AVL Tree Program in C

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>

// structure of the tree node

struct node
{
int data;
struct node* left;
struct node* right;
int ht;
};

// global initialization of root node

struct node* root = NULL;

// function prototyping
struct node* create(int);
struct node* insert(struct node*, int);
struct node* delete(struct node*, int);
struct node* search(struct node*, int);
struct node* rotate_left(struct node*);
struct node* rotate_right(struct node*);
int balance_factor(struct node*);
int height(struct node*);
void inorder(struct node*);
void preorder(struct node*);
void postorder(struct node*);

int main()
{
int user_choice, data;
char user_continue = 'y';
struct node* result = NULL;

while (user_continue == 'y' || user_continue == 'Y')

{
printf("\n\n------- AVL TREE --------\n");
printf("\n1. Insert");
printf("\n2. Delete");
printf("\n3. Search");
printf("\n4. Inorder");
printf("\n5. Preorder");
printf("\n6. Postorder");
printf("\n7. EXIT");

printf("\n\nEnter Your Choice: ");

scanf("%d", &user_choice);

switch(user_choice)
{
case 1:
printf("\nEnter data: ");
scanf("%d", &data);
root = insert(root, data);
break;

case 2:
printf("\nEnter data: ");
scanf("%d", &data);
root = delete(root, data);
break;

case 3:
printf("\nEnter data: ");
scanf("%d", &data);
result = search(root, data);
if (result == NULL)
{
printf("\nNode not found!");
}
else
{
printf("\n Node found");
}
break;
case 4:
inorder(root);
 break;

case 5:
preorder(root);
break;

case 6:
postorder(root);
break;

case 7:
printf("\n\tProgram Terminated\n");
return 1;

default:
printf("\n\tInvalid Choice\n");
}

printf("\n\nDo you want to continue? ");

scanf(" %c", &user_continue);
}

return 0;
}

// creates a new tree node

struct node* create(int data)
{
struct node* new_node = (struct node*) malloc (sizeof(struct node));

// if a memory error has occurred

if (new_node == NULL)
{
printf("\nMemory can't be allocated\n");
return NULL;
}
new_node->data = data;
new_node->left = NULL;
new_node->right = NULL;
return new_node;
}

// rotates to the left

struct node* rotate_left(struct node* root)
{
struct node* right_child = root->right;
root->right = right_child->left;
right_child->left = root;

// update the heights of the nodes

root->ht = height(root);
right_child->ht = height(right_child);

// return the new node after rotation

return right_child;
}

// rotates to the right

struct node* rotate_right(struct node* root)
{
struct node* left_child = root->left;
root->left = left_child->right;
left_child->right = root;

// update the heights of the nodes

root->ht = height(root);
left_child->ht = height(left_child);

// return the new node after rotation

return left_child;
}

// calculates the balance factor of a node

int balance_factor(struct node* root)
{
int lh, rh;
if (root == NULL)
return 0;
if (root->left == NULL)
lh = 0;
 else
lh = 1 + root->left->ht;
if (root->right == NULL)
rh = 0;
else
rh = 1 + root->right->ht;
return lh - rh;
}

// calculate the height of the node

int height(struct node* root)
{
int lh, rh;
if (root == NULL)
{
return 0;
}
if (root->left == NULL)
lh = 0;
else
lh = 1 + root->left->ht;
if (root->right == NULL)
rh = 0;
else
rh = 1 + root->right->ht;

if (lh > rh)

return (lh);
return (rh);
}

// inserts a new node in the AVL tree

struct node* insert(struct node* root, int data)
{
if (root == NULL)
{
struct node* new_node = create(data);
if (new_node == NULL)
{
return NULL;
 }
root = new_node;
}
else if (data > root->data)
{
// insert the new node to the right
root->right = insert(root->right, data);

// tree is unbalanced, then rotate it

if (balance_factor(root) == -2)
{
if (data > root->right->data)
{
root = rotate_left(root);
}
else
{
root->right = rotate_right(root->right);
root = rotate_left(root);
}
}
}
else
{
// insert the new node to the left
root->left = insert(root->left, data);

// tree is unbalanced, then rotate it

if (balance_factor(root) == 2)
{
if (data < root->left->data)
{
root = rotate_right(root);
}
else
{
root->left = rotate_left(root->left);
root = rotate_right(root);
}
}
 }
// update the heights of the nodes
root->ht = height(root);
return root;
}

// deletes a node from the AVL tree

struct node * delete(struct node *root, int x)
{
struct node * temp = NULL;

if (root == NULL)
{
return NULL;
}

if (x > root->data)
{
root->right = delete(root->right, x);
if (balance_factor(root) == 2)
{
if (balance_factor(root->left) >= 0)
{
root = rotate_right(root);
}
else
{
root->left = rotate_left(root->left);
root = rotate_right(root);
}
}
}
else if (x < root->data)
{
root->left = delete(root->left, x);
if (balance_factor(root) == -2)
{
if (balance_factor(root->right) <= 0)
{
root = rotate_left(root);
 }
else
{
root->right = rotate_right(root->right);
root = rotate_left(root);
}
}
}
else
{
if (root->right != NULL)
{
temp = root->right;
while (temp->left != NULL)
temp = temp->left;

root->data = temp->data;
root->right = delete(root->right, temp->data);
if (balance_factor(root) == 2)
{
if (balance_factor(root->left) >= 0)
{
root = rotate_right(root);
}
else
{
root->left = rotate_left(root->left);
root = rotate_right(root);
}
}
}
else
{
return (root->left);
}
}
root->ht = height(root);
return (root);
}
// search a node in the AVL tree
struct node* search(struct node* root, int key)
{
if (root == NULL)
{
return NULL;
}

if(root->data == key)
{
return root;
}

if(key > root->data)

{
search(root->right, key);
}
else
{
search(root->left, key);
}
}

// inorder traversal of the tree

void inorder(struct node* root)
{
if (root == NULL)
{
return;
}

inorder(root->left);
printf("%d ", root->data);
inorder(root->right);
}

// preorder traversal of the tree

void preorder(struct node* root)
{
if (root == NULL)
 {
return;
}

printf("%d ", root->data);

preorder(root->left);
preorder(root->right);
}

// postorder traversal of the tree

void postorder(struct node* root)
{
if (root == NULL)
{
return;
}

postorder(root->left);
postorder(root->right);
printf("%d ", root->data);
}

// C Program for B trees

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
struct BTree {
//node declaration
int *d;
struct BTree **child_ptr;
int l;
int n;
};
struct BTree *r = NULL;
struct BTree *np = NULL;
struct BTree *x = NULL;
//creation of node
struct BTree* init() {
int i;
np = (struct BTree*)malloc(sizeof(struct BTree));
//order 6
 np->d = (int*)malloc(6 * sizeof(int));
np->child_ptr = (struct BTree**)malloc(7 * sizeof(struct BTree*));
np->l = 1;
np->n = 0;
for (i = 0; i < 7; i++) {
np->child_ptr[i] = NULL;
}
return np;
}
//traverse the tree
void traverse(struct BTree *p) {
printf("\n");
int i;
for (i = 0; i < p->n; i++) {
if (p->l == 0) {
traverse(p->child_ptr[i]);
}
printf(" %d", p->d[i]);
}
if (p->l == 0) {
traverse(p->child_ptr[i]);
}
printf("\n");
}
//sort the tree
void sort(int *p, int n) {
int i, j, t;
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
for (j = i; j <= n; j++) {
if (p[i] > p[j]) {
t = p[i];
p[i] = p[j];
p[j] = t;
}
}
}
}
int split_child(struct BTree *x, int i) {
int j, mid;
struct BTree *np1, *np3, *y;
np3 = init();
//create new node
np3->l = 1;
if (i == -1) {
mid = x->d[2];
//find mid
x->d[2] = 0;
x->n--;
np1 = init();
np1->l = 0;
x->l = 1;
for (j = 3; j < 6; j++) {
np3->d[j - 3] = x->d[j];
np3->child_ptr[j - 3] = x->child_ptr[j];
np3->n++;
x->d[j] = 0;
x->n--;
}
for (j = 0; j < 6; j++) {
x->child_ptr[j] = NULL;
}
np1->d[0] = mid;
np1->child_ptr[np1->n] = x;
np1->child_ptr[np1->n + 1] = np3;
np1->n++;
r = np1;
} else {
y = x->child_ptr[i];
mid = y->d[2];
y->d[2] = 0;
y->n--;
for (j = 3; j < 6; j++) {
np3->d[j - 3] = y->d[j];
np3->n++;
y->d[j] = 0;
y->n--;
}
x->child_ptr[i + 1] = y;
x->child_ptr[i + 1] = np3;
}
 return mid;
}
void insert(int a) {
int i, t;
x = r;
if (x == NULL) {
r = init();
x = r;
} else {
if (x->l == 1 && x->n == 6) {
t = split_child(x, -1);
x = r;
for (i = 0; i < x->n; i++) {
if (a > x->d[i] && a < x->d[i + 1]) {
i++;
break;
} else if (a < x->d[0]) {
break;
} else {
continue;
}
}
x = x->child_ptr[i];
} else {
while (x->l == 0) {
for (i = 0; i < x->n; i++) {
if (a > x->d[i] && a < x->d[i + 1]) {
i++;
break;
} else if (a < x->d[0]) {
break;
} else {
continue;
}
}
if (x->child_ptr[i]->n == 6) {
t = split_child(x, i);
x->d[x->n] = t;
x->n++;
continue;
 } else {
x = x->child_ptr[i];
}
}
}
}
x->d[x->n] = a;
sort(x->d, x->n);
x->n++;
}

int main() {
int i, n, t;
insert(10);
insert(20);
insert(30);
insert(40);
insert(50);
printf("Insertion Done");
printf("\nB tree:");
traverse(r);
return 0;
}

//deletion operation in BTree

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define MAX 3
#define MIN 2
struct BTreeNode {
int item[MAX + 1], count;
struct BTreeNode *linker[MAX + 1];
};
struct BTreeNode *root;
// creating node
struct BTreeNode *createNode(int item, struct BTreeNode *child) {
struct BTreeNode *newNode;
newNode = (struct BTreeNode *)malloc(sizeof(struct BTreeNode));
newNode->item[1] = item;
newNode->count = 1;
 newNode->linker[0] = root;
newNode->linker[1] = child;
return newNode;
}

// adding value to the node

void addValToNode(int item, int pos, struct BTreeNode *node,
struct BTreeNode *child) {
int j = node->count;
while (j > pos) {
node->item[j + 1] = node->item[j];
node->linker[j + 1] = node->linker[j];
j--;
}
node->item[j + 1] = item;
node->linker[j + 1] = child;
node->count++;
}

// Spliting the node

void splitNode(int item, int *pval, int pos, struct BTreeNode *node,
struct BTreeNode *child, struct BTreeNode **newNode) {
int median, j;
if (pos > MIN)
median = MIN + 1;
else
median = MIN;
*newNode = (struct BTreeNode *)malloc(sizeof(struct BTreeNode));
j = median + 1;
while (j <= MAX) {
(*newNode)->item[j - median] = node->item[j];
(*newNode)->linker[j - median] = node->linker[j];
j++;
}
node->count = median;
(*newNode)->count = MAX - median;

if (pos <= MIN) {

addValToNode(item, pos, node, child);
} else {
 addValToNode(item, pos - median, *newNode, child);
}
*pval = node->item[node->count];
(*newNode)->linker[0] = node->linker[node->count];
node->count--;
}

// Set the value in the node

int setValueInNode(int item, int *pval,
struct BTreeNode *node, struct BTreeNode **child) {
int pos;
if (!node) {
*pval = item;
*child = NULL;
return 1;
}
if (item < node->item[1]) {
pos = 0;
} else {
for (pos = node->count;
(item < node->item[pos] && pos > 1); pos--);
if (item == node->item[pos]) {
printf("Duplicates not allowed\n");
return 0;
}
}
if (setValueInNode(item, pval, node->linker[pos], child)) {
if (node->count < MAX) {
addValToNode(*pval, pos, node, *child);
} else {
splitNode(*pval, pval, pos, node, *child, child);
return 1;
}
}
return 0;
}

// inserting elements in BTree

void insert(int item) {
int flag, i;
 struct BTreeNode *child;
flag = setValueInNode(item, &i, root, &child);
if (flag)
root = createNode(i, child);
}

// Copy the successor

void copySuccessor(struct BTreeNode *myNode, int pos) {
struct BTreeNode *dummy;
dummy = myNode->linker[pos];
for (; dummy->linker[0] != NULL;)
dummy = dummy->linker[0];
myNode->item[pos] = dummy->item[1];
}

// Remove the value in BTree

void removeVal(struct BTreeNode *myNode, int pos) {
int i = pos + 1;
while (i <= myNode->count) {
myNode->item[i - 1] = myNode->item[i];
myNode->linker[i - 1] = myNode->linker[i];
i++;
}
myNode->count--;
}

// right shift
void rightShift(struct BTreeNode *myNode, int pos) {
struct BTreeNode *x = myNode->linker[pos];
int j = x->count;
while (j > 0) {
x->item[j + 1] = x->item[j];
x->linker[j + 1] = x->linker[j];
}
x->item[1] = myNode->item[pos];
x->linker[1] = x->linker[0];
x->count++;
x = myNode->linker[pos - 1];
myNode->item[pos] = x->item[x->count];
myNode->linker[pos] = x->linker[x->count];
 x->count--;
return;
}

// left shift
void leftShift(struct BTreeNode *myNode, int pos) {
int j = 1;
struct BTreeNode *x = myNode->linker[pos - 1];
x->count++;
x->item[x->count] = myNode->item[pos];
x->linker[x->count] = myNode->linker[pos]->linker[0];
x = myNode->linker[pos];
myNode->item[pos] = x->item[1];
x->linker[0] = x->linker[1];
x->count--;
while (j <= x->count) {
x->item[j] = x->item[j + 1];
x->linker[j] = x->linker[j + 1];
j++;
}
return;
}

// Merge the nodes

void mergeNodes(struct BTreeNode *myNode, int pos) {
int j = 1;
struct BTreeNode *x1 = myNode->linker[pos], *x2 = myNode->linker[pos - 1];
x2->count++;
x2->item[x2->count] = myNode->item[pos];
x2->linker[x2->count] = myNode->linker[0];
while (j <= x1->count) {
x2->count++;
x2->item[x2->count] = x1->item[j];
x2->linker[x2->count] = x1->linker[j];
j++;
j = pos;
while (j < myNode->count) {
myNode->item[j] = myNode->item[j + 1];
myNode->linker[j] = myNode->linker[j + 1];
j++;
 }
myNode->count--;
free(x1);
}
}

// Adjust the node in BTree

void adjustNode(struct BTreeNode *myNode, int pos) {
if (!pos) {
if (myNode->linker[1]->count > MIN) {
leftShift(myNode, 1);
} else {
mergeNodes(myNode, 1);
}
} else {
if (myNode->count != pos) {
if (myNode->linker[pos - 1]->count > MIN) {
rightShift(myNode, pos);
} else {
if (myNode->linker[pos + 1]->count > MIN) {
leftShift(myNode, pos + 1);
} else {
mergeNodes(myNode, pos);
}
}
} else {
if (myNode->linker[pos - 1]->count > MIN)
rightShift(myNode, pos);
else
mergeNodes(myNode, pos);
}
}
}

// Delete a value from the node

int delValFromNode(int item, struct BTreeNode *myNode) {
int pos, flag = 0;
if (myNode) {
if (item < myNode->item[1]) {
pos = 0;
 flag = 0;
}else {
for (pos = myNode->count; (item < myNode->item[pos] && pos > 1); pos--);
if (item == myNode->item[pos]) {
flag = 1;
} else {
flag = 0;
}
}
if (flag) {
if (myNode->linker[pos - 1]) {
copySuccessor(myNode, pos);
flag = delValFromNode(myNode->item[pos], myNode->linker[pos]);
if (flag == 0) {
printf("Given data is not present in B-Tree\n");
}
} else {
removeVal(myNode, pos);
}
} else {
flag = delValFromNode(item, myNode->linker[pos]);
}
if (myNode->linker[pos]) {
if (myNode->linker[pos]->count < MIN)
adjustNode(myNode, pos);
}
}
return flag;
}

// Delete operaiton in BTree

void delete (int item, struct BTreeNode *myNode) {
struct BTreeNode *tmp;
if (!delValFromNode(item, myNode)) {
printf("Not present\n");
return;
} else {
if (myNode->count == 0) {
tmp = myNode;
myNode = myNode->linker[0];
 free(tmp);
}
}
root = myNode;
return;
}

void display(struct BTreeNode *myNode) {

int i;
if (myNode) {
for (i = 0; i < myNode->count; i++) {
display(myNode->linker[i]);
printf("%d ", myNode->item[i + 1]);
}
display(myNode->linker[i]);
}
}
int main() {
int item, ch;
insert(8);
insert(9);
insert(10);
insert(11);
insert(15);
insert(16);
insert(17);
insert(18);
insert(20);
insert(23);
printf("Insertion Done");
printf("\nBTree elements before deletion: \n");
display(root);
int ele = 20;
printf("\nThe element to be deleted: %d", ele);
delete (ele, root);
printf("\nBTree elements before deletion: \n");
display(root);
}

// Build a Heap from an Array with C

#include <stdio.h>

// swap function

void swap(int *a, int *b)

{
int temp = *b;
*b = *a;
*a = temp;
}

// Function to print the Heap as array

// will print as - 'message array[]\n'

void printArray(char message[], int arr[], int n)

{

printf("%s ",message);

for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i)

{
printf("%d ", arr[i]);
}

printf("\n");
}
// To heapify a subtree with node i as root

// Size of heap is n

void heapify(int arr[], int n, int i)

{
int largest = i; // Initialize largest as root
int leftChild = 2 * i + 1; // left child = 2*i + 1
int rightChild = 2 * i + 2; // right child = 2*i + 2

// If left child is greater than root

if (leftChild < n && arr[leftChild] > arr[largest])

largest = leftChild;

// If right child is greater than new largest

if (rightChild < n && arr[rightChild] > arr[largest])

largest = rightChild;

// If largest is not the root

if (largest != i)
{
// swap root with the new largest

swap(&arr[i], &arr[largest]);

// Recursively heapify the affected sub-tree i.e, subtree with root as largest
heapify(arr, n, largest);
}
}

// Function to build a Max-Heap from a given array

void buildHeap(int arr[], int n)

{
// Index of last non-leaf node
int lastNonLeafNode = (n / 2) - 1;

// Perform level order traversal in reverse from last non-leaf node to the root node and
heapify each node
for (int i = lastNonLeafNode; i >= 0; i--)
{
heapify(arr, n, i);
}
}

// Driver Code

void main()
{
// Array
int arr[] = {4, 18, 17, 10, 19, 20, 14, 8, 3, 12};

// Size of array
int n = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]);
printArray("Array is : ", arr, n);

buildHeap(arr, n);
printArray("Array representation of Heap is : ", arr, n);
}

Input Array :

/ \

18 17

/\ /\

10 19 20 14

/\. /

83 12

Output Max Heap :

20

/\

19 17

/\ /\

10 18 4 14

/\ /

83 12
https://codingzap.com/how-to-build-max-heap-from-an-array-using-c/