GENETICS DIFFERENCES
Phenotype Genotype
1.It is the external appearance of an organism. It is the genetics make up of an
organism.
2.It is seen inn naked eyes. It is not visible in naked eyes.
3.It may change by effect of environment It remains same throughout life.
4.Genotype establishes boundary within which It is not influenced by phenotype
Phenotype can be expressed
5.Phenotypic ratio of Mendel’s monohybrid Genotypic ratio of Mendel’s monohybrid
cross is 3:1 cross is 1:2:1.
Homozygous Heterozygous
1.It is a condition where two gene similar in 1. It is a condition where two genes are
Allele form. i.e TT & tt different in allele form i.e Tt
2.Here both alleles are either dominant or 2. Here one alleles always dominant and
Recessive. other is always recessive.
3.The organism is always pure for that character. 3.Organism is a hybrid for that character.
4.Only one type gamete is produced 4. It gives different of gamete.
Test cross Back cross
It is a cross between the F1 individual and the 1. It is a cross between the F1 individual
Recessive parent. and either of the 2 parents.
It is used to know the genotype of F1 individuals 2. It is used to improve a variety or breed
whether homozygous or heterozygous. by making a number of backcrosses.
All test crosses are considered back crosses 3. All back crosses are not considered test
test crosses.
Test cross identifies the zygosity of the dominant 4. Back cross recovers the elite genotype.
Phenotype.
Monohybrid cross
It is a type of cross which occurs between a single pair of contrasting character.
It helps to study the inheritance of a pair of alleles.
It produces only 2 types of gametes.
The phenotype ratio in F2 generation is 3:1.
The genotype ratio in F2 generation is 1:2:1
Dihybrid cross
It is types of cross which occurs between two pairs of contrasting characters.
It helps to study the inheritance of two pairs of alleles.
It produces 4 types of gametes.
The phenotypic ratio in F2 generation is 9:3:3:1.
The genotypic ratio in F2 generation is 1: 2: 1: 2: 4: 2:1:2:1.
Genes
Gene is a segment of DNA on the chromosome that codes for a functional protein
and RNAs like t-RNA, r-RNA.
Genes basically refers to the DNA fragment that directs the synthesis of a protein.
Gene contains coding sequences called exons and non-coding sequences called
introns on the chromosomes that directs synthesis of proteins.
Each chromosome contains thousands of genes.
Chromosomes
Chromosome is the structure formed by the condensation of chromatin during cell
division.
Chromosome consists of long DNA strands wrapped around histone proteins.
Chromosomes is along DNA strand containing both coding and non-coding DNA
between genes.
Human have 23 Pairs of chromosomes.
Qualitative inheritance
In qualitative inheritance a character is controlled by single gene pair, hence called
monogenic inheritance.
Here a single dominant allele expresses the complete trait.
Usually no intermediates forms are produced between two extremes.
These traits are not measurable and not influenced by environment.
Quantitative inheritances
In quantitative inheritance a character is contributed by two or more non-allelic gene
pairs, hence called polygenic inheritance.
Here a single dominant allele expresses only a fraction of the trait.
Intermediate forms with graded characters are produced.
These traits are measurable and are generally influenced by environmental factors.
