FORTH SEMESTER MODEL EXAMINATION JUNE 2025

COMPUTER GRAPHICS

Section A (Short Answer Type Questions)

1.
Bitmap:
A bitmap is a collection of pixels, also called a raster image. It is generally used for photo-quality
image processing.
It is a graphic composed of many pixels like small squares
Pixmap:
A pixmap is identified as a spatially mapped array of pixels. A pixmap is also known as a bitmap,
and the smallest unit of a bitmap is 1 pixel.
A pixmap is a creative picture drawn regularly and cleverly with a single-pixel (1pixel) as a unit

2.
Vertical retrace is a measurement of time related to video displays. It represents the time between
the end of one frame being drawn, and the beginning of the next frame.

3.
It is a process of changing the angle of the object. Rotation can be clockwise or anticlockwise.

4.
Reflection in graphics programming involves creating a mirror image of an object across a specified
axis or plane.

5.
There are two scaling factors i.e., Sx, in the x-direction, and Sy, in the y-direction. If sx=sy it is
called uniform scaling.

6.
The main difference between window port and view port is that window port is a world coordinate
area selected for displaying while view port is a device coordinate area that locates the scene on the
device.

7.
WXmin<=x<=WXmax
WYmin<=y<=Wymax
8.
YIQ model separated chrominance from luminance. Luminance information is contained on the Y-
channel, whereas color information is carried on I and Q channels (in-phase and in-quadrature).

9.
S = [sx, 0]
[0, sy]
10.
The process of representing continuous graphics object as a collection of discrete pixels is known
as scan conversion.

11.
Scan line method and Seed fill method.

12.
Translation is a transformation that moves an object along the x, y axis.

Section B (Short Essay Type Questions)

13.
A Random Scan Device are also known as vector displays or stroke-writing displays. This is a
special type of display system used to render images by drawing graphics in the form of vectors.

In random scan displays, an electron beam is directed to draw shapes such as lines and curves in
any order, based on the image's vector information. It does not follow a sequential scan of the
screen, but instead moves to specific points to draw shapes directly.

Random Scan Device

14.
Light-Emitting Diode, LED is a semiconductor that illuminates when an electrical charge
passes through it. LEDs are commonly green, amber, or red, but can be any color. Below are
examples of how an LED could be used with a computer.

15.
Color models are essential in computer graphics for representing and manipulating colors in a
standardized way. Different color models are used for various applications, such as digital image
processing, printing, and television broadcasting. Here are some of the most common color
models:
RGB Color Model
CMYK Color Model
YIQ Color Model

16.
The CRT comprises various key components: Connecting Pins: Interface for connecting internal
electrodes to external circuits. Sealing Base: Ensures a vacuum inside the tube. Filament and
Cathode: Generate the electron beam. Control Grid: Regulates electron flow and beam intensity.

17. Keyboard
Mouse
Scanner
 18.
Algorithm:

1. We will process the polygon edge after edge, and store in the edge Table.
2. Storing is done by storing the edge in the same scanline edge tuple as
the lowermost point's y-coordinate value of the edge.
3. After addition of any edge in an edge tuple, the tuple is
sorted using insertion sort, according to its xofymin value.
4. After the whole polygon is added to the edge table,
the figure is now filled.
5. Filling is started from the first scanline at the bottom,
and continued till the top.
6. Now the active edge table is taken and the following things
are repeated for each scanline:
i. Copy all edge buckets of the designated scanline
to the active edge tuple
ii. Perform an insertion sort according
to the xofymin values
iii. Remove all edge buckets whose ymax is equal
or greater than the scanline
iv. Fillup pairs of edges in active tuple, if any vertex is got,
follow these instructions:
o If both lines intersecting at the vertex are on
the same side of the scanline, consider it as two points.
o If lines intersecting at the vertex are at
opposite sides of the scanline, consider it as only one point.
v. Update the xofymin by adding slopeinverse for each bucket.

19. Education and Training

Section C (Essay Type questions)

20.

Raster Scan Display is a display technology that renders images on a screen by systematically
scanning each pixel in a grid pattern. Unlike Random Scan Display, which draws lines or shapes
directly onto the screen, Raster Scan Display organizes the display surface into a matrix of pixels and
illuminates each pixel sequentially to form the desired image.
21.
Sutherland-Hodgman Algorithm
The Sutherland-Hodgman Algorithm clips a polygon one edge at a time. The clipping process
involves four stages:

Left Clipping − Clipping the parts of the polygon that are outside the left edge of the window.
Right Clipping − Clipping the parts of the polygon that are outside the right edge of the window.
Top Clipping − Clipping the parts of the polygon that are outside the top edge of the window.
Bottom Clipping − Clipping the parts of the polygon that are outside the bottom edge of the window.
The key characteristic of this algorithm is that the output of each clipping step becomes the input for
the next step. This way, by the end of all four steps, any part of the polygon that lies outside the
window will be removed.