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Solved Exercises 02

The document contains solved exercises for a Signals and Systems course, focusing on computing generalized derivatives of continuous-time signals and analyzing various discrete-time and continuous-time systems for properties such as causality, linearity, time invariance, and BIBO stability. It includes detailed solutions and explanations for each problem, demonstrating the application of mathematical principles in signal processing. The exercises cover a range of topics, including periodic signals, impulse responses, and system classifications.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
5 views4 pages

Solved Exercises 02

The document contains solved exercises for a Signals and Systems course, focusing on computing generalized derivatives of continuous-time signals and analyzing various discrete-time and continuous-time systems for properties such as causality, linearity, time invariance, and BIBO stability. It includes detailed solutions and explanations for each problem, demonstrating the application of mathematical principles in signal processing. The exercises cover a range of topics, including periodic signals, impulse responses, and system classifications.

Uploaded by

ryan3387401411
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS

Academic year 2024-2025. Instructor: Dr. Marco Fabris.


Solved exercises - Part 2

1. Compute the generalized derivative of the continuous-time signal


x(t) = sign(t)e(2+j)t , t∈R
where the “sign” signal is defined as:

1, 
if t > 0
sign(t) = 0, if t = 0
−1, if t < 0

Solution. Formally, recalling the product rule for differentiation and the property of the
Dirac unit impulse δ according to which f (t)δ(t) = f (0)δ(t) for any function f continuous
at t = 0, it holds that
" #
d d d
x(t) = sign(t) e(2+j)t + sign(t) e(2+j)t
dt dt dt
= 2δ(t)e(2+j)t + sign(t)(2 + j)e(2+j)t
= 2δ(t) + sign(t)(2 + j)e(2+j)t .
The above result is a consequence of the fact that the signal sign(t) is constant, except
for a discontinuity of amplitude 2 at t = 0.
In particular, we obtain
d d
Re x(t) = Re x(t) = 2δ(t) + sign(t)e2t (2 cos t − sin t)
dt dt  
= 2δ(t) + e2t 2 sign(t) cos t − sin |t|
d d
Im x(t) = Im x(t) = sign(t)e2t (cos t + 2 sin t)
dt dt  
= e2t sign(t) cos t + 2 sin |t|

2. Compute the generalized derivative of the continuous-time signal


1
x(t) = sign(t) − 1l(t) + t2 1l(t), t ∈ R.
2
Solution. Note that sign(t) = 1l(t) − 1l(−t). The signal x(t) can therefore be written as
x(t) = 12 (1l(t) − 1l(−t)) − 1l(t) + t2 1l(t) = − 21 (1l(t) + 1l(−t)) + t2 1l(t) = − 12 + t2 1l(t).
The generalized derivative is dtd x(t) = 2t1l(t) + t2 δ(t) = 2t1l(t).
3. Consider the signal x(t), t ∈ R, periodic with period T = 2, defined for t ∈ [0, 2) as:
(
3t, 0 ≤ t < 1,
x(t) =
0, 1 ≤ t < 2.
d
a) Sketch the plot of x(t). b) Compute the generalized derivative y(t) = dt
x(t), t ∈ R.

Solution

a.)
x(t) 6

3
   
   
   
   
  2  
   
   
   
  1  
   
   
   
    -
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 t

b.) The plot of the generalized derivative of x can be sketched by inspection.

6
d
dt
x(t)

-
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 t

−1

−2

? ? −3 ? ?

To formally compute the generalized derivative, we write


x(t) = ∞ k=−∞ 3(t − 2k)(1l(t − 2k) − 1l(t − 1 − 2k))
P

(i.e., x(t) is the periodic repetition with period T = 2 of the given signal in the interval
[0, 2)). The generalized derivative is then yielded by
dx
= ∞ k=−∞ 3(1l(t − 2k) − 1l(t − 1 − 2k)) + 3(t − 2k)(δ(t − 2k) − δ(t − 1 − 2k))
P
dt
applying the rules of the Dirac δ function, we find
dx
= ∞ k=−∞ 3(1l(t − 2k) − 1l(t − 1 − 2k)) − 3δ(t − 1 − 2k).
P
dt

4. For the discrete-time system described by the relation


n+10
X
y(n) = x(k),
k=n−10
verify whether the following properties are satisfied: a. causality, b. BIBO-stability.
Solution. a. y(n) depends on both past and future values of x(·) relative to n. The
system is not causal.

b. If x(·) is a bounded signal, say |x(n)| ≤ B < ∞, ∀ n, then |y(n)| = | n+10


k=n−10 x(k)| ≤
P
Pn+10
k=n−10 |x(k)| ≤ (n + 10 − (n − 10) + 1)B = 21B < ∞. The system is BIBO stable.

5. For each of the following systems:


(a) y(t) = x(t − 2), t ∈ R,
n−1
3k x(k),
X
(b) y(n) = n ∈ Z,
k=−∞

(c) y(t) = x(0)2 − t, t ∈ R,


verify whether the following properties hold: a. causality, b. linearity, c. time invariance,
d. BIBO stability.

Solution.
(a) The relation between input and output is a simple delay translation by T = 2.
Hence, it is a a. causal, b. linear, c. time-invariant, d. BIBO stable system.

(b) The output y(n) is obtained as a linear combination of past samples x(k), k < n,
of the input, but the coefficients are not a function of the difference n − k alone.
Moreover, the response to the bounded input x(n) = u(n) is the unbounded signal
y(n) = 12 (3n −1) 1l(n). Thus, this system is a. causal, b. linear, c. not time-invariant,
d. not BIBO stable.

(c) The output y(t) solely depends on (the time t and) the input x(0), which can be
from the past, present, or future, depending on the value of t ∈ R. Moreover, the
response to the zero input x(t) ≡ 0 is the non-zero and unbounded signal y(t) = −t.
Finally, while the zero input satisfies the property of invariance x(t) = x(t − T ) for
every T ∈ R, the corresponding output can be written as y(t) = y(t − T ) only for
T = 0. Consequently, this is a a. non-causal, b. non-linear, c. not time-invariant,
d. not BIBO stable system.
6. For each of the following systems:
(a) y(t) = x(t + 5) x(t − 1), t ∈ R,
Z t
(b) y(t) = x(s) ds, t ∈ R,
−∞
(c) y(t) = cos(t − 2) x(t), t ∈ R,
verify whether the following properties hold: a. causality, b. linearity, c. time invariance,
d. BIBO-stability.

Solution.
(a) It is not causal because y(t) depends on x(t + 5). It is not linear. It is time-invariant
since the input x(t) = x(t − T ) produces the output y(t) = x(t + 5) x(t − 1) =
x(t − T + 5) x(t − T − 1), which equals y(t − T ). It is BIBO stable because if
|x(t)| ≤ B then |y(t)| ≤ B 2 .
(b) It is causal because y(t) solely depends on {x(τ ), −∞ < τ ≤ t}. It is linear. It
is time-invariant
Rt Rt
because applyingR input x(t) = x(t − T ) results in output y(t) =
t−T ′ ′
−∞ x(τ )dτ = −∞ x(τ − T )dτ = −∞ x(τ )dτ = y(t − T ). It is not BIBO stable;
one can verify this by considering the response to a constant input.
(c) It is causal. It is linear. It is not time-invariant. It is BIBO stable since |y(t)| ≤
|x(t)|.

7. For the continuous-time system


 
y(t) = t x(t − 2) − cos(t + 2) x(t)

verify whether the following properties hold: a. causality, b. linearity, c. time invariance,
d. BIBO stability.

Solution. a. Since the output y at time t depends only on the input x(s) at times s = t
and s = t − 2, which are either previous or equal to t, the system is causal.
b. The presence of the quadratic term x(t−2)x(t) in the input-output relationship makes
the system nonlinear. Although y(t) ≡ 0 if x(t) ≡ 0, neither homogeneity nor additivity

is satisfied. For example, for the input x1 (t) = αx(t), the output is y1 (t) = α αt x(t −
  
2) − cos(t + 2) x(t), which is generally different from αy(t) = α t x(t − 2) − cos(t + 2) x(t).

c. The time variability of the coefficients t and − cos(t + 2) is the reason why the system
is not time-invariant.
  the input: x1 (t) = x(t − t0 ), results in the
Specifically, translating
output y1 (t) = t x(t − t0 − 2) − cos(t + 2) x(t − t0 ), which is generally different from
 
y(t − t0 ) = (t − t0 ) x(t − t0 − 2) − cos(t − t0 + 2) x(t − t0 ).
d. The system is not even BIBO stable due to the unbounded nature of the coefficient t.
For a bounded input x(t) ≡ 1, the output is unbounded: y(t) = t − cos(t + 2).

8. For each of the following systems:

(a) y(n) = max{|x(n)|, |x(n − 1)|}, n ∈ Z,


Rt
(b) y(t) = −∞ e−3(t−τ ) x(τ ) dτ , t ∈ R,
R 2t 2
(c) y(t) = −∞ |t − τ | x(τ ) dτ , t∈R

verify whether the following properties hold:

a. causality, b. linearity, c. time invariance, d. BIBO stability.

Solution. System (a) is causal, nonlinear, time-invariant, and BIBO stable. System (b)
is causal, linear, time-invariant, and BIBO stable, with impulse response h(t) = e−3t u(t).
Finally, system (c) is not causal, is linear, not time-invariant, nor BIBO stable.

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