is called as higher order
element.
In higher order elements, some secondary nodes are introduced in addition to the primary
nodes in order to match the number of nodal degrees of freedom with the number of constants
in the interpolation polynomial.
Reasons for using polynomial for displacement function
If the order of interpolation polynomial is fixed, the discretization of the region can be improved
by two methods.
1. If the locations of the nodes are altered without changing the total number of elements,
the method is known as r-method.
2. If the number of elements are increased, it is called as h-method.
3. If improvement in accuracy is sought by increasing the order of the interpolation of
polynomial, the method is known as p-method.
Iso-parametric elements are developed for problems involving curved boundaries. To derive the
iso-parametric element equation, each element shape is represented in local or natural
coordinate system. Then the interpolation or shape function are expressed in terms of the
natural coordinates.
POLYNOMIAL FORM OF INTERPOLATION FUNCTIONS
POLYNOMIAL FORM OF INTERPOLATION FUNCTIONS
The Simplex Elements are those for which the approximation polynomial consists of constant
and linear terms. (Linear model)
Eg: Simplex element in 2 dimensions is a triangle with 3 nodes.
The Complex Elements are those for which the approximating polynomials consists of quadratic,
cubic, and higher order terms. The complex elements may have the same shapes as the simplex
elements but will have additional boundary nodes and sometimes internal nodes.
Eg: A triangular element with three corner nodes and three mid side nodes.
INTERPOLATION POLYNOMIAL IN TERMS OF NODAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM
The basic idea of the finite element method is to consider a body as composed of several elements (or
subdivisions) that are connected at specified node points.
The unknown solution or the field variable (e.g.. displacement, pressure, or temperature) inside any finite
element is assumed to be given by a simple function in terms of the nodal values of that element.
The nodal values of the solution, also known as nodal degrees of freedom, are treated as unknowns in
formulating the system or overall equations.
The solution of the system equations (e.g.. force equilibrium equations or thermal equilibrium equations or
continuity equations) gives the values of the unknown nodal degrees of freedom.
Once the nodal degrees of freedom are known, the solution within any finite element (and hence within the
complete body) will also be known to us.
Thus, we need to express the approximating polynomial in terms of the nodal degrees of freedom of a typical
finite element ‘e’.
INTERPOLATION POLYNOMIAL IN TERMS OF NODAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM
Polynomials of Higher Order
1D Shape function Polynomial (Line Element)
1D Shape function Polynomial (Line Element)
2D Shape function Polynomial (Triangular Element)
2D Shape function Polynomial (Triangular Element)
2D Shape function Polynomial (Quadrilateral Element)
2D Shape function Polynomial (Quadrilateral Element)
COORDINATE SYSTEM
COORDINATE SYSTEM
COORDINATE SYSTEM
COORDINATE SYSTEM
SHAPE FUNCTION
In the finite element method, continuous models are approximated using
information at a finite number of discrete locations. Dividing the structure into
discrete elements is called discretization. Interpolation within the elements is
achieved through shape functions, which is the topic of this chapter
A one-dimensional element with length L is
shown. It has two nodes, one at each end, x2
denoted by i and j, and known nodal x1
displacement x1 and x2. We can deduce
automatically that the element is first order
(linear) since it contains no ‘mid-side’ nodes.
We can use (for instance) the direct stiffness method to compute degrees of
freedom at the element nodes. However, we are also interested in the value of the
solution at positions inside the element. To calculate values at positions other than
the nodes we interpolate between the nodes using shape functions.
1D BAR ELEMENT SHAPE FUNCTION IN CARTESIAN COORDINATES
1D BAR ELEMENT SHAPE FUNCTION IN CARTESIAN COORDINATES
1D BAR ELEMENT SHAPE FUNCTION IN CARTESIAN COORDINATES
1D BAR ELEMENT SHAPE FUNCTION IN NATURAL COORDINATES
1D BAR ELEMENT SHAPE FUNCTION IN NATURAL COORDINATES
1D BAR ELEMENT SHAPE FUNCTION IN NATURAL COORDINATES
NUMERICAL ON SHAPE FUNCTION
DERIVATION OF STRAIN MATRIX
DERIVATION OF STRAIN MATRIX
DERIVATION OF ELEMENT STIFFNESS MATRIX
DERIVATION OF ELEMENT STIFFNESS MATRIX
DERIVATION OF LOAD VECTOR
DERIVATION OF LOAD VECTOR
PROPERTIES OF STIFFNESS MATRIX
PROPERTIES OF STIFFNESS MATRIX
Shape function of Three-noded Triangular Element (TRIA 3)
Shape function of Three-noded Triangular Element (TRIA 3)
Shape function of Three-noded Triangular Element (TRIA 3)
Shape function of Three-noded Triangular Element (TRIA 3)
Shape function of Three-noded Triangular Element (TRIA 3)
Shape function of Three-noded Triangular Element (TRIA 3)
Higher Order Elements – Shape Function
Higher Order Elements – Shape Function
Higher Order Elements – Shape Function
Serendipity Approach
Serendipity Approach
Quadratic Element (Natural Coordinate)
Quadratic Element (Natural Coordinate)
Quadratic Element (Natural Coordinate)
Need for Lagrange Approach
Shape function for 1D Quadratic Bar element using Lagrange Approach
Shape function for 1D Quadratic Bar element using Lagrange Approach
Shape function for 1D Cubic Bar element using Lagrange Approach
Shape function for 1D Cubic Bar element using Lagrange Approach
Shape function for 1D Cubic Bar element using Lagrange Approach
Shape function for 1D Cubic Bar element using Lagrange Approach
Shape function for 4 Noded Quadrilateral Element using Lagrange Approach
Shape function for 4 Noded Quadrilateral Element using Lagrange Approach
Shape function for 4 Noded Quadrilateral Element using Lagrange Approach
Shape function for 4 Noded Quadrilateral Element using Lagrange Approach
Shape function for 9 Noded Quadrilateral Element using Lagrange Approach
