T520(E)(A4)T

NATIONAL CERTIFICATE

ELECTRICAL TRADE THEORY N3

(11041263)

4 April 2019 (X-Paper)

09:00–12:00

This question paper consists of 9 pages and 1 formula sheet.

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DEPARTMENT OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND TRAINING

REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA
NATIONAL CERTIFICATE
ELECTRICAL TRADE THEORY N3
TIME: 3 HOURS
MARKS: 100

INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION

1. Answer ALL the questions.

2. Read ALL the questions carefully.

3. Number the answers according to the numbering system used in this question
paper.

4. Where applicable, answers must be in accordance with the SABS (SANS)

Code of Practice SANS 10142-1:2003 for the Wiring of Premises.

5. Sketches must be neat, labelled and large enough to show the required detail.

6. Answers must be given to TWO decimal places.

7. Write neatly and legibly.

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QUESTION 1: DOMESTIC APPLIANCES

1.1 Briefly explain how the construction of a convection heater allows air to be
heated. (2)

1.2 Name the type of thermostat that is found in the following:

1.2.1 A laundry iron

1.2.2 A fridge or freezer

1.2.3 An electric iron

(3 × 1) (3)

1.3 Draw a neat, labelled circuit diagram to show how the elements of a stove
plate are connected to a three-heat switch. Only indicate the medium position
in the circuit. (5)
[10]

QUESTION 2: PROTECTION

Indicate whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE. Choose the answer
and write only 'True' or 'False' next to the question number (2.1–2.5) in the
ANSWER BOOK.

2.1 The aim of bonding is to bring all the bonded parts to the same electrical
potential.

2.2 If metallic baths and basins are electrically isolated from earth, they need not
be earthed.

2.3 An earthing conductor is that conductor which makes the final connection
between the consumer’s earth terminal and an earth electrode.

2.4 The overcurrent rating of a fuse refers to the maximum current that the fuse
will allow to flow before operating (blowing).

2.5 An earth-leakage relay must disconnect only the live conductor of a single-
phase system.
(5 × 2) [10]

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QUESTION 3: ILLUMINATION

3.1 State TWO advantages of a sodium-vapour discharge lamp. (2)

3.2 FIGURE 1 shows a circuit diagram of a fluorescent lamp that is started with
the aid of an autotransformer.

Identify the parts indicated by writing only the answers next to the question
numbers (3.2.1–3.2.5) in the ANSWER BOOK.

3.2.1

3.2.2

3.2.4 3.2.3

3.2.5

FIGURE 1 (5 × 1) (5)

3.3 State THREE methods that can be used to limit the stroboscopic effect. (3)
[10]

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QUESTION 4: ALTERNATING-CURRENT THEORY

4.1 Write the equation of a waveform that will represent the following:

4.1.1 A sine wave with a maximum value of 310 V and a period of 20 m/s

4.1.2 A sine wave with an RMS value of 240 V and a frequency of 50 Hz

(2 × 3) (6)

4.2 Calculate the effective and average values of the sine wave/equation
mentioned in QUESTION 4.1.1. (4)
[10]

QUESTION 5: SERIES RLC CIRCUIT

An alternating current circuit has a resistance of 5 ohms, an inductor of 0,02 H and a

capacitor of 100 f. The supply is 220 V at a frequency of 50 Hz.

5.1 Calculate:

5.1.1 The inductive reactance

5.1.2 The capacitive reactance

5.1.3 The circuit impedance

5.1.4 The power factor

(4 × 2) (8)

5.2 State whether the power factor mentioned in QUESTION 5.1.4 is leading or
lagging and give a reason for your answer. (2)
[10]

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QUESTION 6: THREE-PHASE AC SYSTEMS

6.1 Choose an item from COLUMN B that matches a description in COLUMN A.

Write only the letter (A–D) next to the question number (6.1.1–6.1.4) in the
ANSWER BOOK.

COLUMN A COLUMN B
6.1.1 The angle between the phase A √ times the phase
windings in a three-phase voltage
alternator is …
B 381,05 V
6.1.2 Single-phase loads can be
connected to a three-phase C 120°
distribution that is …
D a four-wire star-connected
6.1.3 The line voltage of a star- system
connected system is …

6.1.4 If the phase voltage of the

three-phase star-connected
system is 220 V, then the line
voltage is …
(4 × 1) (4)

6.2 A three-phase star-connected motor draws a current of 30 amperes at a full

load from a 415 V supply at a power factor of 0,85.

Calculate:

6.2.1 The voltage across each phase winding (3)

6.2.2 The current flowing in each phase winding (1)

6.2.3 The power input to the motor (2)

[10]

QUESTION 7: TRANSFORMERS

7.1 Explain the operation of a transformer under the following headings:

7.1.1 Number of turns

7.1.2 Type of supply used with this device

7.1.3 Mutual inductance

(3 × 1) (3)

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7.2 The three single-phase transformers in FIGURE 2 have a primary line voltage
of 132 kV and a secondary line voltage of 11 kV.

L1
L1

L2
L3

L3
N

FIGURE 2

Ignore losses and calculate the following:

7.2.1 The magnitude of the primary phase voltage (Show all the
manipulations of the formulae.) (3)

7.2.2 The turns ratio (2)

7.2.3 The transformer rating in kVA if the secondary line voltage is 30 A (2)
[10]

QUESTION 8: DC MACHINES

8.1 Explain the function of the following protective devices used in DC motor
starters:

8.1.1 Overload relay

8.1.2 No-volt release coil

(2 × 2) (4)

8.2 Draw a neat, fully labelled circuit diagram of a short-shunt compound

DC motor. (4)

8.3 State TWO applications of DC series motors. (2)

[10]

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QUESTION 9: AC MACHINES

9.1 Name TWO types of rotors found in AC-motors. (2)

9.2 FIGURE 3 shows a single-phase induction motor connected to the main

circuit.

Identify the components indicated by the arrows in the diagram by writing only
the answer next to the question number (9.2.1–9.2.4) in the ANSWER BOOK.

L
N
E

9.2.1

9.2.4

9.2.2 9.2.3

FIGURE 3 (4)

9.3 State how the direction of rotation of the above motor can be reversed. (2)

9.4 What is the purpose of the component numbered 9.2.2? (2)

[10]

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QUESTION 10: MEASURING INSTRUMENT AND ELECTRONICS

10.1 Give a definition for each of the following terms:

10.1.1 Ions

10.1.2 Conventional current flow

10.1.3 N-type doping

10.1.4 Holes
(4 × 1) (4)

10.2 Draw a neat, labelled sketch of a permanent magnet moving-coil type. (3)

10.3 Draw a basic diagram that shows a common-emitter transistor amplifier. (2)

10.4 State the current amplification of a common-collector transistor amplifier. (1)

[10]

TOTAL: 100

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ELECTRICAL TRADE THEORY N3

FORMULA SHEET
The next five formulae are also
S = VI true for voltage:

Cos S =√ I= Sin

Sin DELTA 0,707

2 fL 0,632

√ √

Z=√ ) STAR

= ( √ Form factor =

Crest factor =

SERIES

N=

V =√ s= PARALLEL

P= w=2

P =√ Cos

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 NATIONAL CERTIFICATE

ELECTRICAL TRADE THEORY N3

(11041263)
8 February 2022 (X-paper)
09:00–12:00
Drawing instruments and nonprogrammable calculators may be used.

This question paper consists of 7 pages and 1 formula sheet.

150Q1E2208

Copyright reserved Please turn over

(11041263) -2-

DEPARTMENT OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND TRAINING

REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA
NATIONAL CERTIFICATE
ELECTRICAL TRADE THEORY N3
TIME: 3 HOURS
MARKS: 100

INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION

1. Answer all the questions.

2. Read all the questions carefully.

3. Number the answers according to the numbering system used in this

question paper

4. Where applicable, answers must be in accordance with the SABS (SANS)

Code of Practice SANS 10142-1:2003 for the Wiring of Premises.

5. Sketches must be neat, labelled and large enough to show the required detail.

6. Answers must be given to THREE decimals.

7. Write neatly and legibly.

_____________________________________________________________________________

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QUESTION 1: ALTERNATING CURRENT THEORY

1.1 Three identical series circuits are connected in star across a 500 V, 50 Hz
AC supply. Each of the circuits consists of a 20 Ω resistor, an inductor of
25 mH and a capacitor of 100 µF.

Calculate each of the following: 

1.1.1 Phase voltage of the circuit (2)

1.1.2 Impedance of each phase (6)

1.1.3 Power factor of circuit (2)

1.2 Briefly explain the difference between balanced and unbalanced loads. (4)

1.3 State any TWO advantages of three-phase systems over single-phase

systems. (2)

1.4 Explain what is meant by resonance in AC circuits. (2)
[18]

QUESTION 2: DOMESTIC APPLIANCES

2.1 The FIGURE 1 (below) shows a two plate hot plate, with each plate being
controlled by a three-heat stove switch.


FIGURE 1

2.1.1 State how the TWO elements of each plate are connected in order
to produce the highest level of heat. (1)

2.1.2 Draw a neat fully labelled circuit diagram to show how a three-heat
stove switch is connected to the two elements of the plate in order
to produce the highest level of heat.
 (5)

2.1.3 Name the alloy that is normally used in the manufacture of heating
elements. (1)

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2.2 With reference to regulation 3.4.3 (SANS 10142-1), explain what is meant by
a fixed appliance.
 (3)

2.3 Name TWO types of top loading washing machines available on the market. (2)
[12]

QUESTION 3: LIGHTING SYSTEMS

Name the parts of the lamp shown in the FIGURE 2 below. Choose your answer from
the list given and write your answers next to the letters (A–H) in your ANSWER BOOK.

aluminium cap; cathode shielding; argon gas; electrode coil;


phosphor coating; glass tube; low pressure mercury vapour; glass stem

FIGURE 2 [8]

QUESTION 4: PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER

4.1 Name FOUR main components of a PLC.

 (4)

4.2 What does the abbreviation PLC stand for? (1)

[5]

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QUESTION 5: DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES

5.1 Draw the characteristic curves for the following compound-wound generators:

 Level compound 
 Under compound
 Over compound

NOTE: Show also the no-load voltage.  (5)

5.2 Calculate the torque developed by a lap-wound DC motor with the following
parameters:

 Magnetic flux per pole = 0,025 Wb

 Full-load armature current = 40 A

 Number of poles = 8

 Number of armature conductors = 800  (3)

5.3 A four-pole DC motor is connected to a 500 V supply and takes an armature

current of 60 A. The resistance of the armature circuits is 0,4 Ω. The armature
is wave-wound with 520 conductors and the useful flux per pole is 0,025 Wb.

Calculate each of the following:

5.3.1 Back EMF of motor (2)

5.3.2 Speed of motor  (3)

5.3.3 Torque developed by armature (2)

[15]

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QUESTION 6: ALTERNATING CURRENT MACHINES

6.1 A four-pole machine runs at a speed of 1000 r/min. 

Calculate the synchronous speed of the machine if the slip is 5%. (3)

6.2 Explain the principle of operation of a synchronous alternator. (3)

6.3 Choose an item from COLUMN B that matches a description in COLUMN A.

Write only the letter (A–E) next to the question number (6.3.1–6.3.4) in the
ANSWER BOOK.

COLUMN A COLUMN B
6.3.1 Run at synchronous speed A rotor resistance starter

6.3.2 Driven mechanically at  B slip

synchronous speed
C auto transformer starter
6.3.3 Used to reduce voltage across
stator windings during starting D synchronous alternator

6.3.4 Refers to relative speed E synchronous motor

(4 × 1) (4)
[10]

QUESTION 7: TRANSFORMERS

7.1 Briefly explain how a Buchholz relay operates under overload conditions. (6)

7.2 Give FOUR methods of cooling a transformer.  (4)

[10]

QUESTION 8: EARTHING SYSTEMS


8.1 Draw a diagram showing a TT earthing network. (6)

8.2 Give FOUR reasons for earthing the neutral conductor of the supplier. (4)
[10]

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QUESTION 9: POWER MANAGEMENT

9.1 The power factor of a large plant can be improved by connecting a capacitor

bank in parallel with the supply.

Show by means of a neat circuit diagram how this is done. (4)

9.2 Give THREE advantages of prepaid meters. (3)

[7]

QUESTION 10: RENEWABLE ENERGY

10.1 State any TWO disadvantages of solar energy. (2)

10.2 Give THREE purposes of a UPS.

 (3)
[5]

TOTAL: 100

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(11041263)

ELECTRICAL TRADE THEORY N3

FORMULA SHEET
𝑉
𝐼𝑇 = 𝑍 S = VI

𝐼𝐴𝐶𝑇𝐼𝑉𝐸= 𝐼𝑇 Cos ∅ S = √3 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 i = 𝐼𝑚 Sin ∅

𝐼𝑅𝐸𝐴𝐶𝑇𝐼𝑉𝐸= 𝐼𝑇 Sin ∅ DELTA 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 0,707 𝐼𝑚

𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋f L 𝑉𝐿= 𝑉𝑃𝐻/𝐹 𝐼𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 0,637 𝐼𝑚

1 𝑖12 + 𝑖22 +⋯𝑖𝑛2

𝑋𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐶 𝐼𝐿 = √3 𝐼𝑃𝐻 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠= √
𝑛

𝑖1 +𝑖2 +..𝑖𝑛
Z=√𝑅2 + (𝑋𝐿− 𝑋𝐶 )² STAR 𝐼𝑎𝑣𝑒 =
𝑛

𝑅 𝑅𝑀𝑆−𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
∅= 𝐶𝑜𝑠 −1 ( 𝑍 ) 𝑉𝐿 = √3 𝑉𝑃𝐻 Form factor = 𝐴𝑉𝐸−𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

𝑀𝐴𝑋−𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑉𝑅 = 𝐼𝑇 𝑅 𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝑃𝐻/𝐹 Crest factor = 𝑅𝑀𝑆−𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

𝑉𝑃 𝑁𝑃 𝐼
𝑉𝑋𝐿 = 𝐼𝑇 𝑋𝐿 = = 𝐼𝑆 SERIES
𝑉𝑆 𝑁𝑆 𝑃

𝑓×60
𝑉XC = 𝐼𝑇 𝑋𝐶 N= 𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + ⋯ 𝑅𝑛
𝑃

𝑛−𝑛𝑟
V=√𝑉𝑅 ² + (𝑉𝑋𝐿− 𝑉𝑋𝐶 )² s= PARALLEL
𝑛

1 1 1 1
P= 𝐼2 𝑅 ⍵ = 2𝜋𝑓 𝑅𝑇
= 𝑅 + 𝑅 + ⋯𝑅
1 2 𝑛

P= √3 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 Cos ∅ 𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼 cos 𝜃 𝐸 = 𝑉 − 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎

ZN V
𝐸 = 𝑉 + 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 E = 2pФ N=
60c K

VI 0,318I a Zp
Efficiency =  100% T=
VI  I a Ra  I sV  C
2
C

VI  ( I a Ra  I sV  C )
2
𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
Efficiency =  100% 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
VI

2N (W  S )r
Efficiency =  100%
60VI

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 MARKING GUIDELINE

NATIONAL CERTIFICATE

ELECTRICAL TRADE THEORY N3

8 February 2022

This marking guideline consists of 9 pages.

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MARKING GUIDELINE -2-
ELECTRICAL TRADE THEORY N3

QUESTION 1: ALTERNATING CURRENT THEORY

1.1 1.1.1 𝑉𝐿
𝑉𝑃𝐻 =
√3

500
𝑉𝑃𝐻 = 
√3

𝑉𝑃𝐻 = 288,675𝑉 (2)

1.1.2 𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿
𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋 × 50 × 25 × 10−3 
𝑋𝐿 = 7,854Ω

1
𝑋𝐶 =
2𝜋𝑓𝐶
1
𝑋𝐶 = 
2𝜋×50×100×10−6

𝑋𝐶 = 31,831Ω

𝑍𝑇 = √𝑅2 + (𝑋𝐶 − 𝑋𝐿 )2
𝑍𝑇 = √(20)2 + (31,831 − 7,854 )2 

𝑍𝑇 = 31,223 Ω (6)

1.1.3 𝑅
cos 𝜃 = 𝑍

20
cos 𝜃 = 31,223 

cos 𝜃 = 0,641 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 (2)

1.2 Balance load is a load in which the current and power drawn by each phase
are the same, the impedance of each is also the same; whereas
unbalanced load is the load in which the current and power drawn by each
phase are not the same, the impedance is also not the same.  (4)

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MARKING GUIDELINE -3-
ELECTRICAL TRADE THEORY N3

1.3  There are two operating voltages, namely phase voltage and line
voltage.
 More power can be delivered to the consumer
 Single-phase loads can be supplied by a three-phase voltage
source
 Three-phase supplies produce a rotating magnetic field thus
making three-phase motors self-starting.
 Three-phase motors have a simpler construction and are relatively
cheaper.
 Three-phase motors operate at higher efficiencies,
 Domestic and industrial consumers can be supplied from the same
system.
 Three-phase systems are more economical.
(Any 2 x 1) (2)

1.4 Resonance is a condition that occurs when the inductive reactance of a circuit (2)
equals its capacitive reactance.  [18]

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MARKING GUIDELINE -4-
ELECTRICAL TRADE THEORY N3

QUESTION 2: DOMESTIC APPLIANCES

2.1 2.1.1 The elements of the stove connected high heat because two
elements which are (𝑅1 and𝑅2 ) are connected in parallel. (2)

2.1.2


Elements
R
1R
2

I Stove
plate

R
L
L

Switch
V
L  N
Supply

(4)

2.1.3 Nichrome wire (1)

2.2 A fixed appliance is an appliance that is fastened or otherwise secured at a

specific location, and that would require the use of tools to be moved to
another location.  (3)

2.3  Semi-automatic
 Fully automatic (2 x 1) (2)
[12]

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MARKING GUIDELINE -5-
ELECTRICAL TRADE THEORY N3

QUESTION 3: LIGHTING SYSTEM

A – Glass tube
B – Argon gas
C – Electrode coil
D – Aluminium cap
E – Glass stem
F – Cathode shield
G – Low pressure mercury vapour
H – Phosphor coating (8 × 1) [8]

QUESTION 4: PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER

4.1  Input device

 Power supply
 CPU (central processing unit)
 (I/O) input and output modules (4)

4.2 Programmable logic controller (1)

[5]

QUESTION 5: DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES

5.1

(5)

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MARKING GUIDELINE -6-
ELECTRICAL TRADE THEORY N3

5.2 0,318𝐼𝑎 ∅𝑝𝑍

𝑇=
𝐶
0,318 × 40 × 0,025 × 4 × 800
𝑇= 
8
𝑇 = 127,2 𝑁. 𝑚  (3)

5.3 5.3.1 𝐸 = 𝑉 − 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎𝑐

𝐸 = 500 − (60)(0,4)
𝐸 = 476 𝑉 (2)

5.3.2 2𝑃∅𝑍𝑁
𝐸=
60 𝐶
60𝐸𝐶
𝑁=
2𝑃∅𝑍
476 × 2 × 60
𝑁= 
2 × 2 × 0,025 × 520
57120
𝑁= 
52
(3)
𝑁 = 1098,462 𝑟/𝑚𝑖𝑛
5.3.3 0,318𝐼𝑎 ∅𝑍𝑃
𝑇=
𝐶
0,318 × 60 × 0,025 × 2 × 520
𝑇= 
2
496,08
𝑇=
2
(2)
𝑇 = 248,04 𝑁𝑚
[15]

QUESTION 6: ALTERNATING CURRENT MACHINES

6.1 𝑁𝑆 − 𝑁
𝑆=
𝑁𝑆

𝑁
𝑁𝑆 = 
1−𝑆

1000
𝑁𝑆 = 
1 − 0.05

𝑁𝑆 = 1052,632 𝑟/𝑚𝑖𝑛 (3)

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MARKING GUIDELINE -7-
ELECTRICAL TRADE THEORY N3

6.2  The exciting current is supplied to the rotating field coils via two slip
rings.
 The stationary stator windings are cut by the magnetic flux produced
by the rotating rotor.
 This action induces an emf in the stator windings, which produces
current flow out of the machine as the load is connected across these
windings. (3)

6.3 6.3.1 E
6.3.2 D
6.3.3 C
6.3.4 B (4 x 1) (4)
[10]

QUESTION 7: TRANSFORMERS

7.1 During overload, gas bubbles are produced as result of oil overheating and
decomposing. Bubbles move towards relay chamber  and displaces oil in
chamber.  Rising oil level in chamber lift float and the mercury switch
closes alarm circuit.  (6)

7.2  Natural air

 Forced air
 Oil immersed air
 Oil immersed water (4)
[10]

QUESTION 8: EARTHING SYSTEMS

8.1

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MARKING GUIDELINE -8-
ELECTRICAL TRADE THEORY N3

ALTERNATIVE

(6)

8.2  Prevention of electrical shock

 Reducing potential of neutral conductor to that of earth ( zero volts)
 Providing return path for current as well as leakage current
 Ensuring that relevant protective devices operate correctly
 Maintaining constant phase to neutral voltage
 Eliminating touch voltage (Any relevant 4 × 1) (4)
[10]

QUESTION 9: POWER MANAGEMENT

9.1

(4)

9.2  No meter readers needed

 Consumers able to manage electricity usage
 Electricity bought conveniently
 No municipality debt
 Eskom paid timeously
 No possibility of incorrect meter reading (Any 3 × 1) (3)
[7]

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QUESTION 10: RENEWABLE ENERGY

10.1  Very costly to install

 It is weather dependant
 The sun does not shine 24 hours a day
 Requires a lot of space
 Some toxic materials and chemicals are used in the manufacture of
photovoltaic cells
 Some solar thermal systems are potentially hazardous fluids for heat
transfer. (Any 2 x 1) (2)

10.2  Protection against power interruptions

 Power during short-term interruptions through backup supply
 Refines quality of power supplied to load
 Absorbs small power surges
 Serves as protective device for hardware of computer systems
 Safeguarding critical information technology devices (Any 3 × 1) (3)
[5]
TOTAL: 100

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 NATIONAL CERTIFICATE

ELECTRICAL TRADE THEORY N3

(11041263)

5 July 2022 (X-Paper)

09:00–12:00

Drawing instruments and nonprogrammable calculators may be used.

This question paper consists of 6 pages and 1-page formula sheet.

124Q1A220
5
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(11041263) -2-

DEPARTMENT OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND TRAINING

REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA
NATIONAL CERTIFICATE
ELECTRICAL TRADE THEORY N3
TIME: 3 HOURS
MARKS: 100

INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION

1. Answer all the questions.

2. Read all the questions carefully.

3. Number the answers according to the numbering system used in this question
paper

4. Where applicable, answers must be in accordance with the SABS (SANS)

Code of Practice SANS 10142-1:2003 for the Wiring of Premises

5. Sketches must be neat, labelled, and large enough to show the required
detail.

6. Answers must be given to THREE decimal places.

7. Write neatly and legibly.

8. NB: 1 Mark will be subtracted from answers without SI units.

_____________________________________________________________________________

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(11041263) -3-

QUESTION 1: ALTERNATING CURRENT CIRCUIT THEORY

1.1 A balanced three-phase delta-connected load draws a line current of 20

amperes at a power factor of 0,86 lagging from a 400 V 50 Hz supply.

Calculate the following:

1.1.1 The impedance of each phase.

⬢ (4)

1.1.2 The resistance of each phase. (2)

1.1.3 The inductance of each phase in mH. (4)

1.2 State the relationship between the phase voltage and line voltage as well as
the phase current and line current in a star-connected load. (2)

1.3 State THREE detrimental effects of a poor power factor.

⬢ (3)

1.4 Draw the voltage and current waveform of a purely inductive circuit. (3)
[18]

QUESTION 2: DOMESTIC APPLIANCES

2.1 Define an appliance. (3)

⬢
2.2 With reference to regulation 3.4.1, briefly explain what is meant by a class I
appliance. (3)

2.3 Explain the principle of operation of micathermic panel heaters. (3)

2.4 State THREE disadvantages of induction cookers. (3)

[12]

QUESTION 3: LIGHTING SYSTEMS

3.1 Draw a wiring diagram of a single-tube fluorescent fitting. (4)

3.2 Briefly explain the difference between task lighting and accent lighting, and
give one example of each.
⬢ (4)
[8]

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(11041263) -4-

QUESTION 4: PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER

4.1 Indicate whether the following statement(s) are TRUE or FALSE. Write only
'True' or 'False' next to the question number (4.1.1 – 4.1.3) in your ANSWER
BOOK.

4.1.1
⬢
Function block diagram is one of the programming languages used
in a programmable logic controller.

4.1.2 Another name for ladder diagram is ladder controller.

4.1.3 All inputs in ladder diagrams are placed on the left side of the rung
and can be connected only in series.
(3 x 1) (3)

4.2 Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) are designed and built to automate

⬢
the manufacturing process.

Name TWO such processes. (2)

[5]

QUESTION 5: DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES

5.1 A six–pole 400 V DC shunt motor has a lap wound armature with 340
conductors. The torque developed by the motor is 90 N.m. with the useful flux
per pole being 0,04 Wb.

If the shunt resistance is 100Ω, calculate the following:

5.1.1 Armature current.

⬢ (3)

5.1.2 Input current. (4)

5.1.3 The power drawn from the supply. (3)

5.2 Draw and label the speed against the armature current characteristic curve for
a DC series motor. (3)

5.3 Name any TWO tests that can be performed on a DC machine in order to
assess its condition. (2)

⬢
[15]

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(11041263) -5-

QUESTION 6: ALTERNATING CURRENT MACHINES

⬢
6.1 An eight-pole three-phase star-connected induction motor is supplied at 2 kV
50 HZ.

Determine the speed of the motor when operating at 6% slip. (4)

6.2 Choose an item from COLUMN B that matches a description in COLUMN A.

Write only the letter (A-E) next to the question number (6.2.1 – 6.2.4) in the
ANSWER BOOK.

COLUMN A COLUMN B
6.2.1 It has 50%, 65% and 80% taps on the A Direct-on-line starters.

⬢
secondary side that allow for changes
in the voltage.
B Rotor resistance
6.2.2 It can be manual, semi-automatic or starters.
fully automatic.
C Star-delta starters.
6.2.3 Connects the motor windings to a
voltage source as soon as the starter is
activated D Autotransformer starters

6.2.4 Used to control large slip-ring induction

motors. E Sequence starters.
(4 x 1) (4)

6.3 Briefly explain the difference between the construction of a synchronous motor

⬢
and that of a synchronous alternator. (2)
[10]

QUESTION 7: TRANSFORMERS

7.1 Name TWO types of variable losses (2)

7.2 What is the function of the conservator tank? (1)

7.3 What is the colour of silica gel before absorbing moisture? (1)

7.4

7.5
What is the colour of silica gel after absorbing moisture?
⬢
Draw and label a circuit diagram to show a step-down auto transformer
(1)

(5)
[10]

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(11041263) -6-

QUESTION 8: EARTHING SYSTEMS

8.1 Briefly explain the effects that a missing neutral will have on the following:

⬢
8.1.1 Single-phase (1)

8.1.2 Three-phase (2)

8.2 Draw and label a TN-s earthing system. (7)

[10]

QUESTION 9: POWER MANAGEMENT

9.1 Explain the following terms concerning energy consumption.

9.1.1 Radio-controlled relays

9.1.2 Load shedding ⬢ (2 x 2) (4)

9.2 List THREE common methods used to improve the overall of power factor of
a plant (3)
[7]

QUESTION 10: RENEWABLE ENERGY

10.1 Refer to Figure 1 below and explain how solar energy is converted into electrical
energy using heliostats.

(5)
FIGURE 1
[5]
TOTAL: 100

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(11041263) -7-

ELECTRICAL TRADE THEORY N3

FORMULA SHEET
𝑉
𝐼𝑇 = 𝑍 S = VI

𝐼𝐴𝐶𝑇𝐼𝑉𝐸= 𝐼𝑇 Cos ∅ S=√3 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 i= 𝐼𝑚 Sin

𝐼𝑅𝐸𝐴𝐶𝑇𝐼𝑉𝐸= 𝐼𝑇 Sin ∅ DELTA 𝐼𝑚𝑠= 0,707 𝐼𝑚

𝑋𝑙= 2𝜋f L 𝑉𝐿= 𝑉𝑃𝐻/𝐹 𝐼𝑎𝑣𝑒= 0,632 𝐼𝑚

1 𝑖12 + 𝑖22 +⋯𝑖𝑛2

𝑋𝑐= 2𝜋𝑓𝐶 𝐼𝐿= √3𝐼𝑃𝐻/𝐹 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠= √ 𝑛

𝑖1 +𝑖2 +..𝑖𝑛
Z=√𝑅 2 + (𝑋𝐿− 𝑋𝐶 )² STAR 𝐼𝑎𝑣𝑒= 𝑛

𝑅 𝑅𝑀𝑆−𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
cos 𝜃 = 𝑍 𝑉𝐿 = √3𝑉𝑃𝐻/𝐹 Form factor = 𝐴𝑉𝐸−𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

𝑀𝐴𝑋−𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑉𝑅 = 𝐼𝑇 𝑅 𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝑃𝐻/𝐹 Crest factor = 𝑅𝑀𝑆−𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

𝑉𝑃 𝑁𝑃 𝐼
𝑉𝑋𝐿 = 𝐼𝑇 𝑋𝐿 = = 𝐼𝑆 SERIES
𝑉𝑆 𝑁𝑆 𝑃

𝑓.60
𝑉XC = 𝐼𝑇 𝑋𝐶 N= 𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + ⋯ 𝑅𝑛
𝑃

𝑛−𝑛𝑟
V=√𝑉𝑅 ² + (𝑉𝑋𝐿− 𝑉𝑋𝐶 )² s= PARALLEL
𝑛

1 1 1 1
P= 𝐼 2 𝑅 w = 2𝜋𝑓 = 𝑅 + 𝑅 + ⋯𝑅
𝑅𝑇 1 2 𝑛

P=√3 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 cos 𝜃 𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼 cos 𝜃 𝐸 = 𝑉 − 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎

ZN V
𝐸 = 𝑉 + 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 E = 2pФ N=
60c K

VI 0,318I a Zp
Efficiency =  100% T=
VI + I a Ra + I sV + C
2
C

VI − ( I a Ra + I sV + C )
2
𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
Efficiency =  100% 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
VI

2N (W − S )r
Efficiency =  100%
60VI

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 MARKING GUIDELINE
NATIONAL CERTIFICATE

ELECTRICAL TRADE THEORY N3

5 July 2022
This marking guideline consists of 8 pages.

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MARKING GUIDELINE -2-
ELECTRICAL TRADE THEORY N3

QUESTION 1:

1.1 1.1.1 𝐼𝐿 = √3 × 𝐼𝑃𝐻

𝐼𝐿
𝐼𝑃𝐻 =
√3

20
= ü
√3

= 11,547 𝐴 ü

𝑉𝑃𝐻
𝑍𝑃𝐻 =
𝐼𝑃𝐻
400
= 11,547ü

= 34,641 Ω ü (4)

1.1.2 𝑅𝑃𝐻 = 𝑍𝑃𝐻 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 (From the impedance triangle)

𝑅𝑃𝐻 = 34,641 × 0,86 ü

= 29,791 Ω ü (2)

1.1.3 𝐶𝑂𝑆 𝜃 = 0,86

𝜃 = 𝐶𝑂𝑆 −1 0,86 = 36,683°ü

𝑋𝐿(𝑃𝐻) = 𝑍𝑃𝐻 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

𝑋𝐿(𝑃𝐻) = 34,641 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛 36,683

= 17,677 Ω ü

𝑋𝐿(𝑃𝐻) = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿

𝑋𝐿(𝑃𝐻)
𝐿=
2𝜋 𝑓

17,677
= ü
2𝜋 × 50
(4)
= 56,159 𝑚𝐻 ü
1.2 • 𝑉𝐿 = √3 × 𝑉𝑃𝐻
• 𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝑃𝐻
(2 x 1) (2)

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MARKING GUIDELINE -3-
ELECTRICAL TRADE THEORY N3
1.3 • It costs the consumer more for the same load.
• Thicker cables have to be used.
• There are increased copper losses.
• It limits the output of both generators and transformers
(Any 3 x 1) (3)

1.4

Voltage waveform 1 mark

Current waveform 1 mark
Time 1 Mark (3)
[18]

QUESTION 2:

2.1 An appliance is a machine, tool, device, or instrumentü that is operated by

electricity for the purpose of doing work, ü or for providing heat, light or motion,
or in which electrical energy is modified into another form of energy. ü (3)

2.2 A class I appliance is an appliance that has at least basic insulation throughout,
ü and that is provided with an earthing terminal or earthing contact üand is
designed (in the case of single phase) for connection by means of a three-core
flexible cord. ü (3)

2.3 When the mica is heated to a certain temperature, it generates electromagnetic

waves. ü The electromagnetic ways (rays) heat up the room. ü The objects in
the room as well as the air in the room all heat up. ü (3)
2.4 • Expensive
• Special types of pots and pans needed.
• Makes a buzzing sound.
• Because its operation depends on electricity, no cooking during
power outages.
(Any 3 x 1) (3)
[12]

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MARKING GUIDELINE -4-
ELECTRICAL TRADE THEORY N3

QUESTION 3:

3.1

Correctness of drawing 1 mark

Tube 1 mark
Ballast 1 Mark
Starter 1 mark (4)

3.2 Task lighting is the most concentrated type of light and is used with general
lighting, ü whilst accent lighting is used to focus light on a particular area or
object. ü
Examples:
• Task lighting (table lampü, desk lamp, swing arm lamp, under counter
lamp, pendant lights and vanity lights)
• Accent lighting (wall sconcesü, floodlights, recessed lights, torchiere
lamps and track lighting). (4)
[8]

QUESTION 4:

4.1 4.1.1 True

4.1.2 False
4.1.3 False
(3 x 1) (3)

4.2 • Traffic lights

• Motor Starters
• Process Control
(Any 2 x 1) (2)
[5]

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MARKING GUIDELINE -5-
ELECTRICAL TRADE THEORY N3

QUESTION 5:

5.1 5.1.1
0,318 𝐼𝑎 Ф𝑝𝑍
𝑇=
𝑐
𝑐𝑇
𝐼𝑎 = ü
0,318 Ф𝑝𝑍

6 ×90
𝐼𝑎 = ü
0,318 ×0,04 ×3× 340

= 41,62 𝐴 ü (3)

5.1.2 𝑉
𝐼𝑆𝐻 =
𝑅𝑆𝐻

400
= ü
100

=4𝐴ü

𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝑎 + 𝐼𝑆𝐻

= 41,62 + 4 ü

= 45,62 𝐴 ü
(4)
5.1.3 𝑃 = 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿

= 400 × 45,62 ü

= 18 248 𝑊 üü (3)

5.2

Correctness of drawing 1 mark

Labelling 2 marks (3)

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MARKING GUIDELINE -6-
ELECTRICAL TRADE THEORY N3

5.3 • Open-circuit test

• Short-circuit test
• Load test
• Growler test
• Armature voltage drop test
• Tests to determine efficiency
(Any 2 x 1) (2)
[15]

QUESTION 6:

6.1 60 𝑓
𝑁𝑆 =
𝑝

60 × 50
𝑁𝑆 = ü
4

= 750 𝑟/𝑚𝑖𝑛ü

𝑁𝑆 − 𝑁
𝑆=
𝑁𝑆

𝑁 = 𝑁𝑆 (1 − 𝑆)

𝑁 = 750 (1 − 0,06) ü

𝑁 = 705 𝑟/𝑚𝑖𝑛ü (4)

6.2 6.2.1 D

6.2.2 C

6.2.3 A

6.2.4 B
(4 x 1) (4)

6.3 • The prime mover in a synchronous alternator is a turbine, whereas in a

synchronous motor, the prime mover is replaced by a pony motor, which is
used for starting purposes.
• In synchronous motor the stator windings are not connected to an electrical
load but are supplied from a three-phase voltage source instead.  (2)
[10]

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MARKING GUIDELINE -7-
ELECTRICAL TRADE THEORY N3

QUESTION 7:

7.1 • Copper losses 

• Stray losses  (2)

7.2 To accommodate the expansion of the oil. (1)

7.3 Blue. (1)

7.4 Pink. (1)

7.5

(5)
[10]

QUESTION 8:

8.1 8.1.1 In a single-phase circuit, a break in the neutral conductor will simply
result in an open circuit so no current will flow through the circuit. (1)

8.1.2 The phase-to-phase voltage (VL) will be unaffected.

The phase-to-neutral voltage (Vph) can carry from 0 V to any value

up to the phase-to-phase value. (2)

8.2

(7)
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MARKING GUIDELINE -2-
ELECTRICAL TRADE THEORY N3

QUESTION 9:

9.1 9.1.1 Switch activated by radio signals that turns off the power supplyü to
the geyser during peak periods. ü (2)

9.1.2 A drastic form of controlling demand on the national grid by the

supply authority who switches off all power to large areasü for a
predetermined length of time.ü (2)

9.2 • Phase advancers

• Capacitor banks
• Synchronous motors
• Synchronous condensers
(Any 3 x 1) (3)
[7]

QUESTION 10:

10.1 • The heliostats track, reflect and concentrate the sun’s energy onto a
central receiver tower. ü
• This intense heat energy is used to boil water. ü
• The steam formed is pressurised and then directed onto blades of the
turbine. ü
• The turbine drives the alternator and the alternator produces AC
electrical energy. ü
• This energy is passed through a step-up transformer and onto the
national grid. ü (5)
[5]

TOTAL: 100

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