Gene Number Examination Number Page 16 of 16 [ TTT TTT [ 3 (a) {i)_—_efine nuclear fusion. a (ii) State two similarities between nudear fusion and nuclear fission. @ {(Ull) Write an equation for the reaction of hydrogen (7FE) and hydrogen (7H) to produce helium (He). re] {b) (i) Name a device that can be used to measure nuclear radiation. (1 (H) Which radioactive emission is nat deflected by an electric field? ty (6) radioactive sample of mass 200g has a half-life of 8 days. How much of the: sample would have decayed after 32 days? 2 (a) State one way of handling radioactive materials safely. @) [Total: 10 marks]onto Number Examination Number Page 18 of 18 B PEGE Figure C3.1. shows an apparatus used by a Grade 12 leamer to detect radioactive missions. Background radiation was among the emissions detected, Radioactive Detector Gounter ‘source M4 Ea Figure €3.1 (State what is meant by background radiation. a] o (ii) Give one example of a background radiation. 1) | (b)" Table €3.2 shows the results obteined from the experiment after taking account | ‘of background radiation. Count Rate 200 }100 |so |25 | 125 (counts/minute) ime (minutes; o_|30_}@o [90120 Table c3.2 t Plot a graph of count rate (count/minute) against time (minutes). [4] From the graph, determine the half-life. Q) What fraction will have decayed at 120 minutes? ay (©) Anucieus of uranium-235 [2] emits one alpha partice to form ‘thorium (Th). Write an equation for this:decay. 1) [Total: 10 marks]ca A radioactive element *2X emits one Beta particle followed by 2 Beta partictes. f@) (b) © What is a Beta particle? ie) Write the nucleon number and proton number of the remaining nuclide. after the two emissions. PI A 400g radioactive sample has a half life of 4 years. (@ Ona graph paper plot a graph to show this decay curve after the period of 32 years. [5] (i) What period of time would it take for the sample to reduce to 409? 16a (iil) Name a source of gamma radiation. ul [Total: 10 marks]71. The ratemeter (counter) was used at intervals of 10 minutes to measure the activity ofa radioactive source and the following results were obtained Time (minutes) 0 | 10} 20 | 30 | 40 30 | 60 70 Count rate (counts per second) | 650 | 520 | 416 | 333 | 300 | 213 | 170 | 136 (a) Plot a graph of count rate against time. [5] (b) What count rate appears to have been misread and should therefore be ignored? u (c) At what time was the count rate 250 counts per second? — [2] (d) What ts the half-life of the source? [2]63. In an experiment to determine the half— life of radon — 220 (222Rn) the following results were obtained, afier allowing for the background count: Time/s fi) 10 | 20 30 40 | 50 | 60 | 70 Count rate/5T 30 | 26 | 23 21 18 16 | 14 |] 12 (@) By plotting the graph of the count rate (vertically) against time (horizontally), determine the half-life of radon 220. Show clearly on the graph how you obiained the answer. i} (6) What is the origin of the background count? 2] (c) Radon — 220 emits alpha particle. When it does so, it becomes an isotope of an element polonium (Po). Write an equation to represent this change. [2] 44 Fianne 17 1 comsecemts o teomafeem on mith a memes: coil of ANN temaSUCCESS IN SCIENCE, PHYSICS VOLUME 4 68, Radioactive isotopes can be used to locate internal bleeding in the body. A commonly used radioactive isotope is iodine — 131 (71). ‘This emits gamma radiation and has a half-life of 8 days (a) Describe what is meant by a radioactive isotope. [2] (b) Describe what is meant by half-life (2] (c) The activity of a sample of iodine — 131 was measured over a period of 20 minutes on three separate occasions. The readings obtained were: - 338Bq, 326q, 356Bq. (i) Explain why the readings were not all the same. [1] (ii) Calculate the average count rate for the radioactive isotope. [1] (d) A patient has internal bleeding from a blood vessel in her leg. A small quantity of the isotope '*'L is injected into her blood stream. A detector is used to find the internal bleeding. Figure 11.1 shows the arrangement and the results of the test. ‘Count rate. i ut tit te position aiona tes (i) State the name of a suitable detector. i (ii) The radioactive isotope used for this purpose is a gamma emitter and notan alpha emitter. Why is a gamma emitter used? [2] (iii) How will the doctor tell from the results where the internal bleeding is taking place? [1]7s, A detector of nuclear radiation was set up to measure the decay of a radioactive substance ure 12,1 below shows the results of the experiment, mR 1500 | Count rate per second 999 500 0 1 2 3 4 5 Time (hours) (a) (i) What is the half-life of the substance? [1] a2|Pege FOR QUERIES CONTACT 0974794056 SUCCESS IN SCIENCE, PHYSICS VOLUME 4 (ii) Clearly explain how you obtained your answer to (a) (i) above. [2] (b) List any three properties of a beta-particle. [3] (c) Describe how you would show that the radioactive source is emitting only beta-particles.78. Polonium -210(749Po) can undergo radioactive decay by emitting an alpha particle to form lead (Pb) (a) What is an alpha particle? w (b) Write the equation for the radioactive decay of polonium — 210. [2] (6) State one use of alpha radiation.82. (a) A radioactive source emits beta particles, the count rate of which is on a scanner as follows: Time/s 0 3 10] 15 20 Count rate/minute 590] 316 | 172 | 94 50 (i) Plot a graph of count rate against time. [4] (ii) Explain the term half-life. [1] (iii) From the graph, find the half-life of a source. [2] (b) In 312s, seven-« ighth of the original number of certain nuclides of the radioisotope has decayed. What is its half-life? [3]85. Figure 9.1 shows a decay curve of a radon nuclide. gop_—_{ + 1 70 _ 60 = so | : 40 = 30 20 | 10 ° Et Timeldays (a) Define nuclear fission (b)From the graph, determine the (i) Original mass of nuclide (ii) Quantity of the nuclide that remained after 6 days. (ii) Half-life of the nuclide.86, (a) Sodium chloride salt containing sodium -24 is radioactive and is used in medicine. The sodium in the salt decays according to the equation. 21Na —-> 74Mg + W + y-radiation (i) What is particle W? [1] (ii) How many neutrons are in the nucleus of sodium - 24? (i) (iii) Explain the difference between an atom of sodium — 24 and atom of sodium — 23 ral