UNIT-4 EMOTION- 4 hour

Introduction
• The word emotion comes from latin word "Movere" which means to move.
• In actual emotion motivate human behavior or move people to act in certain ways.
• Anger, fear, surprise, joy, grief, love, affection, hope, anticipation, acceptance,
disappoint, jealousy, etc. are classified as emotion.
• Actually emotion deprives individual of his equilibrium.
• It stimulates the energy to deal with the emergency situation.
• Emotion is a strong feeling. It is conscious motivated state. It may be pleasant and
unpleasant accompanied by marked physiological changes, involving both visceral and
peripheral areas.
• Definition of emotion
• Emotion is moved or stirred up (motivated) state of the organism. It is a stirred up state of
feeling. That is the way it appears to the individual himself. It is a disturbed muscular and
glandular activity that is the way it appears to an external observer. Woodworth
• Emotion is an acute disturbance of the individual as a whole, psychological in origin,
involving behavior, conscious experiences and visceral functioning. P.T. Young
Studying emotions through facial expressions is not an easy task. Why?
• Some emotions are very complex and can’t be expressed through facial expressions
• Cultural factors influence emotional expression
• Researchers have identified six universal emotions- anger, fear, sadness, happiness,
disgust and surprise
Characteristics/ Nature of emotion
• ·Emotion is usually transitory which tends to have clear beginning and short duration.
• ·Emotion experience has a definite pleasant or unpleasant aspect.
• ·Emotion influences behavior.
• ·Emotional experience alters thought processes often by directing attention toward
something and away from others.
• Emotions are found in every living organism and present at all stages of development.
• Emotions differ from person to person.
• Emotions rise suddenly but die slowly.
 • Emotions are source of social and self-evaluation.
• Emotion serves as a means of communications.
• Environmental factors affect an individual's emotion.
• Emotion affects one's social relationship and reasoning capacity.
• Emotions works as a motive. Emotions are energizing.
• Difference between emotion and feeling
Types of emotion
1. Positive emotion- those emotion when we feel pleasant and happy are called positive
emotion.
• In positive emotion an individual is more motivated and dedicated in particular
behavior.eg. If a students is passed with highest marks then he/she is more motivated for
hard work and study more seriously than previous.
• Positive emotions balance out negative ones, but they also have other powerful benefits.
– It helps us take more information
– hold several ideas in mind at once,
– understand how different ideas relate to each other.
– opens up new possibilities.
• People with ample of positive emotions in their everyday lives tend to be more happier,
healthier, learn better and get along well with others.
• Positive emotions are eg. interest, enthusiasm, laughter, empathy, action, curiosity etc.
2. Negative emotion- the emotion of unpleasant sensation is called negative emotions. Negative
emotions warns us threat or challenge that we may need to deal with.
• Emotions which can become negatives are hate, anger, jeolousy and sadness.
• negative emotions focus our awareness. But too many negative emotions can make us
feel overwhelmed, anxious, exhausted, or stressed out.
• When negative emotions are out of balance, problem might seem too big to handle.
Emotional development throughout life cycle-
In Infancy
• ·Period from birth to 1 years of life
• ·Emotional element is present in the baby from birth ( as evident from crying)
• ·Smiles in respone to person or object
• ·Laughs aloud and shows pleasure in making sounds.
• ·Begins to differentiate between strangers and familiar faces and show stranger anxiety.
• ·Cries when scolded.
• ·Definite social attachment is needed.
• ·Shows emotions such as jealousy, affection, anger etc.
In Toddler
• ·Child becomes more and more emotional as his ability to interpret the stimulus develops.
• ·Has new awareness of strangers.
• ·Begins to have tamper tantrum.
• ·Increasingly independent, ritualistic and negativistic.
• ·May suffer from separation anxiety.
• ·Emotionally upset if lost the loving object.
In Pre-school age
• ·Tends to be selfish
• ·Generally cooperative and symphathetic towards their others.
• ·Development of socially acceptable behavior.
In School age
• ·Feels this age a period of more tension.
• ·The children may have best friends with whom they share secrets. They come to one
another's in time of trouble.
• ·In course of friendship children also fight, threaten each other, break up and reunite.
• ·The child expresses love and closeness for a peer.
• ·Feeling of inferiority due to unsuccessful adaptation.
In Adolescence age
• ·Due to the adjustment to physical changes adolescents may go to detract from feeling of
self worth.
• ·They learn to use their developing mental capacities.
• ·They are prone with feeling of hopelessness and depression
• ·They are very sensitive
• ·Physical defects can upset them.
• ·They have less tolerance towards injustice and strict authority.
In Young adulthood
• ·Time of increased clarity and consistency of personality
• ·Increased coping mechanism, less defensiveness, desire
• ·Increased the ability of think, reason, evaluate and interpret the thought more accurately.
• ·Time to develop expanded resources for happiness
In Middle adulthood
• ·Prominence for love and comparison so motivated for charitable action. Eg, social work,
political work
• ·Faith and trust in god or another source of spiritual strength are increased.
In older adulthood
• Irritable, aimless mind
• Due to much leisure time feeling of loneliness, isolation
• Feeling of despair and disgust about self are accompanied by the relationship losses and
consequences.
• Suicidal thought or attempt may result.
Review
• Definition of emotion
• Types of emotion
• diffrence between emotion and feeling
• development of emotion
Importance of emotion
• Emotions play a vital role in our lives because they have significant functions.
• For understanding emotions it is important to understand three critical component of an
emotion, first the emotion are composed of subjective component (how we experience
the emotion), second a physiological component (how our bodies react to the emotion)
and an expressive component (how we behave in response to the emotion).
• This different element can play a role in the function and purpose of our emotional
responses. The emotion can be short lived or long lasting.
1. Emotions motivate the individual-
• Due to emotion we are motivate to do certain task or behavior. Positive emotions provide
interest and create motivation for particular behavior.
• For example a student is more motivated for study if he/she is happy after scoring good
marks in exam and in other aspect.
• Mild form of both positive and negative emotions motivate the individual for good and
positive work but extreme form of both positive and negative emotions may harm the
individual due to low self-esteem.
2. Emotions renovate life
• Emotions provide texture, colour and meaning to our life. Without emotion we cannot
sense our life.
3. Helps to develop and maintain relationship-
• We live in family because of emotion. With the help of emotion we are bonded in a
family.
• We do creation behavior for the wellbeing of our family. We sustain our relationship with
our family with the help of emotion.
4. Helps to modify behavior-
• Emotions is a strong indicator which provide clue to the behavior.
• If an individual shows the unacceptable behavior then people shows unhappiness and
unpleasant reactions.
• An individual is guided by people's emotional reactions. An individual cannot show those
behaviours to which people are unhappy and show unpleasant reaction.
• An individual is always motivated to do those behavior for which people shows
happiness and satisfactory response.
• So that emotions helps to modify's one's behavior.
 5. Emotions help to create new things-
• With the help of positive emotions people are motivate to generate new ideas, create new
things and helps in thinking process.
Others are-
It helps-
• To identify the causes behind any behavior.
• To explore the feeling through bodily responses.
• To get adjusted or adopted
• To bring changes in day to day life.
• To understand the other's behavior
• To solve the problem as it provides opportunity to be prepared for action or to response to
any situation.
• To promote motivation towards certain action.
Measures to control emotion
• Emotional control is the ability to identify and regulate your emotions and respond in a
socially tolerable and flexible way and also have a certain level of control over
spontaneous reactions.
• Emotional control encompasses both positive and negative emotions, however, it usually
refers to attempts by an individual to manage the generation, expression or experience of
particularly disruptive emotions and impulses that can have negative consequences.
• The nurses need to be concerned with expression and control of emotion-
– ·In yourself
– ·In others (Patients)
• Emotion control
• Refers to the effort put by a person to identify the emotion and modify it
In yourself
• ·You should learn as much as emotions, their causes, reaction and consequences. The
knowledge helps to overcome emotions.
• ·Keep yourself busy by participating in useful activities, dramatics, music or various
games.
• ·Develop a positive philosophy of life which enables you to avoid mental conflicts and
emotional tensions.
• ·Control unreasonable and excessive external expression of emotions.
·
• ·Through understanding of oneself, one's limitations and powers, helps in controlling
one's emotions.
• ·Examine your conflicts and emotions objectively and face facts realistically.
• ·Laugh and enjoy life and avoid unpleasant emotional experiences.
• ·Involve in exercise, yoga and meditation.
• ·Work as routine.
• ·Think positively.
• Solve problem by problem solving approach.
• Try to avoid emergency situations as much as possible, since they cause excessive
emotional reaction.
 • Develop the habit of planning daily life and future activities so that we have as few
emergencies as possible.
• Cultivate hobbies, habits of reading and wholesome friendships.
• Balance work with recreations, exercise and social activities.
• Try to find humorous elements in situation.
In others (Patients)
1. Help the patient to feel ease- give warm welcome to the patients. Let him/her feel that he is an
important guest.
2. Understand patients negative emotions- the nurse should understand the patients negative
attitude related to negative emotion and nurse should approach calmly and quietly.
3. Promote positive feeling- the nurse should develop therapeutic nurse patient relationship and
should avoid fear anger and negative emotions from patient and from herself.
4. Develop empathy- nurse should establish empathetic behavior to patient. That means
understanding patients situation feeling and motives.
5. Patience towards patient with psychosomatic illness-
• ·Nurse need to spent more time with the patient with patience and attention.
• ·Such patient need help to relax and the nurse must arrange professional counseling for
such patient when required.
6. Promote positive feeling
Substitute the negative emotions of the patient by positive thought.
She should try to eliminate fear, anger, worry, anxiety from her and her patients.
7. Understand his negative emotions
Normally the patient are less self controlled than the nurses, they are tense, irritable and
unbalanced. therefore the nurse has to be very patience/ mature and balanced in her behavior
towards the patient.
Effects of emotion on health
• Emotions plays an important role in our life. They give us energy to carry out the activity.
They provide change and colour to life.
• By controlling our emotions we can eliminate half of the distressing illness that affect our
daily lifes.
• Intense and unpleasant emotions disturb the whole individual. If they persist they may
cause illness or worsen the condition of one already ill. Modern medicine shows that
uncontrolled emotionality plays a vital role in the causation of many physical disorders
which include-
– Heart disease, peptic ulcer, bronchial asthma, HTN, insomnia, constipation,
functional colitis etc.
• Intense negative emotions endanger her mental health and adversely affect her powers of
reasoning and judgements.
Theories of emotion
1. James- Lange Theory
• This theory is one of the earliest theories of emotion within modern psychology.
• Psychologist William James and physiologist Carl Lange suggested that emotions occur
as a result of physiological reactions to events.
• The James -Lange theory of emotion argues that an event causes physiological arousal
first and then we interpret this arousal.
• Only after our interpretation of the arousal can we experience emotion. If the arousal is
not noticed or not given any thought, then we will not experience any emotion based on
this event.
Event →Arousal→ Interpretation →Emotion
• James believed that emotion followed this sequence-
– we perceive a stimulus
– physiological and behaviour changes occur
– we experience a particular emotion.
• Example- Suppose you are walking in the woods, and you see a grizzly bear. You begin
to tremble, and your heart begins to race. The James-Lange theory proposes that you will
interpret your physical reactions and conclude that you are frightened ("I am trembling.
Therefore I am afraid.")
 • Certain factors such as the individual's existing mental state, cues in the environment, and
the reactions of other people can all play a role in the resulting emotional response.

2. Cannon-Bard theory
• The Cannon-Bard (or Thalamic) theory of emotion is a physiological explanation of
emotion developed by Walter Cannon and Philip Bard.
• Cannon-Bard theory states that we experience emotions and physiological reactions such
as sweating, trembling, and muscle tension simultaneously.
• It is suggested that emotions result when the thalamus sends a message to the brain in
response to a stimulus, resulting in a physiological reaction.
• More specifically, it suggests that emotions result when the thalamus sends a message to
the brain in response to a stimulus, resulting in a physiological reaction. For example: I
see a snake I am afraid, and I begin to tremble.
• People experience sweating, a racing heartbeat, and increased respiration in response to
fear, excitement, and anger. These emotions are very different, but the physiological
responses are the same.
Cannon -Bard Theory
• This theory assumes that both physiological arousal and the emotional experiences are
produced simultaneously by the same nerve impulse, which starts in the brain from
thalamus.
• According to this theory, after an emotion inducing stimulus is perceived, the thalamus
initiates the emotional response. In turn, the thalamus sends a signal to the automatic
nervous system there by producing a physiological response.
• At the same time the thalamus communicates a message to the cerebral cortex regarding
the nature of the emotion being expressed.

3. Schachter and Singer’s theory

• The Schachter-Singer theory of emotion is a theory that states that emotion is due to two
factors, physiological arousal and cognitive processes. The theory explains that people
use cues from their immediate environment to inform their emotions.
• According to this theory, our emotions are the product of both physical arousal and our
thoughts, the result of a biological and cognitive processs.
• This theory states that emotion is based on two factors, physiological arousal and
cognitive label.
 • Schachter and Singers theory draws on the both the James- Lange theory and Cannon
Bard theory of emotion. like them, them proposes that people conclude emotions based
on physiological responses. the significant factor is the situation and the cognitive
interpretation that people use to label that emotion.
• An example of the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion is a person being at a dinner party
with friends they love (stimulating event) and feeling an increased heart rate and
perspiration (physiological arousal).
• The person cognitively recognizes their feelings as excitement and enthusiasm (cognitive
labeling) and experiences excitement and enthusiasm (emotional experience).
4. Cognitive appraisal theory
• According to appraisal theories of emotion, thinking must occur first before experiencing
emotion.
• Richard Lazarus was a pioneer in this area of emotion, and this theory is often referred to
as the Lazarus theory of emotion.
• The cognitive appraisal theory asserts that your brain first appraises a situation, and the
resulting response is an emotion.
• According to this theory, the sequence of events first involves a stimulus, followed by
thought, which then leads to the simultaneous experience of a physiological response and
the emotion.
• For example, if you encounter a bear in the woods, you might immediately begin to think
that you are in great danger.
• This then leads to the emotional experience of fear and the physical reactions associated
with the fight-or-flight response
• Cognitive appraisals are a normal part of human emotional functioning and we will use
them over the course of our lives.
• It is very useful way of gaining insight into a person’s perception of themselves, their
environment and their ability to cope with stressful situation.
While defining emotion, most of the psychologists agree on four basic word which are
importants.
• There is a stimulus situations that provokes the reactions.
• There is a positively negatively toned conscious experience- emotion that we feel
• There is a bodily state physiological arouser produced by the autonomic nervous system.
• There is related behaviour that accompanies the emotion- trembling legs, shaking hands,
dry mouth etc.