★​ specific definitions.

An example is the
CHAPTER 1: DEFINING GLOBALIZATION one offered by Robert Cox. He stated
★​ globalization is a very important that “the characteristics of the
change, if not, the “most important”. globalization trend include the
(Bauman, 2003) ○​ Internationalizing of
★​ The reality and omnipresence of production,
globalization makes us see ourselves ○​ the international division of
as part of what we refer to as “global labor,
age”. (Albrow, 1996) ○​ new migratory movements
★​ Globalization cannot be contained from South to North,
within a specific time frame, all ○​ the new competitive
people and all situations (Al-Rhodan, environment that accelerates
2006). Social structures therefore these processes,
are directly affected by ○​ and the internationalizing of
globalization. state making states into
★​ Swedish journalist, Thomas Larsson agencies of the globalizing
(2001) saw globalization as “the world.”
process of world shrinkage, of ★​ Globalization is complex and
distances getting shorter, things multifaceted as the definitions deal
moving closer.” It pertains to the with either economic, political or
increasing ease with which somebody social dimensions.
on one side of the world can interact, ★​ Ritzer (2015), “globalization is a
to mutual benefit with somebody on transplanetary process or a set of
the other side of the world”. processes involving increasing
★​ Some see globalization as occurring liquidity and the growing
through and with regression, multidirectional flows of people,
colonialism, and destabilization. In the objects, places and information as well
mid 1990s, Martin Khor, former as structures they encounter and
president of Third World Network create that are barriers to , or expedite
(TWN) in Malaysia, once regarded those flows”
globalization as colonization.
WHY DO WE NEED TO SPEND TIME
Definitions of Globalization could be STUDYING THIS CONCEPT? HOW CAN WE
classified as either (1) broad and inclusive or APPRECIATE THESE DEFINITIONS?
(2) narrow and exclusive.
★​ An example of broad and inclusive is 1.​ THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE PERSON
the one offered by Ohmae in 1992. He WHO DEFINES GLOBALIZATION
stated that “globalization means the SHAPES ITS DEFINITION.
onset of the borderless world” a.​ Arjun Appadurai in 1996 said
★​ Narrow and exclusive definitions on “globalization is a world of
the other hand are better justified but things that have different
can be limiting, in the sense that their speeds, axes, points or origin
application adhere to only particular and termination and varied
or
 relationships to institutional ○​ Examples of natural solids are
structures in different regions, landforms and bodies of water.
nations or societies.” Man-made barriers include the
b.​ For instance, if one sees Great Wall of China and the
globalization as positive, the Berlin Wall.
person can say that it is a ○​ However, these solid barriers
unifying force. If it is deemed have a tendency to melt or
as creating greater inequalities liquify.
among nations, globalization ○​ The process of liquifying
is negatively treated. involves the phenomenon or
2.​ GLOBALIZATION IS THE DEBATE changes happening in the
AND THE DEBATE IS world.
GLOBALIZATION. ★​ Liquid, as a state of matter, takes the
a.​ Sociologist Cesare Poppi shape of its container. Therefore,
(1997) wrote: “The literature liquids are not fixed.
stemming from the debate on ★​ Liquidity refers to the increasing ease
globalization has grown in the of movement of people, things ,
last decade. In a sense, the information and places in the
meaning of the concept is contemporary world.
self-evident, in another, it is ○​ Characteristics of liquidity were
vague and obscure as its explained by Zygmunt Bauman
reaches are wide and as she claimed that today’s
constantly shifting. Perhaps, liquid phenomena change
more than any other concept , quickly and their aspects,
globalization is the debate spatial and temporal, are in
about it”. ( Kumar, 2003) continuous fluctuation.
3.​ GLOBALIZATION IS A REALITY ○​ It means that space and time
a.​ Globalization is changing as are crucial elements of
human society develops. globalization.
b.​ The future of globalization is ★​ Liquidity and solidity are in a constant
more difficult to predict. interaction. However, liquidity is once
increasing and proliferating today.
METAPHORS OF GLOBALIZATION Therefore, the metaphor that could
★​ Metaphors make use of one term to best describe globalization is
help us better understand another liquidity.
term. ★​ Flows are the movement of people ,
★​ In order to define globalization, the things, places and information
states of matter- solid and liquid-will brought by the growing porosity of
be used. Structures and flows will be global limitations.
elaborated as well ○​ Examples of flows is the
★​ Solidity refers to barriers that prevent globalization of foods. Global
or make the movement of things. Financial Crises are also an
○​ Can either be natural or example of flows.
man-made.
 ○​ As Landler (2008) put it, “In example of homogeneity.
the global financial system, (Antonio, 2007)
national borders are porous.” ○​ Stiglitz (2002) blamed the
This means that a financial International Monetary Fund
crisis started in a specific (IMF) for its “one-size-fits all”
country can bring implication approach which treats every
to other regions of the world. country in the world as the
○​ Another examples of flows are same.
poor illegal migrants flooding, ○​ Barber (1995) said that
the virtual flow of legal and “McWorld” exists. It means
illegal information such as only one political orientation
blogs and child pornography. is growing in today’s societies.
○​ The global flow of media is
GLOBALIZATION THEORIES often characterized as media
★​ Homogeneity refers to the increasing imperialism. Media imperialism
sameness in the world as cultural destabilizes the existence of
inputs, economic factors and political alternative global media
orientations of societies expand to originating from developing
create common practices,same countries.
economies and similar forms of ○​ Global media are dominated
government. by a small number of large
○​ Homogeneity in culture is corporations. As McChesney
often linked to cultural (1999) put it, “this is being
imperialism extended from old media to
■​ It means that a given new media”
culture influences other ○​ According to Ritzer,
cultures. For example, McDonaldization is a process
the dominant religion in by which Western societies are
the Philippines is dominated by the principles of
Christianity which was fast food restaurants.
brought by the McDonaldization involves the
Spaniards. global spread of rational
■​ Americanization which systems such as efficiency ,
was defined by Kuisel as calculability, predictability and
“the import by control. He pointed out that this
non-Americans of process is “extended to other
products that are closely businesses, sectors and
associated with geographic areas”
Americans. ○​ Grobalization is a process
○​ • In terms of the economy, the wherein nations, corporations,
spread of neoliberalism, etc. impose themselves on
capitalism and the market geographic areas in order to
economy in the world is an
 gain profits, power and so on. essentially different and are only
(Ryan, 2007) superficially affected by global
★​ Heterogeneity refers to the flows.
differences because of either lasting ○​ Since these cultures are
differences or of the hybrids or different, the interaction of
combinations of cultures that can be cultures is deemed to contain
produced through the different the potential for the so-called
transplanetary processes. “catastrophic collision”.
○​ Heterogeneity in culture is ○​ Samuel Huntington explained
associated with cultural in his theory of the Clash of
hybridization (emphasizes the Civilization (1996) that after
integration of local and global the Cold War, political
cultures) economic differences were
○​ A more specific concept is overshadowed by new fault
“glocalization” coined by lines, which were primarily
Roland Robertson in 1992. It cultural in nature.
means that global forces
interact with local factors or a ★​ CULTURAL HYBRIDIZATION
specific geographic area, the emphasizes the integration of local
“glocal” is being produced. and global cultures.
○​ Barber (1995) provided the ○​ Globalization has been seen as
alternative of “McWorld” –the a creative process which paves
“Jihad”. the way of hybrid entities that
○​ “Jihad” refers to the political are not reducible to either
groups that are engaged in an global or local.
intensification of nationalism ○​ Glocalization refers to the
and that leads to greater interpenetration of the global
political heterogeneity and local cultures resulting in
throughout the world. unique outcomes in different
geographical areas.
LESSON 2: DYNAMICS OF LOCAL AND ○​ Scapes by Arjun Appadurai
GLOBAL CULTURE explains that global flows
★​ Global flows of culture today tend to involve people, technology,
move more easily around the globe. finance, political images, and
★​ The discussion of these global media and the disjuncture
cultural flows (movements) has three between them leading to the
perspectives. creation of cultural hybrids.
○​ These are differentialism, ■​ Ethnoscape refers to the
hybridization, and flow of people across
convergence. boundaries.
■​ Technoscapes refers to
★​ CULTURAL DIFFERENTIALISM the flows of technology.
emphasizes the fact that cultures are
 ■​ Ideoscapes refers to the process of social and economic
flow of ideas. interaction”
■​ Financescape refers to ★​ Regionalism refers to the “formal
the flow of money across process of intergovernmental
political borders. collaboration between two or more
■​ Mediascapes refers to states”.
the flow of media across ★​ The threats of an “ungoverned
borders. globalization” can be countered by
what Jacoby and Meunier called
★​ CULTURAL CONVERGENCE stresses managed globalization which refers
homogeneity since cultures are to “all attempts to make
deemed to be radically altered by globalization more palatable to
strong flows while cultural citizens”.
imperialism happens when one culture ★​ In Hurrell’s (2007) “one (global)
imposes itself on and tends to destroy world/many (regional) worlds
at least parts of another culture. relationship”, he argued that regional
★​ However, cultural imperialism is being developments in one part of the
criticized especially by John world have affected and fueled
Tomlinson by providing the idea of regionalization everywhere else in a
“deterritorialization” of culture. sort of contagion or domino effect.
★​ Deterritorialization means that it is ★​ One of the reasons behind regionalism
much more difficult to tie culture to is the concern for security, which is to
a specific geographic point of origin. ensure peace and stability.
○​ The ASEAN and the Shanghai
GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION Cooperation Organization
★​ Information technologies, (SCO) are regional
transportation means, and the media organizations that seek strong
are the ways on which religionists rely security in Asia through
on the dissemination of their religious cooperation.
ideas. ★​ Culture and identity, on the other
★​ Modern transportation has also hand, were seen by Huntington (1996)
contributed to the emergence, as the guide for regionalization.
revivalism and fortification of religion. ○​ For him, culture and identity
★​ Globalization is also associated with are civilizations identifying the
Westernization and Americanization. nine major civilizations such
as Western, Latin America,
GLOBALIZATION AND REGIONALIZATION African, Islamic, Sinic, Hindu,
★​ Region according to Mansfield and Orthodox, Buddhist and
Milner (1999) is “ a group of countries, Japanese. He argued that
in the same geographically specific organizations like the EU or
area”. Mercosur share a common
★​ Hurrell, on the other hand, defined culture and identity and are
regionalization as the “societal far more successful than
integration and the often undirected
 NAFTA, whose member states ★​ Gibbon (1998) argued that Roman
belong to different civilizations. conquests centuries before Christ
★​ Economic motivations are arguably were its origin. In an issue of the
the main motivation behind magazine the Economist, it considered
contemporary. the rampage of the armies of Genghis
★​ Non-state actors such as TNCs act as Khan into Eastern Europe in the 13th
a driving force to regionalism. century.
BROADER, MORE RECENT CHANGES
L3: ORIGINS AND HISTORY OF ★​ There are three notable changes that
GLOBALIZATION are considered as the origin of
globalization.
HARDWIRED ○​ The emergence of the United
★​ It is because of the basic human need States as the global power
to make lives better that made (post-WorldWar II)
globalization possible. Chanda also ■​ Due to its dominant and
mentioned that commerce, religion, strong military and
politics and warfare are the “urges” of economic power after
people toward a better life. WWII, the US was able to
CYCLES outrun Germany and
★​ Globalization is a long-term cyclical Japan in terms of
process therefore, finding its origin will industry. Axis powers
be a daunting task. and Allies fall behind
★​ It adheres to the idea that other global economically as
ages have appeared. There is also the compared to the new
notion that this point of globalization global power. Because of
will soon disappear and reappear this, the US soon began
EPOCH to progress in different
★​ Ritzer (2015) cited Therborn’s (2000) aspects like in
six great epochs of globalization. diplomacy, media, film
These are also called “waves” and and many more.
each wave has its origin. ○​ The emergence of multinational
○​ Globalization of religion (4 th to corporations (MNCs)
7 th Centuries) ■​ Corporations before only
○​ European colonial conquests came from their
(Late 15th century) countries of origin during
○​ Intra-European wars (Late 18th the 18th to early 19th
to early 19th centuries) centuries. The United
○​ Heyday of European States, Germany and
imperialism (mid-nineteenth Great Britain had in their
century to 1918) homeland great
○​ Post-WorldWar II period corporations.
○​ Post-ColdWar period ○​ The demise of the Soviet Union
EVENTS and the end of the Cold War
 ■​ The fall of the Soviet remain in the country to
Union in 1991 led to the which they flee.
opening of major parts of ○​ Tourists, on the other hand, are
the world for the first on the move because they want
time since the early to be and because they can
twentieth century. As a afford it.
result, many global ○​ Labor migration includes those
processes such as who migrate in order to find
immigration, tourism, work. It is driven by two
media, diplomacy and factors.
MNCs spread throughout ■​ Push factors involve
the world paving the way lack of employment
of the so-called “free” opportunities in home
world. countries. It therefore
★​ Global Demography refers to those factors
○​ Demographic transition is a present in the home
singular historical period in countries that forced an
which mortality and fertility individual to migrate.
rates decline from high to low ■​ Pull factors on the other
levels in a particular country or hand refer to those
region. factors that are present
○​ Shigeyuki et al. (2002) stated in other countries that
that “the enormous gap in life may attract immigrants
expectancy that emerged to move in. Example is
between Japan and the West on availability of work or
the one hand and the rest of the job opportunities.
world on the other”. ○​ Labor migration mainly
★​ Global Migration involves the flow of less-skilled
○​ Vagabonds are on the move and unskilled workers, as well
“because they have to be. They as illegal immigrants who live
are not doing well in their home on the margins of the host
countries and therefore being society (Landler, 2007).
forced to move to other ○​ However, unlike other global
countries hoping that their flows, labor migration still
circumstances will improve. faces many restrictions. States
■​ Refugees are vagabonds may seek to control migration
who are forced to flee because it involves the loss of
their home countries due part of the workforce.
to safety concerns ○​ The issue of illegal migration is
(Haddad, 2003). being faced by many countries.
Examples are Asylum ★​ The term “diaspora” has been
seekers who plead to increasingly used to describe
migrant communities.
○​ Paul Gilroy (1993)
conceptualized diaspora as a
transnational process, which
involves dialogue to both
imagined and real locales.
○​ Diasporization and
globalization are closely
interconnected and the
expansion of the latter will lead
to an increase in the former
(Dufoix, 2007).