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VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI

UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES
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NGUYỄN THỊ BÍCH TRANG

TOWARDS BETTER UNDERSTANDING AND USING

ENGLISH PROVERBS

HƯỚNG TỚI VIỆC HIỂU VÀ SỬ DỤNG TỤC NGỮ TIẾNG ANH

TỐT HƠN

M.A. thesis – program I

Field: english linguistics

Code: 602215

Hanoi, 2008
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VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI

UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES
----------------  ----------------

NGUYỄN THỊ BÍCH TRANG

TOWARDS BETTER UNDERSTANDING AND USING

ENGLISH PROVERBS

HƯỚNG TỚI VIỆC HIỂU VÀ SỬ DỤNG TỤC NGỮ TIẾNG ANH

TỐT HƠN

M.A. thesis – program I

Field: english linguistics

Code: 602215
Supervisor: Assoc.Prof.Dr Phan Văn Quế

Hanoi, 2008
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THE TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
PART A: INTRODUCTION 01
1. Rationale 01
2. Objectives of the study 02
3. Scope of the study 02
4. Methods of the study 02
4.1. Strategic method 02
4.2. Tackling methods 02
4.3. Supporting methods 03
PART B: DEVELOPMENT 04
Chapter I: Literature Review 04
I.1. Origin of proverbs 04
I.2. Definitions of proverbs 04
I.2.1. Introduction 04
I.2.2. The definition of proverbs in the literature 05
I.2.2.1. An open or implied denial of the possibility of defining proverbs 05
I.2.2.2. A proverb is identical with its text 06
I.2.2.3. More complex definitions 06
I.2.3. A proposed definition 09
I.2.3.1. The necessary and sufficient conditions of a proverb definition 09
I.2.3.2. The proposed definition 11
I.2.4. The main types of proverbs 12
I.2.5. A note on the content of proverbs 12
I.3. Differences between proverbs and other related terms 13
I.3.1. Differences between proverbs and idioms 13
I.3.1.1. Content 13
I.3.1.2. Function 13
I.3.2. Differences between “proverbs” and “ca dao” 14
I.4. Characteristics of proverbs 15
I.4.1. Forms 15
I.4.2. Content 16
I.4.3. Function 16
Chapter II: Factors leading to difficulties in understanding and using 19
English proverbs
II.1. Difference in culture 19
II.1.1. Definitions of culture 19
II.1.2. Differences between English culture and Vietnamese culture 19
II.2. Differences in using metaphor in English and Vietnamese proverbs 21
II.2.1. English and Vietnamese animal system in proverbs in comparison 22
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II.2.1.1. Animal components in English 22

II.2.1.2. Animal components in Vietnamese 22
II.2.1.3. Animal components in Vietnamese and English in common 23
II.2.1.4. Animal components existing only in English 24
II.2.1.5. Animal components existing only in Vietnamese 25
II.3. Difference in rhythm and rhyme 27
II.3.1. Rhythm 27
A. Rhythm of English proverbs 28
1. Factors creating rhythm 28
2. Types of rhythm 28
3. Function of rhythm 31
B. Rhythm of Vietnamese proverbs 31
1. Factors creating rhythm 31
1.1. “âm vực” 31
1.2. “âm điệu” (or tune) 31
2. Types of rhythm 33
3. Function of rhythm 35
3.1. Grammatical function 35
3.2. Meaning-expressing function 35
3.3. Poetic function 35
II.3.2. Rhyme of proverbs 36
II.3.2.1. Factors creating rhyme 36
II.3.2.1.1. The repetition phenomena 36
II.3.2.1.1.1. English proverbs 36
II.3.2.1.1.2. Vietnamese proverbs 38
II.4. Difficulties in translating English proverbs into Vietnamese ones 40
Chapter III: Implications towards better proverb translation 46
III.1. How to translate English proverbs into Vietnamese ones 46
successfully
III.2. Vietnamese equivalent can be found 46
III.3. Vietnamese equivalent cannot be found 48
III.3.1. We can add or omit words to create rhyme ( rhyme in succession, 48
rhyme in separation, relative rhyme or perfect rhyme)
III.3.2. Creating rhyme by repeating words 49
III.3.3. The proverb can be translated into a Vietnamese six-eight meter 49
III.3.4. Creating two equal, parallel clause 50
III.3.5. Making tone symmetrical 51
PART C: CONCLUSION 53
PART D: BIBLIOGRAPHY 54
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PART A:
INTRODUCTION
1. Rationale
English has become an international language. That is the truth that cannot
be denied. As people all over the world wish to get closer and closer, English has
shown its great function as a great bridge of communication. Mastering English
means not only the ability to speak English fluently but also the necessity of
having a full and perfect knowledge of English culture, history, lifestyle…the
shortest way to access and gain these knowledge, surely, is to get to know
English proverbs. As clearly known, proverb is one of the most ancient kinds of
Folklore which contain many distinguishing features of each nation in the world.
In Vietnamese, „„proverbs are the sayings of people, a treasure of various
and „„live‟‟ expressing forms that the labor class as well as many other different
classes in society use to express their attract ideas, their deep thoughts of life.
(Chu Xuan Dien- Vietnamese proverbs)
In English, “Proverbs are so much the common property of all English
men that in conversation, it is often enough to repeat just the beginning of a
proverb, the rest is easily supplied by the other calculators‟‟ (W.J. Ball-
Conversational English)
Understanding English proverbs, therefore, helps us understand more
clearly about a nation, about its culture, history…Furthermore, exploring,
comparing and contrasting proverbs in native as well as in target language will
surely bring about a treasure of valuable knowledge and a more convenient
condition for foreign language learning process.
However, understanding and using English proverbs effectively is very
difficult for many reasons: differences in culture and history, poor background
knowledge of learners, techniques and strategies in studying proverbs…
These ideas give me a tremendous impetus to implement the study
„Towards better understanding and using English proverbs’’. This study is
an investigation into factors leading to difficulties in understanding and using
English proverbs. As an investigation, it brings insights into some of the most
common factors which, to some extents, hinder learners from mastering English
proverbs. Hopefully, this study will bring considerable effective contributions to
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better understanding and using English proverbs. In my view, the sooner learners
can start to enjoy English proverbs in their new language, the better.
2. Objectives of the study
The objective of this study is to find out some common factors leading to
difficulties in understanding and using English proverbs.
3. Scope of the study
As there so many factors leading to difficulties in understanding and using
English proverbs, the study by no means investigates all factors concerned. Some
of factors are not included in this study. They are omitted simply because of
limitations of time, necessary, qualified and reliable resources, and of course the
knowledge of mine. Furthermore, exploring and mastering English proverbs is
quite a large field, I, therefore, limit my study in a smaller one “Towards better
understanding and using English proverbs’’. My study only looks for some
very main and common factors leading to difficulties in understanding and using
English proverbs. In addition, the study is confined to the context of
understanding and using English proverbs in Vietnam. The problems discussed in
the study may be irrelevant or inappropriate in other contexts.
4. Methods of the study
During the implementation of the study “Towards better understanding
and using English proverbs‟‟, three main following kinds of methods were
employed: strategic methods, tackling methods and supporting methods. Let‟s
have a look at these methods respectively.
4.1. Strategic method
The strategic method contains inductive methods. As for inductive
method, facts and figures which were relevant and essential for better
understanding and using English proverbs were collected carefully and analyzed
thoroughly in order to draw common factors leading to difficulties in
understanding and using English proverbs.
4.2. Tackling methods
On the way to realize and decide the objectives of the study, I also
employed a number of tackling methods namely description, classification,
statistics, analysis and syntheses of data. Facts, figures and also examples
illustrated for English proverbs were fully described and classified and then I put
them directly into the analyzing and synthesizing process. The results of the data
analysis, synthesis and findings have helped me draw some factors leading to
difficulties in understanding and using English proverbs.
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4.3. Supporting methods

Supporting methods consist of references to publication, personal
observations and consultant to my supervisor, teachers and friends.
Reading materials relating to English proverbs and observing the facts
have provided me with insights into the common factors
Most important of all, I kept regular contact with my supervisor-Dr Phan
Van Que-His invaluable assistance and guidance helped me much to understand
more clearly about the study and my task. I also consulted my friends in my
university and in some other universities. Discussion with them helped me
improve the feasibility and practicality of the study.

PART B: DEVELOPMENT
CHAPTER I:
LITERATURE REVIEW

The theoretical background and review of related literature will be

discussed under three subheadings: (I.1) Origin of proverbs, (I.2) Definitions of
proverbs, (I.3) Characteristics of proverbs
I.1. Origin of proverbs
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“Where do proverbs come from?” is a question which is certainly still in

the forefront of debate today, yet, it remains controversial and no one can answer
for sure. Thus, it is no easy task to clearly point out the origin of proverbs. I,
therefore, propose accepting what many researchers in some most well-
researched books agree.
According to Vietnamese authors, there are two theories about the
occurrence of proverbs.
 The first theory: Proverbs were composed by poets.
 The second theory: Proverbs were created by unknown folk authors.
We can see clearly that the number of proverbs created by folk authors
outweighs the number of proverbs composed by poets if these two theories are
true.
According to English authors, there are three theories about the occurrence
of proverbs.
 The first theory: an excellent man spoke and spread the words to the
general people
 The second theory: Old people who decided morals and virtues created
proverbs.
 The third theory generally: Proverbs began that we stipulate the act of daily
life from our experience and proverbs are useful to each of culture and
social education.
The truth is still not known, but the third theory seems the most appropriate.
I.2. Definitions of proverbs
I.2.1. Introduction:
The collection of proverbs dates back to millennia, to Sumerian cuneiform
tablets, and the theory of proverbs has also a long history. Many papers have
been published e.g. on the origin, definition, use, classification, structure,
language, logic, meaning of proverbs etc. In this paper some aspects of the
definition of proverbs will be dealt with and some notes on the main types and
content of proverbs will be presented.
I.2.2. The definition of proverbs in the literature
In the corresponding papers many definitions can be found. Professor
Mieder in one of his papers with admitted overstatement- puts that “We can
almost state that there are more definition attempts than there are proverbs”
(Mieder 1989, p.13.)
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In the 12th century, Mathieu de Vend«me (quoted by Bautier 1984) wrote

“A proverb is a popular phrase, accredited by custom accepted by the general
opinion, expressing a truth that has been proved genuine”.
In 1932, Bertlett Jere Whiting gave the following description: “A proverb is
an expression which, owing its birth to people, testifies its origin in form and
phrase. It expresses what is apparently a fundamental truth, - that is a truism- in
homely language, often adorned, however, with alliteration and rhyme. It is
usually short, but need not to be; it is usually true but need not to be. Some
proverbs have both literal and figurative meaning, either of which makes perfect
sense; but more often they have but one of the two. A proverb must be venerable;
it must bear the sign of antiquity, and, since such signs may be counterfeited by a
clever literary man, it should be attested in different places and different times.”
(Whiting 1932. p. 302)
Many previous definitions are listed in Whiting‟s mentioned paper, in the
book of Lutz Rohrich and Wolfgang Mieder (Rohrich-Mieder 1972). 55
“popular” definitions have been collected by Wolfgang Mieder in 1985 and the
recent paper of Peter Barta should also be mentioned in this context. (Barta 1995)
If a classification of the proverb definitions is attempted, the following
main categories can be distinguished.
I.2.2.1. An open or implied denial of the possibility of defining proverbs
Archer Taylor states that “The definition of a proverb is too difficult to
repay the undertaking… an incommunicable quality tells us this sentence is
proverbial and that other is not”. (Taylor 1931)
Needless to say, such an incommunicable quality does not exist. In 1996,
during a discussion of the Tokyo International Proverb Forum, professor Mieder
mentioned that Archer Taylor has probably considered it a joke. Unfortunately, it
has been taken seriously and is quoted over and over again, as it was done in
Tokyo too. It might be enough to mention that not a mysterious
“incommunicable quality”, but – among other- the currency decides that a
sentence is a proverb or not. If we change only one word, e.g. the word “gold” in
the English proverb “All that glitters is not gold” to diamond, then it is not an
English proverb any more, although all the so-called “makers” would indicate it
as such. Its currency is zero, it is not told so in this form.
Matti Kuusi‟s well-known statement that the proverbs are “documenta
humana” belongs to the same category: Thus the proverbs are defined by an
undefined term, implying the possibility of defining proverbs.
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Malcolm Jones openly proposes a tautology involving an implied

possibility of definition: “I shall take refuge in the tautology that a proverb is an
expression we recognize as a proverbial”.
I.2.2.2. A proverb is identical with its text
Some examples:
 “A proverb is a short sentence of wisdom”. (quoted by Mieder 1989. p.15)
 “A proverb is a standard statement of moral and colloquial imperatives in
fixed metaphorical paradigmatic form, it deals with fundamental logical
relationships”. (Barley 1972. p.741)
 “A proverb is a general statement or judgement, explaining, classifying or
assessing a situation”. (Harald Burger, quoted by W. Mieder 1877. p.2)
 “A traditional propositional statement consisting of at least one descriptive
element consisting of a topic and a comment”. (Dundes 1975)
 “Proverbs are popular fixed sentences expressing a rule of conduct or a
wisdom in a vivid, short form” (Rohrich-Mieder 1977. p.2)
It has, however, been pointed out repeatedly that e.g. “two major
ingredients… traditionality and currency should be part of any definition”.
(Mieder 1996. p.597) The importance of the implied general meaning (general
idea) was stressed by Matti Kuusi (Kuusi 1996) and Vilmos Voigt (Voigt 1970).
The implied scope and limitation of application has been mentioned before
(Paczolay 1996. p.282).
I.2.2.3. More complex definitions
In addition to the definition of Whiting given previously, as examples some
definitions are mentioned that include several, sometimes frequent, but not
absolutely necessary characteristics, like poetic form, while important ones, like
currency or the absence of a known author are missing. Some examples: “A short
pithy saying in common and recognized use, a concise sentence often
metaphorical or alliterative in form, which is held to express some truth
ascertained by experience or observation familiar to all, an adage, a wise saw”.
(Whiting 1932)
 “A proverb is a popular set phrase having no author, known mostly in
different languages, expressing in one sentence a principle, advice, a genuine
or assumed truth in a general, concise form, its basic idea being of general
validity, or at least its user considers it as such”. (O. Nagy 1979. p.645)
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 “A proverb is a stereotype linguistic entity expressing a fixed idea. On the

linguistic level it is an artistic picture, on the level of ideas a judgement. As a
work of art of folklore it belongs to the secondary semiotic systems. It is a
communication system with a double code, a carrier of information at the
level of language, but at the same time the information carries another content
too, becoming an instrument of poetic expression”. (Voo 1989)
 “Proverbs are short, generally known sentences of the folk that contain
wisdom, truths, morals, and traditional views in a metaphorical, fixed and
memorizable form and that are handed down orally from generation to
generation”. (Mieder 1996. p.597 )
 “A short well-known sentence or phrase that states a general truth about life
or gives advice”. (A. S. Hornby- Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary of
current English- Oxford University Press- 1995)
 “A proverb is a short sentence that people often quote and that gives advice or
tells you something about human life and problems in general”. (Collins
Cobuild- English Language Dictionary- Collins London & Glasgow- 1988)
 “Proverb: a short, well-known, supposedly wise, saying usually in simple
language”. (Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture- Addison
Wesley Longman- 1986)
 “Proverb: a short pithy saying in common use; especially one with a moral”.
(Wester‟s new dictionary)
 “Proverb: a short popular saying of unknown authorship, expressing some
general truth or superstition. Proverbs are found in most cultures and are often
are very ancient”. (The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literature Terms- Chris
Baldick- Oxford University Press- 1991)
 “Proverb is a short sentence that people often quote, which gives advice or
comments on life”. (BBC English Dictionary- Harper Collins Publishers
1992)
 “Proverb: a short and memorable saying which expresses a piece of
experience, often in vivid language”. (A Student‟s Dictionary of Language
and Linguistics- R. L. Trask 1997- Oxford University Press Inc.)
 “Tôc ng÷ lµ nh÷ng c©u nãi ng¾n, gän, cã ý nghÜa hµm
sóc, do nh©n d©n lao ®éng s¸ng t¹o nªn vµ l-u truyÒn
qua nhiÒu thÕ kû.” (§inh Gia Kh¸nh & Chu Xu©n Diªn-
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V¨n häc d©n gian- NXB §¹i häc vµ trung häc chuyªn
nghiÖp- 1991)
Literally translated: Proverbs are short sayings, rich in meaning,
created by working people and passed down from generation to
generation.
 “Tôc ng÷ lµ thÓ lo¹i v¨n häc d©n gian nh»m ®óc kÕt
kinh nghiÖm, tri thøc, nªu lªn nh÷ng nhËn xÐt, ph¸n
®o¸n, lêi khuyªn r¨n cña nh©n d©n d-íi h×nh thøc
nh÷ng c©u nãi ng¾n gän, gi¶n dÞ, sóc tÝch, cã nhÞp
®iÖu, dÔ nhí, dÔ truyÒn”. (Hoµng TiÕn Tùu- V¨n häc
d©n gian ViÖt Nam- TËp II- NXB Gi¸o dôc- 1990)
Literally translated: Proverb is a kind of folklore through which
people‟s knowledge predictions, advices are experimentalized in such a
plain but meaningful, rhythmed, easy to remember and spread way of
saying.
 “Tôc ng÷ lµ nh÷ng c©u hoµn chØnh, cã ý nghÜa trän
vÑn, nãi lªn mét nhËn xÐt vÒ t©m lÝ, mét lêi phª
ph¸n (khen hay chª), hoÆc mét c©u khuyªn nhñ, hoÆc
mét kinh nghiÖm vÒ nhËn thøc tù nhiªn hay x· héi”.
(NguyÔn L©n- Tõ ®iÓn thµnh ng÷ vµ tôc ng÷ ViÖt Nam-
NXB Khoa häc x· héi- 1989)
Literally translated: Proverbs are complete sentences, with adequate
meaning, which can be a remark about people‟s psychology, a comment
(either a compliment or a criticism), an advice or a knowledge about
nature or society.
 “Tôc ng÷ lµ nh÷ng c©u cùc k× b×nh dÞ, ch¾c nÞch r¨n
®êi, b»ng nh÷ng ®iÒu lu©n lÝ s©u xa hoÆc tæng kÕt
ng¾n gän nh÷ng kinh nghiÖm vÒ c«ng viÖc lµm ¨n”.
(Hoµng Trinh- §èi tho¹i v¨n häc- NXB Hµ Néi- 1986)
Literally translated: Proverbs are simple sentences that may be either
teachings about life with profound ethics or briefly-summarized
experiences about jobs.
 “Tôc ng÷ lµ mét c©u nãi ng¾n gän, cã cÊu tróc t-¬ng
®èi æn ®Þnh, cã c¸ch diÔn ®¹t phóng dô (ngô ý) ®óc
kÕt tri thøc, kinh nghiÖm sèng vµ ®¹o ®øc cña mét
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d©n téc”. (Lª §øc Träng- Tõ ®iÓn gi¶i thÝch thuËt

ng÷ ng«n ng÷ häc- NXB Thµnh phè Hå ChÝ Minh- 1993)
Literally translated: Proverbs are short sayings with quite stable
structure and overtoned way of expression through which a nation‟s
intellect, morality and view toward life are revealed.
Until now, there has not been any definition of proverbs, which is
considered to be the most standard and accurate.
I.2.3. A proposed definition
I.2.3.1. The necessary and sufficient conditions of a proverb definition
According to the theory of definitions, any definition should include the
“genus proximum” and the “differentia specifica”, i. e. it should refer to the set
including the item to be defined and to its special characteristics. The conditions
should be necessary and sufficient ones.
Considering the proverbs, any definition should distinguish them from other
“similar items”, like quotations and aphorism, having single authors, standard
expressions of special fields and simple sentences.
Any definition must include the following recognized and necessary
characteristics of proverbs. Proverbs appear in the form of short sentences,
having a standard text, allowing sometimes some standard variants too, where the
orders of words may be changed or some of the words may be replaced by others
that can be considered synonyms in that particular context. Sometimes additions
and omissions also appear. Being short, it excludes the possibility of including
explicitly the scope and limitation of validity found in scholarly statements.
Proverbs have – in common knowledge – no known author or literacy
source. Proper research can and does discover that a considerable part of the
well-known proverbs may be traced back e.g. in Europe to Greco-Roman classics
and the Hebrew and Greek Bible, (Taylor 1931. p.52-65 ), e.g. “One swallow
does not make a summer” to Aristotle, “He that sows the wind, will reap the
whirlwind” to the book of Hosea in the old Testament, “Time is money” was
coined by Benjamin Franklin in 1748. In the Far-East the literary sources are
mainly the Chinese classics, the Historical Records (Shi Ji), the Book of Zhuang
Zi and the Confucian Analects (Lun Yu), and in part to some Sanskrit classic,
like the Panchatantra, the Nirvana Sutra etc (Paczolay 1994. p.135). In the
process of folklorization the sources have fallen into oblivion and in due time-
sometimes in a slightly changed form- the quotations became genuine proverbs.
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Proverbs have a currency; they are known and often quoted in a small or
large region in one or several linguistic communities or in a part of such a
community. They may be known in several languages and continents, i. e. they
are internationally disseminated as Mieder put it (Mieder 1991. p.155.) but
sometimes they can be found only in one region or dialect of a linguistic
community. According to the size of the area where a proverb is known, we may
distinguish universal, regional (e. g. regional European, Far Eastern or Black-
African) and local proverbs (Pactrolay 1996).
Proverbs have a history; they “come and go” (Mielder 1991. p.155). Their
existence is related to a certain period of time (t), starting with the first known
use or recording. In historical terms, it is a “terminus ante quem” if no author can
be detected, e. g. if the first recording includes the remark: “… as the well-known
proverb puts it.” Part of the Biblical ones also belong to this category. It may also
be, however, that it is a “terminus post quem” if it is a folklorized quotation, like
“Time is money”. On the other hand it is also well known that several once
popular proverbs have fallen into oblivion or their use became restricted to one
region of the linguistic community.
On the level of abstraction (A) proverbs (pv) represent an abstract meaning
or abstract idea (AI) known to the users. In the case of metaphoric proverbs this
is implied. E. g. in case of proverb “Do not look at a gift horse in the mouth” it
may be “One should not criticize a present” or at a higher level of abstraction:
“In return for good will do not return an offence”. In case of maxim-type
proverbs this abstract idea is identical with the text of the proverb, like “Do as
you would be done by” or “Every beginning is hard”.
Due to the ignorance of the implied meaning (abstract idea), those who
know the text only, may misunderstand a proverb. E. g. a Hungarian proverb puts
that “It is better to fear than to be frightened (by surprise) – Jobb fÐlni, mint
megijedni- the meaning of which is the same as that of the English proverb
“Forewarned, forearmed”. Once somebody who knew only the text of the
proverb maintained that it is a bad proverb, as it is a bad thing to fear.
In some cases, there is no doubt about the meaning of a proverb, like “All
that glitters is not gold” but on the other hand in Europe the proverb “To close
the stable/barn door after the horse has been stolen”- dating back to Medieval
Latin- indicates a belated, futile action. The implied meaning of the
corresponding 2000 years old Chinese, Korean and Japanese proverb “To mend
the pen after the sheep was lost/stolen” is that “It is not late to repair the fold
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 chúng tôi sẽ gửi tài liệu qua zalo hoặc facebook hoặc email của quý khách.
 Sau khi tải tài liệu, Quý khách có thể chuyển đổi file tài liệu từ PDF sang WORD
miễn phí tại đây
 Nếu cần hỗ trợ vui lòng liên hệ số zalo/telegram: 0974577291 hoặc email:
[email protected]

(*) Quý khách lưu ý khi chuyển khoản ghi nội dung chuyển khoản kèm MÃ TÀI LIỆU
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