PROCESS CONTROL SCHEME AND SOLUTION(15EI53) 1st Internal test

dated 15/09/17

1. Draw the block diagram of a general process control system. Taking an example, explain the
functions of each block.

Answer :

 Process
 Measurement
 Error Detector
 Controller
 Control Element

2. A )Discuss the following requirements to achieve objectives of a process control system.

i )Stability ii) Steady state regulation iii) Transient regulation Stability
Answer :

The purpose of the control system is to regulate the value of some variable. This requires that
action be taken on the process itself in response to a measurement of the variable. If this is
not done correctly, the control system can cause the process to become unstable.
In fact, the more tightly we try to control the variable, the greater the possibility of
instability.
Figure shows that, prior to turning on a control system, the controlled variable drifts in a
random fashion and is not regulated. After the control system is turned on, the variable
is forced to adopt the setpoint value, and all is well for awhile. Notice that some time later,
however, the variable begins to exhibit growing oscillations of value that is, an instability.
Therefore the first objective, then, simply means that the control system must be
designed and adjusted so that the system is stable.

Steady-State Regulation :
The objective of the best possible steady-state regulation simply means that the steady
state error should be a minimum. Generally, when a control system is specified, there will be
 some allowable deviation, ±ΔC, about the setpoint. This means that variations of the variable
within this band are expected and acceptable.
Transient Regulation
Transient influence is a sudden change of some other process variable. The controlled
variable depends on other process variables. If one of them suddenly changes value, the
controlled variable may be driven to change also, so the control system acts to minimize the
effect. This is called transient response.

2. B )With a neat sketch and necessary equations, explain the following control system evaluation
criteria i) Minimum area criteria ii) Quarter amplitude criteria

Answer:

In minimum area, the tuning is adjusted until the net area under the error-time curve is a
minimum, for the same degree of excitation (setpoint change or transient).

Figure 9 : Minimum area method Figure 9: quarter amplitude method

(Two criteria for judging the quality of control system response are the minimum area and quarter
amplitude.)

Figure 9(a) shows the area as a shaded part of the curve. Analytically, this is given by

A=∫ |e (t )|dt =min

In quarter-amplitude criterion, shown in Figure 9(b), specifies that the amplitude of

each peak of the cyclic response be a quarter of the preceding peak. Thus,
a2 = a1 /4 , a3= a2 / 4 and so on

3. A ) With block diagrams, explain Supervisory control and Direct digital control
Answer : Supervisory control Direct digital control
 3 b ) With a relevant diagram, explain analog data representation, considering electric current and
pneumatic pressure transmission in the industrial environment.

Answer :

4. A )Draw the block diagram and explain the function of elements used in final control operation.

Answer :

B ) A4-bit digital word is intended to control the setting of a 2Ω dc resistive heater. Heat output
varies as a 0 to 24 V input to the heater. Using a 10-V DAC followed by an amplifier with a
high-current output, calculate (a) the settings from minimum to maximum heat dissipation and
(b) how the power varies with LSB changes.

Answer:
5. A ) Explain the operation of current to pressure converter, with a neat schematic.
Answer : current to pressure converter

B ) With a neat diagram explain the functioning of permanent magnet DCMotor, also emphasize the
changes to be carried out to realize series field and shunt field DC Motor.

Answer :
6. A ) Explain the operation of an elementary stepper motor with necessary diagrams

Answer :

B)
7. A )Explain the control valve types with relevant equations and graphs representing input output
relation

Answer : Three types of valve as follows

I. Quick opening valve
II. Linear valve
III. Equal percentage valve

B ) Find (a) the proper Cv for a valve that must allow 150 gal of ethyl alcohol per minute with
a specific gravity of 0.8 at maximum pressure of 50 psi, and (b) the required valve size.

8. A ) Draw the diagram representing temperature control process and explain its operation.
Answer :

B ) With respect to the temperature control process in 8(a) explain the following
i )Process equation ii) Process load iii) Process lag

Process Equation :

Process Load : “ The term process load refers to this set of all parameters, excluding the
controlled variable.”

Process Lag : controlled variable back to setpoint value and is called the process lag.”At
some point in time, let us say that a process-load change causes a change in the controlled
variable. Then the process-control loop responds to ensure that, some finite time later, the
variable returns to the setpoint value. “Part of this time is consumed by the process itself in
bringing the set point.

9. The temperature of water in a tank is controlled by a two-position controller. When the

heater is off the temperature drops at 2 K per minute. When the heater is on the temperature
rises at 4 K per minute. The setpoint is 323 K and the neutral zone is ±4% of the setpoint.
There is a 0.5-min lag at both the on and off switch points. Find the period of oscillation and
plot the water temperature versus time.
 10 A ) Explain the following floating control mode with relevant equations and sketch
I )Single speed control II) Multi speed control

Single Speed : In the single-speed floating-control mode, the output of the control element
changes at a fixed rate when the error exceeds the neutral zone. An equation for this action is
B ) Suppose a process error lies within the neutral zone with P = 25%. At t=0, the error falls
below the neutral zone. If K = +2 % /sec, find the time when the output saturates.

Answer :