ETHICS AND HUMAN INTERFACE → ESSENCE , DETERMINANT , CONSEQUENCES IN HUMAN

ACTION AND DIMENSION

DEFINITION - Ethics is a science of character, aiming at the highest good — eudaimonia (human
flourishing)."
→ Aristotle, in "Nicomachean Ethics"

●​ Ethics is principal follow - means v/s end

●​ Tells - right v/s right thing to do ( krishna telling kaliya to leave peacefully , without hurting him
more than needed )
●​ Based on idea of - “ atmani partikulani paresham na samacharay” - MAHABHARAT

WHAT ETHICS IS NOT -

●​ Just feeling : - moral intuition v/s reasoning

●​ Religion : - may & may not be
●​ Legal & illegal - legal can be unethical ( ex - euthanasia ) , illegal can be ethical ( gandhian
movement )
●​ Socially acceptable - may not be ethical ( ex - sati , dowry )
●​ Likes and dislike - ( ex - one may like bullying )

ESSENCE OF ETHICS - enable us to take right decision

●​ Moral Intuition v/s moral reasoning

●​ Absolute v/s moral [ essence is lies in conflict b/w them - some time
intuition is ethical some time
●​ Ethics v/s law reasoning , some time absolute good is ethical
some time individual moral ]
●​ Moral v/s ethics

TERMINOLOGIS -

1.​ Moral intuition - sudden response to any stimulus wrt right and wrong , reasoning is involved but
that is because of our past
experience , learing
Ex - helping is good , but helping poor is bad

2.​ Moral reasoning - using logic to figure out right and wrong

3.​ Absolute v/s relative

rigid Flexiable , depend individual
to indi

Universal - ex love , help Depend on situation

Not change with situation Context - dependent

Judge objectively Subjective

 -Ve → does not take With circumstance every
circumstances in context thing can be justified or prove
ethical

Uphold - fairness , equality Uphold - empathy ,

compassion

Good for completely evolved Less evolved society

society

4.​ Ethical / moral relativity - what is believed to be morally right at a given time may be wrong in diff
time and place

5.​ Moral conventionalism - what is considered morally right or wrong is determined by social norms,
customs, or conventions
→ not by any universal or objective standard.

6.​ Moral subjectivism - moral judgments are based on individual personal choices , feeling , opinion

7.​ Ethical skepticism - it is the belief that we cannot have certain or objective knowledge about moral
truths — right and
wrong cannot be definitively known.”

8.​ Law v/s ethics

●​ “ law set the minimum standard of human behaviour while ethics sets the maximum ”

9.​ Moral v/s ethics

This are individual personal belief about eight Based on shared understanding of right &
and wrong wrong

Shaped by - culture , religion , personal value Formed in society

Rigid - as taught from early age More flexible - allow for diff interpretation

Subjective Objective

Ex - Ek company plastic banati hai jo environment ko pollute karta hai.

Legal: Plastic production ho sakta hai legal ho.

Moral: Log kahen ki "Chalo chalta hai, sab karte hain, zarurat hai."

Ethical: But ethically, it violates principles of environmental responsibility , intergenerational

justice, and sustainable development.

DETERMINANT OF ETHICS - factor which decide whether the action being judged is ethical or not
ROLE OF ETHICS -

●​ INDIVIDUAL - Credibility
Integrity - right conduct + consistency
Fairness - equality + impartiality + justice
Probity - honesty + morality + integrity
Selflessness - cooperation + empathy + fairness
Sense of ultimate happiness
Makes a person of higher order
Good inter - personal relation

●​ Organisation - Transparency , efficiency , faith , accountability , credibility , good governance ,

trust , focus on long term
gain
●​ Society - harmony , trust , social capital , brotherhood , fraternity , bring progressive law against
inequality , estb
sustainable social order

NO ETHICS CONDITION

●​ INDIVIDUAL - crimes , violence , abuse

●​ SOCIETY - corruption , inequality
●​ ORG - nepotism , decreases efficiency , erode trust
●​ INTERNATIONAL - envi damage , wars
●​ BIOETHICS - designer baby , abortion

DIMENSION OF ETHICS -

1.​ Descriptive ethics - study of people behaviour , what society reward or punish
Ex - lawrence kuhlberge - stage of moral dev
 → Preconventional- Stage 1 ( right and wrong is based on which individual punish for
Stage 2 ( R & W determine by what individual punished for )
→ Conventional stage - Stage 3 ( come conformity - R &W what majority think )
Stage 4 ( think law is supreme - authority need to be respected )
→ Past - conventional - Stage 5 ( R& W is determined by personal value )
Stage 6 ( one have its own moral guideline which may or may not fit with law )

2.​ Meta ethics - it deal with question bout ethics itself ( what does good means , is morality
subjective or objective )

Diff philosophy under meta ethics -

→ Moral absolutism - some action are inherently right ( religion have moral absolute position )

→ Moral relativism - morality depend on society , culture , time period - nothing is right or wrong
all time to come
→ Moral objectivism - certain acts are objectively right and wrong independent of individual
thinking , ex - FR
→ Moral subjectivism - morality is not based on rule but perception of the subject ( ex - acc to X
dev project lead to dev it is good , acc to Y they lead to environmental degradation they
are wrong )
→ Moral nihilism - that all moral claims (like "killing is wrong") are inherently false because
morality itself is an illusion.

EX - "Stealing is wrong." → moral nihilist - "That’s a meaningless statement. 'Wrong'

doesn’t really exist in any objective sense."

3.​ Normative ethics - What is right thing to do

●​ Action based ethics - worth of action determine by “ MEANS & END ”

→ Means - deontology ( there is no wrong way of doing right thing ) , focus on process rather than
outcome
→ End - teleology / consequential ethics ( end justify means )

→ Threshold deontology ( End justify means if consequences surpasses certain threshold )

→ Ethical egoism - action is ethical if it is fulfilling self interest , without harming other ( corruption is
not ethical
thinker - hobbs - human is by nature is selfish , AYN rand - individual should exist for there own
happiness act of ethical altruism is not ethical

→ utilitarianism - act is ethical if it serve max good for max individual

Ex - DBT - It is like giving them fish
 → concept of common good - act is ethical is it lead to max benefit for entire society
Ex - investment in infra - it is like telling them how to do fishing ( capability approach )

→ kantian ethics - action is ethical if align with “ categorical imperative ”

●​ Virtue based ethics - action is ethical is performed by virtuous person ( very subjective )
Thinker - socrates ( virtue determine morality of action and knowledge id virtue)

●​ Justice based ethics - retributive justice ( the one how committed crime will be punished )
Reformative justice - “ every saint has a past and every sinner has a future ”
justice as a compensation - “ justice is a virtuous mean b/w the wise of giving more or
less than what an individual deserve ” – acc to amartya sen justice is building capability

●​ Right based ethics - moral worth of action is determined by to what extent it is infringing
upon the right of other

ETHICS IN PUBLIC & PVT LIFE

●​ PUBLIC LIFE - “ ethics in public life is grounded in ethics in pvt life ”

- treating other as an end

●​ PVT LIFE - start with self morality & inner purity Ex - gandhi sugar

NOLAN SEVEN PRINCIPAL - Wide uses in sec A

●​ Selfless
●​ Openness
●​ Objectivity
●​ Honesty [ trick - “SLED par baitha HIP neta” ]
●​ Accountability
●​ Integrity
●​ Leadership

SOLUTION - Can be used in C.S course of action

●​ Code of ethics implementation

●​ Awareness among employee / stake holder
●​ Training
●​ Leader lead from front
●​ Create guidance channel
●​ Accountability
●​ Review codes
 ETHICS IN INDIAN RELIGION

1. 1.​ Principal of reciprocity ( atmani pratikulani paresham na samachary

)
2.​ Intrinsic humanness
Mahabharat 3.​ Loksangraha
4.​ Selfless action - niskam karma
5.​ Value = behaviour ( right value - right behaviour )
6.​ Lokhit

2. 1.​ forgiveness and commitment to one's word

2.​ Fortitude
3.​ Loyalty
4.​ Aparigrah - not taking what is not yours
Ramayan 5.​ Upholding women honor
6.​ Never pay heed to evil advise
7.​ Dulabham hi sada sukham
8.​ Attachment = suffering

3. Historic 1.​ Cosmic order

4. 1.​ Reawakened moral consciousness

Bhakti 2.​ No discrimination
3.​ Communal harmony

5. 1.​ oneness of being

sufi 2.​ No societal division
3.​ Universal Brotherhood

6. 1.​ Vital dynamism - self ( reflection , purification , improvement )

Islamic 2.​ Temptation and desire corrupt the man

7. 1.​ cardinal virtue - ( compassion , charity , contentment , non enmity ,

selfless service )
sikh ethics 2.​ Honest living & honest earning
3.​ Altruistic act are means not end
4.​ Self reflection - eradicating own vices before other

8. 1.​ Tri - ratna → right knowledge , faith , conduct

2.​ Anekantvad & syadvad
Jain ethics 3.​ Non violence
4.​ Discipline

9. 1.​ Kamma - kusala & akusala kamma

Buddhist ethics 2.​ Mindfullness
3.​ Peaceful resolution of conflict
4.​ Ethical communication
 LESSON FROM LIVES AND TEACHING OF GRATE LEADER , REFORMER AN
ADMINISTRATORS

1 Buddha 1.​ Anicca - every thing is impermanent

2.​ Right view and intention = cultivation of wisdome
3.​ Right speech , conduct , action = ethical conduct
4.​ Sexual misconduct → 5 percepts

2 Mahavira 1.​ 5 vows - non violence , truth , non stealing , non possession ,
celibacy

3 Kautilya 1.​ Good Citizen - bounded rationality ( making good enough

decision with available knowledge )
2.​ Good leader - goal is people welfare , hear urgent matter , no
wastefull expenses
3.​ Corruption - personal interaction in professional life causes
corruption
4.​ Yogakshema - welfare state should be the aim of king

4 Guru nanak 1.​ Honest living & honest labour

2.​ Social responsibility
3.​ Counter caste discrimination
4.​ Universal brotherhood

5 Kabir 1.​ No discrimination

6 Tulsidas 1.​ Tolerance

7 Rebindarnath tagore 1.​ Humanism - find god through service of man kind
2.​ Fearlessness
3.​ Provide freedom to exercise right
4.​ Creativity and innovation for social progress

8 Raja ram mohan roy 1.​ Use their name if you have to talk about modern value

9 Dayanand saraswati 1.​ Emancipation of mankind - any kind act you are doing for
mankind you can write this
2.​ Ignorance causes misery - less self reflection

10 Vivekanand 1.​ Vedanta - every human is god and service to mankind is

service to god
2.​ Ethics is doing good of other ( defination )
3.​ Good nation - dev of individual personality , no jealousy ,
help other
4.​ Innovative leadership - creative ethics
 5.​ Purity , patience , perseverance overcome all obstacles

11 Aurobindo 1.​ Sacrifice

2.​ Exclusive orientation on present → lead to ignorance
(counter by self discov
3.​ Learn by doing

12 Gandhi 1.​ Swaraj ( ramrajya ) within self, then outside ( be the change )
2.​ Enough for every one need but not for every one greed
3.​ 4 goal for youth → swaraj ( ramrajya ) , non violence ,
sarvodaya , sawadeshi
4.​ Performing duty is the only right ( niskam karma )
5.​ Self determination for every one
6.​ No pvt property
7.​ Action is the duty , fruit is the right ( in,fact the right to
perform one's duty is the only right )
8.​ If every one do his duty , rule of law will immediately
established

13 Radhakrishnan 1.​ Moral victory > physical victory

2.​ Qualities of human - creative , self reflection , critical thinking
, not satisfied with temporal possessions
3.​ Public servant attributes - sense of duty , service for society
4.​ Intuition is form of experience

14 Ambedkar 1.​ social and moral consciousness protect law rather than law

15 Abul kalam azad 1.​ Secularism , religious tolerance

2.​ Edu for empowerment - esp girl
3.​ Integrity

16 Deen dayal upadhyay 1.​ Integral humanism - through antodaya , sarvodaya , swadshi
( self reliance )
2.​ Human at center of all dev
3.​ Transparency and accountability in governance
4.​ Stewardship
5.​ Balancing individualism and communitarianism
6.​ Western science ( must adopt ) v/s western way of life (
should not follow blindly )

17 Lohai 1.​ Sapkranti ( 7 revolution ) → against inequalities [ gender ,

racial , caste , foreign dominance , eco, against weapons ,
against interference (privacy) ]
18 Dalai lama 1.​ Compassion , forgiveness ,contentment , religious harmony
2.​ Inner peace for outer peace

19 Mother teresa 1.​ No one should left behind ( sarvodaya )

2.​ Personal sacrifice for other well being
3.​ Serve poor to serve god

20 Amartya sen 1.​ Capability approach - what you can do considering the
opportunity and freedom you have
2.​ Dev capability rather than providing resources

21 Kalam 1.​ Work culture - flexible , focus on getting work done

2.​ Visionary leadership
3.​ Youth empowerment

“ CONTRIBUTION OF MORAL THINKER FROM WORLD ”

1 Socrates 1.​ Ideal life - self awareness , dev , virtue based , no materialism
2.​ Ideal man - not worry about consequences
3.​ Critical thinking - lead to objectivity
4.​ Open dialogue & communication - conflict resolution ( discourse
ethics )
5.​ Lifelong learning - vital dynamism
6.​ All good is harmful without wisdom , wisdom is the only
unconditional good

2 Plato 1.​ Eudaimonia as the ultimate goal , state of well being and
happiness
2.​ Soul - rational( logic ) , spirited( emotion ) , appetitive( desire ) -
eudaimonia is achieved when you balanced all this
3.​ Good life - virtuous and reasoned action
4.​ Good leader - philosopher king ( virtuous , has wisdom , rational
decision making , prioritize ethics over personal gain )
5.​ Edu - character dev

3 Aristotle 1.​ Virtuous characteristic - intellect ( theoretical wisdom , practical

knowledge )
moral ( prudence , justice , fortitude ,
temperance )
2.​ Good citizen v/s good man

4 Martin luther king 1.​ Peaceful conflict resolution

jr 2.​ Refusal to retaliate to violence isn't cowardice - but an act of
strength
3.​ Social responsibility
4.​ Means not justify the end
5.​ Stand up against injustice

5 Confucius 1.​ Hierarchy and seniority must respected

2.​ Virtuous country / man cares for humanity
3.​ Rule by compassion and persuasion rather threat
4.​ Good official - ( etiquette , compassion , honesty , righteousness ,
family value )
5.​ Control needed for society good and order

6 Lokes 1.​ Human nature - idealistic ( advocate for AI and human centric dev
)
materialistic ( prioritizing advancement and profit )
Dualistic ( balance bw human value and dev )
Should strive for dualistic behaviour

2.​ Natural right - life , liberty , property

3.​ Individual liberty - self determination , right to pursue self interest
4.​ Public accountability of gov to citizen
7 Hobbes 1.​ Human by nature prioritize self preservation
2.​ Men is selfish

8 Adam smith 1.​ Invisible hand - even self interested men can unintentionally
contribute to society
2.​ DoL = Social peace and good
3.​ Limited gov and free market

9 Derkheim 1.​ Rapid social change → normlessness

2.​ Clear rule and procedure for bureaucracy

10 Rousseau 1.​ Artificiality corrupt the man , natural man is uncorrupted

2.​ General will - utilitarianism

11 Kant 1.​ Duty - Rightness and wrongfulness of action not depend on

consequences but whether they full fill the duty of not
2.​ Kantian deontology - i have taken that action bezc it fulfill my duty
3.​ Evidence based policy

12 Mills 1.​ Empiricism

2.​ Utilitarianism
3.​ Happiness = high pleasure / low pleasure
4.​ Harm principal
5.​ Prudent Hedonism ( short term pain (sacrifices) is good for long
term happiness )

13 Hegle 1.​ Ethical life →contributing to social institution

2.​ Historical consciousness
3.​ Solve contradiction → thesis - antithesis - synthesis

14 Karl marx 1.​ Conflict = social change

2.​ Capitalism → alienation from self
3.​ Class struggle
4.​ Labour value

15 Rawls 1.​ Difference principal - inequality is good if it favour most

marginalised
2.​ Veil of ignorance ( policy making should follow this principal )

16 Epicurus 1.​ Happiness is an aim - what ? - long lasting joy

2.​ Source of unhappiness - religion , increasing want
3.​ Pursuit happiness - through prioritization of task
avoid focusing on trivial matter
Friendship , collaboration
4.​ Morality is what give happiness

17 Kiekegaard 1.​ Ethics - follow duty and own personal responsibility and make
ethical choices
2.​ Leap of faith
3.​ Authentic living ( resist pressure , uphold integrity )

18 Abraham lincoln 1.​ Lead by ex ( be the change - gandhi )

 19 Carol gilligan 1.​ Care ethics
2.​ Contextual reasoning - to evaluate ethicality of action
3.​ Morality - based on care rather than right , justice
4.​ Listen and value every voice ( handling public - mob , crises )

HUMAN VALUES

Definition - value is an enduring belief - a specific code of conduct that is personally or socially preferable

VALUE BELIFE ATTITUDE

Standard of behaviour Internal feeling that something Tendencies to respond +vely , -

is true vely

Generic Specific to particular idea Situational

Serve as a guiding compass for Opinion on particular issues toward specific issue
conduct

ROLE OF VALUE –

GENERIC CIVIL SERVICE

●​ Strength to a person’s character ●​ Nolan's 7 principal

●​ Give direction to life ●​ Uphold rule of law

●​ Guild intellect to act positively ●​ Foundation value for civil services

●​ Active citizenship ●​ Make aware of social responsibility

●​ Bring generosity ●​ Punctuality , respect the work assigned

●​ Courtesy and politeness

●​ Take initiative

LACK OF VALUE -

INDIVIDUAL SOCIETY PUBLIC SERVENT

●​ Nolan's principle ●​ Corruption ●​ Lack responsiveness

●​ Reactionary action ●​ Nepotism , favouritism ●​ Lower public trust

●​ Guilt and discomfort ●​ Lack of social capital ●​ Bureaucratic attitude

CLASSIFICATION OF VALUE -

Traditional value Modern value

1.​ Obedience to authority → critical thinking

2.​ Communitarianism → individualism
3.​ Contentment → consumerism
4.​ Delayed gratification → instant gratification
5.​ Faith based morality → rational ethics

→ Universal value

1.​ Global stewardship

2.​ Altruism
3.​ sacredness of life
4.​ Empowerment

DEV VALUE -

●​ Engage in community services

●​ Padhna likhna abhiyan
●​ Kohlberg 6 stage model for value dev
 FOUNDATIONAL VALUE FOR CIVIL SERVICES

1 Integrity ●​ Adherence to ones intrinsic humanness and principal even in

phase of temptation or pressure
●​ Validation of honesty
●​ Democratic attitude

2 Honesty ●​ Being truthful,sincere and straightforward in all action , word and

intention
●​ Bureaucratic attitude

3 objectivity ●​ Merit based reasons well informed decision

●​ Due account of expert and professional advice
●​ Not ignoring inconvenient fact

4 Impartiality ●​ Imp in Professional ethics

●​ CI -2 kant

5 Non partisanship ●​ Political neutrality

●​ Don't be yes men & dont let political order undermine neutrality

6 Professional ●​ Being professionally competent

ethics ●​ Collegiality

7 Dedication to ●​ Devotion to duty

public services ●​ Supererogation

8 Empathy ●​ Understanding one’s feeling and emotion

9 Sympathy ●​ Acknowledging other emotion

10 Compassion ●​ Taking action to alleviate other suffering

11 Tolerance ●​ Respecting diff culture , lang , religion , opinion

12 Perseverance ●​ Never give up attitude

13 Loyalty ●​ It built trust & creadibility

●​ Help countering conflict of interest

14 Collegiality ●​ Team work and camaraderie

 ●​ Essential value for leader as help in creating supportive and
creative work environment where every ones voice id heard

15 Interdependence ●​ Mutual reliance for common goal

16 Confidentiality ●​ No unauthorised disclosure of info

17 Innovative ●​ New idea for services delivery

●​ Involve risk taking with rule and regulation

18 Prudence ●​ Evidence based careful and wise decision making

●​ Seeking professional advice

19 Fortitude ●​ Courage and resilience in face of adversity

20 Temperance ●​ Self control on impulses and restraint on desire

●​ Golden mean to keep us from excess

21 Bureaucratic ●​ Understanding of org structure , rule and law , power dynamics ,

wisdom internal politics and have strategies for working within these
constraint
●​ Finding creative solution

22 Form ARC ●​ Showing exemplary behaviour ( officer like quality )

●​ Promoting direct citizen input ( active citizenship )

23 Moral earnestness ●​ Having deep sincere commitment to doing what is right

24 Weber ●​ Commitment to purpose of office

●​ Strict adherence to procedure ( bureaucratic attitude )
●​ Having independent bureaucratic morality

25 Commitment ●​ Transform promise into reality

●​ Loyal to the cause

26 Character ●​ Prudent decision making

27 19 commandment ●​ Courteous
●​ Declaring conflict of interest to resolve conflict of interest
 28 Constitutional ●​ Duties - abide to constitutional idea [ 51 A (a) ]
value spirit of enquiry [ 51 A (f) ]
●​ fundamental right

29 Holistic ●​ Professional skill + value’s

competence

APTITUDE - Aptitude is a readiness or quickness in learning and understanding a particular activity or

subject - A.L. Thorndike

Aptitude Intelligence

Naturally good at some thing Knowing complex idea

Limited to certain area Learn , understand , reason

Make act effortless Need effort

 EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE

Classical intelligence - IQ

However problem solving skill require another set of skill - problem description
problem solving
solution implementing ( this need EI )

Emotional intelligence → refer to the ability to identify , understand and manage one’s own emotions , as
well as the emotion of
other
Listening to self and other others , and being smart about one and other emotion

GOLEMEN MODEL FOR EI -

1 Self - awareness ●​ Of one’s own - emotion , trigger , behaviour

●​ How other impact your emotion
●​ How to dev - seek feedback
●​ Help public servant - know clear picture of own strength and
weakness

2 Self - regulation ●​ Of own’s - emotion , other emotion , control on impulses

●​ To think before speaking - prevent verbal attack
●​ To suspend judgement - preventing rush decision
●​ How to dev - stress management , impulse control , pause
before response
●​ Help public servant - being credible , no compromise with
value

3 Empathy ●​ Understanding other emotion , keeping yourself in shoes of

other
●​ How to dev - active listening , paying attention , response to
felling
●​ Help PS - managing team , take constructive criticism , lead to
democratic attitude , having loyalty form team

4 Social skill ●​ Manage relation and built network

●​ Help in talent retention
●​ How to dev - active communication , work shop , team building
activity
●​ Help resolve - conflict , talent retention

5 Motivation ●​ Passion for work

●​ Having drive to achieve org/professional goal
●​ How to dev - set goal and reinforcement
●​ Help - set extremely high standard of quality of their work
These 3 are related to the internal world ( inter personal : self awareness , self regulation , empathy ) .
The other 2 form our relation to external world ( interpersonal : social skill , motivation )

QUALITY OF PERSON WITH EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE -

MARSHMALLOW EXPERIMENT ( walter mischel )

●​ Ability to delay gratification
●​ Handel stress / set back
●​ Resilient
●​ Positive attitude

MSCEIT 4 SKILL ( can be used in mob handling situation )

●​ Perception of other emotions
●​ Facilitation of emotion to think better
●​ Understanding emotions
●​ Managing emotion

SOCIAL INTELLIGENCE
●​ Ability to get along with other - ( people skill )
●​ Awareness of situation and there social dynamics ad strategies
●​ Prioritising task
PUBLIC SERVICE VALUE AND ETHICS IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION : STATUS AND PROBLEM
ETHICAL AND DILEMMAS IN GOVERNMENT AND PVT INSTITUTION
LAW ,RULE ,REGULATION AND CONSCIENCE AS SOURCE OF ETHICAL GUIDANCE
ACCOUNTABILITY AND ETHICAL GOVERNANCE
STRENGTHENING OF ETHICAL AND MORAL VALUE IN GOVERNANCE
ETHICAL ISSUE IN INTERNATIONAL RELATION AND FUNDING
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

→ PUBLIC SERVICE VALUE AND ETHICS IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION : STATUS AND PROBLEM

→ CONFLICT OF INTEREST – Acc to ARC ( it is a situation in which you are letting public interest (
primary interest ) suffer becz
of secondary interest ( personal gain )

SOLUTION - Code of ethics

Conflict of interest disclosure - rescue oneself from decision making
Train employee - define expected response when COI arrive , train them how to
identify COI
Monitor compliance
Reward and punishment
Foster an ethical culture - employee feel comfortable reporting potential COI without
fear of retaliation

→ ETHICAL AND DILEMMAS IN GOVERNMENT AND PVT INSTITUTION

→ dilemmas are situation of conflict bw 2 and more value ( to prevent form future re-precaution of today
decision officer must give
office note )
Guideline to solve dilemma -Ethical definition - Understood it
( Potter box - guide us in Identifying value - Consider the position that the Solution is - ethical/legal
4 step to solve such selecting principle - Will your action be embarrassing if know to
Dilemmas) family,friend ( 300 word essay )
choosing loyalty to stakeholder - Actions benefit ? Harm? How much?long?
take expert opinion
→ LAW ,RULE ,REGULATION AND CONSCIENCE AS SOURCE OF ETHICAL GUIDANCE

→ conscience - inner sense of right and wrong ( inner voice , shaped by one's value , belief and
experience

Can it guide ethical decision making -

locke - it is based on innate value but may not be reliable guide

sartre - not reliable - subjected to social conditioning
st . Paul - reliable - as moral guide does not need any rule or theory to be followed
kant - reliable , must followed by all

How it guide - ( reflect personal value , self regulation - hold oneself accountable , provide moral
courage - manifested in fortitude )

→ law , rule and regulation guides ethicality by

●​ Transparency ( RTI)
●​ Accountability ( lokpal )
●​ Fairness
●​ Protect public interest ( consumer protection act )
●​ Ethical governance ( SEBI guideline )

ACCOUNTABILITY AND ETHICAL GOVERNANCE , STRENGTHENING OF ETHICAL AND MORAL

VALUE IN GOVERNANCE PHILOSOPHICAL BASIS OF GOVERNANCE

Definition - accountability is being answerable for performance of task

Type - upward - ex bureaucracy

Downward - answerability to citizen
Horizontal - CAG making gov
Diagonal - media & civil society holding gov accountable
Social - accountability that relies on civil engagement i.e civil society and citizen participate
directly or indirectly in extracting accountability ( citizen charter , public meeting )
ex - rti , protest , social audit

Governance - governance is diff from government and is processed through which various stakeholder
articulate their interest , exercise their right and mediate their difference - Debroy

Type - E - governance - use of tech such as internet , digital devices and software of public services
delivery
-Ve → accountability diffused ( gov website server down )
Digital divide , illiteracy , privacy
+Ve → improve access ( online filing ) , responsive , efficient ( can’t make back date entry )
Ethical governance - administrative measure , procedure and policies that fulfill criteria required for the
ethically good or acceptable handling of public affaires
Philosophical basis of governance - social contract theory

Strengthening value in governance → COE , COC , accountability , probity , NOLAN

→ sense of responsiveness & belongingness with public
→ Presenting honest picture of reality to minister
→ Whistleblowing - encouraging individual to report ethical lapses
→ Increase stakeholder engagement
→Lead by example - set tone for ethical behaviour
→ Holoistic competence

→ ETHICAL ISSUE IN INTERNATIONAL RELATION AND FUNDING

●​ International ethics
●​ Realism - power is the only thing that matter
●​ Idealism - common interest
●​ Constructivism focus - diplomatic initiative to shape international relation
●​ Vasudev kuthumbhakam
●​ Global interest over national
●​ Power guided by moral duty and rationality
●​ Strength / peace / security are pillar of IR
●​ Funding for unethical causes
●​ Undermine stewardship in quest of dev
●​ Conflict and competition overlooking co-operation
●​ Weapon of mass destruction ( hydrogen bomb )

→ CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

Definition - it is about promoting corporate fairness , transparency and accountability ( thus it ensure
responsibility not only toward shareholder but also stakeholder i.e customer )

Objective - fixing accountability , long term trust , maintaining market confidence

CSR - reflect company ethical practice beyond profit making , make corporate reputation Issue - related
party transaction , green washing , corporate nexus , no real ground impact
PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE ; CONCEPT OF PUBLIC SERVICES ; PHILOSOPHICAL BASIS OF
GOVERNANCE
INFORMATION SHARING AND TRANSPARENCY IN GOVERNMENT ( RTI )
CODE OF CONDUCT , CODE OF ETHICS & WORK CULTURE
CITIZEN CHARTER
QUALITY OF SERVICE DELIVERY
UTILIZATION OF PUBLIC FUND
CHALLENGES OF CORRUPTION

→ PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE ; CONCEPT OF PUBLIC SERVICES

Definition - Adherence of ethics and moral for public office sanctity & trust so that their is complete &
confirmed integrity and incorruptibility - Sardar vallabh bhai patel

PHILOSOPHICAL BASIS → Probity is guided by ethical principle derived from ramayan , mahabharat,
bhagvatgeeta and arthashastra
→ western influence - kant duty , utilitarianism , social contract , virtue ethics

→ INFORMATION SHARING AND TRANSPARENCY IN GOVERNMENT ( RTI )

issues - PIO info , no self discloser , english as a medium , online , frivolous complaints , poor
implementation , base less rejection

Solution - digital infra , self discloser , penalized delay , audit of PIO , effective grievance redressal

→ CODE OF CONDUCT , CODE OF ETHICS & WORK CULTURE

CoC - Are formal , enforceable code setting out norms of expected behaviour and sanction for
unaccepted behaviour
-Central civil services ( conduct ) rules 1964
To arrest deterioration in the standard of public life has to be arrested

Work place ethics - refer to mind map one’s

→ CITIZEN CHARTER

→ definition - commitment an org toward standard , quality , cost , grievance redressal and time frame
→ citizen mark - use to evaluate and reward the department offering best services in keeping with their
citizen charter
●​ Standard - ( info & openness , choice and helpfulness , putting thing right , value for money ,
customer satisfaction
measurable improvement in quality of services , innovative enhancement of services at
no additional cost )
●​ Principal - QAC-VAT ( quality , standards , choice , value for money , accountability ,
transparency )

→ QUALITY OF SERVICE DELIVERY

→ Issue - inefficiency , non inclusive , focus is on increasing budget rather than efficient spending
→ Solution - citizen centricity ( bottom up approach ) , continuous improvement ( audit , feedback ) ,
proper planning ,
right to service act ( legalize citizen charter ) , innovative solution ( DBT ) , sevottan model ,
performance based bonus .

→ UTILIZATION OF PUBLIC FUND

Issue - misutilisation , under utilization → lead to march rush , centrally sponsored scheme , top down
approach fundflow blockages and delay

Solution - QAC-VAT , NOLAN , foundational value

→ CORRUPTION

Definition - “ abuse of entrusted power for pvt gain or specific group interest ” – Transparency
International

Type - collusive corruption , coercive corruption

Causes - poor ethical framework , structural flaws , materialism , narrow perception of good life , lower
pleasure ( mill )
Empact - increased regulation ( redtap ) , disadvantage to honest , ethical drain .

Dishonest crime - corruption

Honest mistake - decision back fire 10 year down the line ( office note is the solution )