\

SOCI
ALSTUDI
ESNOTES

NEW SYLLABUSNOTES

1
MAPS

Amapi
sadr
awi
ngr
epr
esent
ingal
lorapar
toft
heear
th’
ssur
face.

ATTRI
BUTESORCHARACTERI
STI
CSOFMAPS

1.Titl
e–showsuswhatt hemapi sabout.
2.Scale–i susedt ocalcul
atet hegrounddi st
ancebetweenplacesonamap.I t
showsmapuser showmanyt i
messmal l
erthemapi swhencomparedtother eal
area on the ground.Scale shows the relat
ionshi
p bet
ween realli
fe ground
distanceanddistancesont hemap.
3.Key( Legend)andsy mbols–Thekey/l egendexplai
nsthemeaningofsy mbols
usedont hemap.Sy mbolsshowi nfor
mat i
onandphy si
calf
eatur
esonthegr ound.
4.Directi
onsign–Showsuswher enort
his.

Di
ff
erencebet
weenamapandapl
an

● Mapsprovi
de gener
alinf
ormati
on whi
l
eplansgiv
e det
ail
ed and speci
fi
c
i
nfor
mati
onaboutasmallar
ea.
● Pl
ansar
edrawntoalargescal
ewhil
emapsaredr
awntoasmallscal
e.

Di
ff
erencebet
weenmapsandaer
ialphot
ogr
aphs

● Mapsaredr awingsmadebyhandwhi leaeri

alphotogr
aphsarephot
ostaken
usi
ngacamer a.
● Mapsonl yshow theinfor
mationthatthemapmakerwant stoshow whil
e
aer
ialphotographsshow ever
ythi
ngthatisont hesur f
aceattheti
met he
pi
ctur
eistaken.
● Mapshav eakeyandsy mbolswhil
eaeri
alphotogr
aphsdon’t
.

Di
ff
erencebet
weenmapsandsat
ell
it
eimages

● Mapsar edrawnonhand whi l

esatel
li
teimagesaret akenbyasat el
l
ite
orbi
ti
ngar oundtheearth.
● Mapsonl yshow whatt hemapmakerwant stoshow butsat el
l
iteimages
showev eryt
hingthatisont hewayofthecamerawhenthepi ct
ureistaken.
● Thealti
tudeandsl opeofthel andcaneasi
lybeshownonamapbutt hesear e
dif
fi
culttoshowonsat el
l
iteimages.

MapScal
e

2
Ther
ear
ethr
eet
ypesofscal
e

a)Stat
ementscal
e–Thistypeofscalei
swr i
tt
enintheform ofast
atement
.For
exampl
e,onecent
imet
err
epresent
shundr
edkilomet
ers.

Howt
ousest
atementscal
etocal
cul
ategr
ounddi
stance

Given a map scal

e 1cent
imeterrepr
esent
s 100 ki
lometer
s.Measured map
di
stancebetweenthet woplaces =10cm.Thecal cul
atedgrounddi
stance=
100km x10cm
Answer=100km.

b)Li
nearScal
e–Thi
sty
peofscal
eisshowni
nthef
orm ofal
i
neorabar
.E.
g.

Howt
ousel
inearscal
etocal
cul
ategr
ounddi
stance

Measur
ingdi
stanceal
ongast
rai
ghtl
ine

Youtakeapieceofpaperorarul
er;
placei
talongtheli
net
haty
ouar
emeasur
ing.
Mar
k eachofthedi
stanceandholdi
tal
ongt hel
inearscal
e.

Measur
ingdi
stanceal
ongcur
vedl
ines

Takeast r
aight-
edgedpieceofpaper .Markthest ar
ti
ngpoi ntt
henmov eituntili
t
touchest heshor teststr
aightsect
ionoft hecur vedline.Makeamar kont he
pieceofpaperandt hel
inethatyouaremeasur ing.Continuedoi
ngthisuntilthe
endoft helinethaty ouaremeasuri
ng.Placet hemar kedpieceofpapercarefull
y
againstthelinearscalet
of i
ndtheexactdistance.

c)Rati
oScale/Representat
iveFr
act
ionscal
e–Thi stypeofscal
eiswr i
tteni
nr at
io
for
m e.g.1:20000.Thismeansthat1cent
imeteronthemapr epresents20000
centi
metersontheground.Notet
hattheunit
soft hescal
eforthemapdi stance
andgrounddist
ancearethesame.Itcanal
sobei nthefor
m ofafracti
one.g.½0
000.

Howt ouser at
ioscal
etocalcul
ategr
ounddi
stance
Rati
o:1:50000
Mapdi st
ancebetweentwoplaces=10cm
Cal
culatethegrounddi
stance
Answer: 10cm *50000cm =500000cm
3
 Nowconv er
t500000cm t
oki
lomet
ers
500000/100000=5km.
Thegrounddist
ance=5km.

MapDi
rect
ions

Weuseani
nst
rumentknownast
hecompasst
ofi
ndt
hedi
rect
ionofonepl
ace
f
rom anot
her
.

Car
dinalPoi
nts

Themai ncompassdirect
ionsarenorth,sout
h,eastand west.Betweenthemain
di
rect
ionsar
eint
ermedi
atepoint
s;nor
th-
east,
south-
east
,sout
h-westandnor
th-
west
.

NW Nor
th

NE

West East

SW SE

Sout
h

Gi
vi
ngdi
rect
ion

Whenholdi
ngabookupri
ght
,al
waysnot
et hatt
het
opofthebooki
swhereyournor
this.
Thebot
tom i
sthesout
h,t
heri
ghtsi
deofthebooki
stheeastandt
hel
eftsi
deiswest.

Whengi vingdirect
ionalwaysimagi
nethatyouarestandi
ngatt hepl
acement i
oned
i
mmedi atelyaft
erthewor dfrom.Forexampl
e,fi
ndthedirect
ionofXfrom Tbelow.
Thisi
sl i
kesay i
ngi fyoustandatTandpointatXwher ewouldyoubepoint
ing.The
answerisNor t
hWest .

Locat
ionPl
acesusi
ngLat
it
udeandl
ongi
tudel
ines.

Lat
it
udel
ines

4
Thesearehor
izontall
ines.Al
llat
it
udeli
nesbegi
natthel
ineofequat
or.Thi
sist
hezer
o
degrees(
0º)l
i
ne; i
tdiv
idestheearthi
ntonor
ther
nandsouther
nhemispher
e.

Ot
herl
ati
tudel
i
nesar
ethe:

i
) Tropi
cofCapr i
cor
n-23½ºS.Thi
sli
nepassesi
nBot
swananearMahal
apy
e.
i
i
) Tropi
cofcancer-23½ºN.
i
i
i) Arcti
cCircl
e–66½ºN
i
v) Antarct
icCir
cle–66½ºS

Li
nesofLongi
tude(
mer
idi
ans)

Thesearever
ti
call
i
nes.Thezerodegr
ees(0º)l
ongit
udeli
nei
sknownast heGreenwich
meridi
an orpri
me meri
dian.Thi
sl i
ne di
vi
dest he ear
thi
nto east
ern and west
ern
hemispher
es.

Howt
olocat
eusi
ngl
ati
tudeandl
ongi
tudel
ines

● Al
way
sst
artbygi
vi
ngt
hel
ati
tude.Thenf
indt
hel
ongi
tude.

sour
ce:Expl
ori
ngS/st
udi
esbk1

5
Thel
ati
tudeofGabor
onei
ntheabov
emapi
s24º
S

Thel
ongi
tudeofGabor
onei
ntheabov
emapi
s25ºE

Gr
idRef
erences

Agridreferenceisanetworkofunifor
mlyspacedhor izontalandvert
icall
inesusedto
l
ocateplacesonat opographicmap.Thehorizontall
i
nesofagr idref
erencearecall
ed
nor
thingsbecause t
hei
rnumber s /v al
uesincrease as one mov e northwards.The
ver
ti
calonesar ecal
l
edeast i
ngsbecausethei
rvaluesincreaseasonemov eeastwar
ds.

Locat
ingPl
acesusi
ng4f
igur
egr
idr
efer
ence

● Startwi
thv erti
call
i
nes( East
ings).
● Fi
ndt hehor i
zontall
ine(Nort
hing)
● Theposi t
ionofanypoi ntwillbedescri
bedbythebot
tom l
eftcor
nerofthe
pointthaty ouar el ocat
ing orsouthwestcor
nerofasquar einwhicha
parti
cul
arpoi ntisf
ound.

e.
g 20 21 22 23

12

*
K *
P

11

Theposi
ti
onofpoi
ntKabov
eis2011

Locat
ingpl
acesusi
ng6f
igur
egr
id

● Inor
dertogi v
et heexactpositi
onofapl aceweuse6f i
guregr
idref
erence.
Star
tbygivingthe4figuregri
doftheplaceyouarelocati
ng.
rd
● Forthe3 number ,subdivi
dethenorthi
nglineinto9equalpar t
sasshown
abovethensubdi vi
det heeasti
nginto9equalpar tsinor dert
ogetthe6th
number.
Theposi
ti
onofpoi ntPabov ewil
lbe221116
r
d
NBtheunderl
ine1i sf
orthe3 numberwhi l
e6isforthe6thnumber

6
Landscapef
eat
ures

Landscapefeat
uresar
efeat
uressuchashi
l
ls,mount
ains,r
iver
s,l
akeset
cthatwef
ind
i
nourenv i
ronment.

Cont
ourl
ines

Theseareli
nesdrawnonmapsjoi
ningpl
acesofthesameheightoral
ti
tude.Al
ti
tudei
s
thehei
ghtabovesealev
elwhi
l
esealevel
iswher
el andmeet
sthesea.Alt
it
udeisshown
i
nmet r
es.

Ver
ti
cali
nter
val/cont
ouri
nter
val

Thi
sisdi
ff
erencebet
weent
woadj
acent/successi
vecont
ourl
i
nes.e.
g

10
20
30

Thev
ert
ical
int
erv
aloft
heabov
efeat
urei
s30–20=10m

Det
ermi
ningphy
sicalf
eat
uresusi
ngcont
ourl
ines

Hil
ls&Mount
ains-Hi
l
lsandmount
ainsar
eshownbycont
ourl
i
nest
hati
ncr
easet
othe
center
.

Cli
ff
s– It
s cont
ours ar
e so cl
ose t
o each ot
her
.The cont
ourl
i
nes seem l
i
ke
they
mer
ge(
combine)
.

e.
g
100
200
300

Plat
eau–Pl at
eausar
efl
atatt
het
op.Ther
eisal
argeopenspaceatt
hecent
reoft
he
contourl
i
nes.

e.
g 100
200
300

7
Depressi
ons–Thesear
elowly
ingar
eas.Forex
ampl
eri
ver
s,l
akes,del
taset
c.Cont
our
l
inesdecreaset
owar
dst
hecent
re.

e.
g 300
200
100

Ri
verVal
ley–thi
sisanotherexampleofadepressi
on.Ri
ver
sflowfr
om ahighl
andt
oa
l
owland.It
scont
ourl
inesareV-shapedandtheVpointst
owardshi
ghland.

900
800
700

Ther
iveri
nthev
all
eyabov
eisf
lowi
ngt
othesout
hwest
.

Fl
atl
and–Cont
ourl
i
nesofaf
latl
andar
ever
yfarf
rom eachot
her
.

e.
g 100M

200M

8
Sket
chMaps

Thisisasimplemapwhi chshowsonlyt
hemainfeat
uresofanareaandt
hei
rlocat
ions.
Featuresofsketchmapsmustbel abel
edcl
earl
ysot hatt
heycanbeident
if
iedeasil
y.
Wher esymbolsareused,t
her
emustbeamapkeyt hatexpl
ainst
hem.

Thef
oll
owi
ngi
sadescr
ipt
ionandasket
chmapwi
l
lbedr
awnbel
owi
t.

From myhouseIf ol
l
owar oadandpassahospit
alonmyr i
ght.It
henpassabusstop
onmyl ef
t.Ii
gnoretheroadthatt
urnseastandtur
nonthenextr oadt
hatt
urnswest
.
Ther oadcrossesar i
verthathasabr i
dge.Aft
erther
iverthereisaschoolonthe
nort
hernpartofther
oadwher emyfri
endworks.

Sket
chMap.

9
Key/Legend

- bri
dge
- School

- road
- hospi
tal
- busstop
- ri
ver
- house

Resear
chSki
ll
s
Ar
esear
chi
sacar
eful
studyori
nvest
igat
ionaboutani
ssueorapr
obl
em.

Pur
poseofResear
ch.

● Togetcorr
ectinfor
mationbefor
emakingimportantdeci
sions.
● Tohelponei denti
fythecausesandpossi bl
esoluti
onst oprobl
emsi
nthe
soci
ety
.
● Togetnewknowl edge.
● Toincr
easeourunderstandi
ngaboutanissueoraproblem.

Component
sofaResear
ch

1.Topic–t histel
lsuswhatt hepr oj
ectorresearchi
sabout .
2.Backgroundi nf
or mati
on-t hi
sisadescriptionoft
her esearch.I
tgivesusdetai
led
i
nformationaboutt heresearch.
3.Stat
ementoft hepr obl
em –Ther esearcherexplai
nst hi
ngst hatcausedhim or
hertocarryoutt heresear
ch.
4.Researchai m orobjecti
ves–Thesear et hethi
ngsthatt heresearcherwantsto
fi
ndout .
5.Hypotheses–Thi sisar easonableguessofwhatonet hinksaret hepossi
ble
answerst heresearchwillprovi
de.

10
 6.Li
teraturer evi
ew–Ther esearcherwri
testheinformationt hatisinot hersources
e.
gbooks, abouthis/hert opi
c.
7.MethodsofCol lect
ingdat a–Thesear et hedif
ferentway sofcol l
ectingdatae. g
● Obser v ati
on–t her esearcherobservesbytakingpar tintheact i
vi
t yandwr i
tes
downhi s/herexper i
ences
● Quest ionnaire–t her esearcherwri
tesquestionsonpi ecesofpaperandgi ves
them tor espondentst oanswer .
● Document sorwr i
ttenmat erial
s–thesearebooks, di ari
es,orjournalsthatthe
researcherreads.
● Int er
view–t heresearcheraskspeopl equestions,
andt heyansweror all
y.

Typesofi nterv i
ew
Int
erviewi sdi videdi nto3par ts
i
) Struct uredi nterview–Ther esear cheraskst heintervi
ewees( respondents)
thesamequest ionsandi nthesameor der.
i
i) Unst ruct uredi nterview –Ther esearcherasksdi f
ferentquest i
onsandat
nopar ticularor der.
i
ii) Semist ructuredi nterv i
ew –Par toft heinterview involvessetquest i
ons
andt heot herpar tinv olvesoral i
nt er
view.
8.Acknowl edgement s–Ther esear chert hankst hepeopl ethathel pedhim /hert o
carryoutt her esear ch.
e.gIwoul dl iket ot hankmyf atherThaboandmymot herThandof orhelpi
ngme
withthisresear ch.
9.Limi t
ations–Thesear et hepr oblemst hatther esearchercameacr osswi th
whendoi ngt her esear ch.
e.gitwasr ainingandIcoul dnotmanaget ogooutandr esear ch.
-Ididnothav emoneyf ort ranspor t.
10.Dat aanal ysis–Anal ysisi nv ol
vesdescr ibingandcompar ingf act
s.
11.Dat apr esent ation–Dat acanbepr esent edinthef or
m of :
*t abl
es, piechar tsandgr aphs

--
-Ar esearchercancoll
ecttwof ormsofdat a:
a)Quant it
ati
vedata–Thi sisdat at hati
sint hef
orm ofnumbers.I
tpr
ovides
answerstoquestionsofheight,quantit
y,v
alueet
c.
b)Qual i
tati
vedata–Thi sisdat at hatisinthefor
m oftext
.Itcanbepeople’
s
knowledge,at
tit
udes,bel
ief
set c.

12.Concl
usi
on–t
her
esear
chersummar
izest
hepr
oject
.

13.Recommendat
ions – t
he r
esear
ch st
ates whatshoul
d be done t
o cor
rector
11
mi
nimi
zet
hepr
obl
em.

14.Bibli
ogr
aphy– Theresear
cherl
ist
st hebooksthatheorsheusedi
ndoi
ngt
he
resear
ch.Thesemustbewri
tt
eninal
phabeti
cal
order
.

e.
g

1.Maot
we,
T.1998.Pr
inci
plesofAgr
icul
tur
e.Gabor
one:
Mcmi
l
lan.

2.Maut
o.X.2008.Li
vi
ngwi
thHI
VandAI
DS.
Mochudi
:Longman

St
epsf
orcar
ryi
ngoutar
esear
ch

1.ResearchPreparat
ion
2.Gathertheinfor
mationy
ouneed
3.Writ
ear eportorpr
esentyourf
indi
ngs.

ThePhy
sicalEnv
ironmentofBot
swana

Physi
calEnv
ironmenti
sthenat
uralsur
roundi
ngwherepeoplepl
antsandani
malsli
ve.I
t
i
smadeupofel ementssuchassoi l
,water,ani
mals,veget
ati
on,atmospher
eand
l
andfor
ms.

Thephysi
calenv
ironment
’satmospher
econt
ainswat
erv
apour
,thecondi
ti
onoft
he
at
mospherel
eadstoweatherandcl
imat
e.

Cl
imat
e

Cl
i
mat
eist
hecondi
ti
onoft
heat
mospher
eov
eral
ongper
iodoft
imee.
g.40y
ear
s.

Weat
her

Weatheri
sthecondi
ti
onoft
heat
mospher
eov
erashor
tper
iodoft
imee.
g.aweek,a
dayoramonth.

I
nst
rument
sformeasur
ingweat
her

WeatherElement I
nstrument Uni
tsofMeasur
ement
Rai
n Rai
ngauge Mm
WindSpeed CupAnemomet
er Km /hr
WindDirecti
on Windvane Compasspoi
nts
12
Temperatur
e Themomet er ºC
Humidit
y Hygrometer ºC
CloudCover Eyes OktasScale
Atmospheri
cpr
essur
e Barometer Mil
libars
Sunshi
ne Sunshi
ner ecor
der Hour sandminut
esperday

Measur
ingRai
nfal
l

sour
ce:Soci
alSt
udi
esi
sfun

Theraingaugeispl
acedinanopenar
easothatrai
nfal
l
sdi
rectl
yintoit
,whenr ai
nstops
fal
li
ng,thewateri
spouredint
oameasuri
ngcy l
i
nderandareadingistaken.Rainf
alli
s
recor
dedafter24hour
s.

Measur
ingMaxi
mum Temper
atur
e

13
 sour
ce:S/st
udi
esi
sfunbk1

Whenai rtemperat
ureri
ses,t
hemer cur
yexpandsandr isesupthemetalt
ube.Thi
s
forcestheindextori
setoo.Oncethetemperat
uredrops,themercur
ycont
ract
sand
dropsleavi
ngthemetali
ndexi
ntheposit
iont
owhichithadbeenpushed.

Thelev
eloft
hemetalindexcl
osestt
othemercur
yisr
eadtoseehowmanydegr
eesi
t
i
s.Themetal
indexi
sthendrawnbackbyusi
ngamagnet.

Measur
ingMi
nimum Temper
atur
e

sour
ce:S/st
udi
esi
sfunbk1

Alcoholisusedformeasur
ingminimum t
emper
at ur
ebecauseitr
espondsbettert
han
mer curytotemper
atur
echanges.Whentemperatur
efal
ls,theal
coholcontr
actsand
pull
st hemetali
ndexdownwardstowar
dsthebulb.Theminimum t
emperatur
ei sr
ead

14
byl
ooki
ngatt
heendoft
hemet
ali
ndexcl
osestt
othebul
b.

Measur
ingHumi
dit
y

Ahy grometerismadeupofawet–bul bandadry–bul bther

momet er
.Ifthedif
fer
ence
betweent hetwobulbsissmalli
tmeanst hatt
hepercentagemoist
ureintheairi
s100%
andt her
ei shi
ghhumi di
ty.I
ftheairi
sful
lofmoisturetherewil
lbenoev aporat
ionand
thereadingsonboththermometerswil
lbethesame.

Ty
pesofRai
nfal
l

Conv
ect
ional
Rai
nfal
l

Sour
ce:Di
amondS/st
udi
esbook1

● Thesunheat stheai randwater.

● Thehotmoi stairrisesandcools.
● Wat ervapourint heaircondensestoform cl
ouds.
● Oncecl oudsreachsat ur
ati
onpoint,
wat erf
all
sonearthasr
ain.
● Thet ypeofr ai
nf allusual
lyfall
sint heafternoonandisaccompani
edby
thunderandl i
ghtning.

15
Rel
i
eforOr
ogr
aphi
cRai
nfal
l

Sour
ce:Di
amondS/st
udi
esbook1

● Moistai
risforcedtoriseoverhi
ll
sormountains.
● Astheairri
ses,itcool
s.
● Watervapourintheaircondensestof
orm cl
ouds.
● Oncecloudsreachsaturati
onpoint
,waterf
all
sont heear
th’
ssur
faceasr
ain.

16
Fr
ont
alorConv
ergencer
ainf
all

Sour
ce:Di
amondS/st
udi
esbook1
● Coldandwar m airmassesmeet .
● Thewarm airisforcedt ori
seov ert
hecoldone.
● Asthewarm airrises,itcool
s.
● Watervapourintheai rcondensestofor
m clouds.
● Oncethecloudsr eachsaturat
ionpoint
,waterfal
lst
otheear
th’
ssur
faceas
rai
n.

TheCl
i
mat
eofBot
swana

Botswanaisgenerall
yasemi–ar idarea.Mostofthepar t
si nBot
swanar ecei
ve
l
ess than 500 mm ofr ainfal
lannual l
y.Rains usual
lyf al
lin summerand
sometimestheydonotf al
latall.Wint
ersareusual
lydry.Rainsdonotalwaysfall
whent heyareexpectedthatissomet imestheycomeear l
yandatot hertimes
theycomelateortheycomel ateandstopearly
.

Thedr i
estareasinBot swanaaret
hewest
ernandsout
hwesternpar
tswhil
et he
norther
n parti st he wettest
.MostofBotswana is hoti
n summerwi th
temperatur
esr angingbetween25and30º
C.Winter
sarecoldwit
hthesouthern
partbei
ngthecol dest.
17
Bot
swana’
sMaj
orEnv
ironment
alZones

Sour
ce:S/st
udi
esi
sfunbook1

Char
act
eri
sti
csoft
heDeser
tEnv
ironment

a)Rainfal
l–Thisareareceiveslesst
han250mm ofrai
nfallannual
l
y.Rainsfal
l
i
nsummerandar eunr el
iable.
b)Temper at
ure–Temper aturesinsummerarebet
ween27and40º Cwhilein
wintertheyarebetween0and12º C.Thust
hedeser tareaisv er
yhoti n

18
 summerandv erycoldinwinter.
c)Soil
s–Mostoft hedesertar eaiscoveredwi t
hsandysoi ls.Thesear epoor
forcr
opf arming.
d)Vegetati
on–Thedeser thasf ew tr
ees.Itmost l
yhasdr yscr ubsandshr ub
vegetati
on.Mostoft hetreesi nthi
sareaar edr oughtresistant
.Theyhav e
l
ongr ootst oenablethem tor eachwaterdeepundert hegr ound.Theyalso
havewaxyl eavestohelpreducel ossofmoisture.
e)Reli
ef–I tischaracteri
zedbysandduneswi thscat ter
edrockout crops.The
area is general
l
yf l
at.Sand dunes ar e pil
es ofsand whi ch would have
occurredoveralongper i
odoft ime.

Char
act
eri
sti
csoft
heSemi
Deser
tEnv
ironment

a)Rainf
all– Thisar eareceiv
esr ainfallofbet ween250mm and400mm
annually
.Rainsfalli
nsummerandar eunreli
able.
b)Temper ature–Temper atur
esi nsummerar ebet ween27and35º Cwhi l
e
i
nwi ntertheyarebetween5and12º C.
c)Soil
s–Mostoft hesemidesertareaiscov eredwithinf
erti
l
esandysoi
ls.
d)Vegetati
on–Thesemideser thasbushandshr ubsavannaveget
ation.
Theshr ubsav annagrowscl osertoeachot hercomparedtothatoft he
desertbecauser ai
nfal
li
ssli
ghtlyhigher.

Char
act
eri
sti
csoft
heHar
dVel
dorEast
ernMar
ginEnv
ironment

a)Rainfall–Thi sarear eceivesrainfallofbetween350mm and500mm annual l

y.
Rainsf all
insummerandar eofmost lyofconv ect
ionaltype.
b)Temper at
ure– Temper at
uresinsummerar ebet ween27and35º C whilei
n
wintertheyar ebetween5and12º C.
c)Soil
s–Thear eaiscov eredbyfer t
ileloam soi
ls.
d)Veget ati
on–Thev egetati
onconsi stsoftallt
reesandgr assf orexampletr
eeand
bushsav annaandmophanet rees.Tr eesloset heirleavesi nwinterandshed
them insummer .
e)Reli
ef–I thassomef ewhi ghestpoi ntsinthef or
m ofhi l
ls.Someoft hehil
lsar
e
i
nt hef orm ofchains.e.g.Tswapongchai ns.

Char
act
eri
sti
csoft
heSwampEnv
ironment

a) Rai
nfal
l– Thisarearecei
vesrai
nfal
lofbetween 450mm and 600 mm
annuall
y.Rai
nsf
all
insummerandareofmostl
yofconvecti
onal
type.
b)Temperature–Temperat
uresi
nsummerarebetween27and35º Cwhil
ein
19
 wint
ertheyarebetween5and12º C.
c)Soil
s–Thear eaiscoveredbyfert
il
ealluvi
alsoils.
d)Vegetat
ion–Thev egetati
onconsistsoftal
ltreesandgr asst
hatgrowwelli
n
watersuchasreedsandwat erli
l
ies.Palmt r
eesar efoundattheedgesoft
he
swamp.
e)Reli
ef–I ti
smadeupoft heOkavangoswampsandMakgadi kgadiSal
tPans.
Theswampyar easaremost l
yfoundint henorthernpart
sofBotswana.

Char
act
eri
sti
csoft
heDeci
duousFor
estEnv
ironment

a) Rainfal
l –Thisar eareceivesrainfal
lof600mm ormor eannually
.Rainsfalli
n
summerandar eofmost lyofconv ectionalt
ype.
b)Temper ature–Temper aturesinsummerar ebet ween27and35º Cwhi l
ein
wintertheyar ebet ween12and18º C.
c)Soils–Thear eai scoveredwi t
hsandyandcl aysoi l
s.
d)Veget ati
on–Mostoft hev egetati
onf oundinthisareaisdeciduous.Thistype
ofv eget ati
onlosesi tsleavesi nwint er
.Itconsistsoftal
ltrees,few bushes
andscat ter
edgr asses.e.g.mukwaandmakusi .
e)Relief– t he reli
efi s generall
yf latwi t
ht wo di st
inctfeatures,Mababe
Depr ession &Sav ute channel.The Chober i
verf l
owsal ong the Deciduous
forestzone.

Howt
heenv
ironmenthast
radi
ti
onal
l
yinf
luencedpeopl
eint
heDeser
tandSemi-
Deser
t

Peopl
ewhol
i
vei
nthi
senv
ironmentar
eBasar
wa.

a)Theywer ehuntergather ers.Theyhunt edwi l

dani malsandgat her
edfrui
ts
thatwerei
nt hei
renvi
ronment .
b)Shelt
er– Theybui l
tt empor aryshelterusingbr anchesandgr assbecause
thesewerereadi
lyavailableint hei
renv i
ronment.
c)Nomads–Si ncetheyhadv erylitt
lemat eri
alpossessions,t
heymov edfr
om
oneplacetoanotherfollowingwi l
danimal s.
d)Rockpainti
ngs–Theypai ntedonr ockst oindi
catet heacti
vi
ti
estheydidat
20
 thatpart
icul
arar
eandt
hei
rwaysofl
i
fe.
e)Clothi
ng–Theyworeski
nsofani
mal
sthatt
heyki
l
ledi
nthei
renv
ironment
.

How theenvi
ronmenthast
radi
ti
onal
l
yinf
luenced peopl
eint
heHar
dVel
d/
East
ernMargi
n

Peopl
efoundi
nthi
senv
ironmentar
eBangwat
o,Bakwena,
Bakal
angaet
c.

a)Theywer ehuntergather er
s–Theyhunt edwildanimalsandgat heredf r
uit
s
thatwer efoundintheirenvironment .
b)Shelter–Theybui lthutsusi ngclaysoilandroofedwi t
hgr assast hesewer e
availableinthei
renvi
ronment .
c)Arabl efarmers–Sincet hei
renv ir
onmenthadf ert
il
esoils,t
heygr ewcr ops.
d)Past oralfar
mer s– Becauset heirenvi
ronmentr ecei
v edhighr ainfal
lthey
rearedl i
vest
ock.
e)Food–Thosewhol i
vednearr iverscaughtfi
shtosupplementt heirdiet.

How t
heenv
ironmenthast
radi
ti
onal
l
yinf
luencedpeopl
eint
heWet
landsor
swamp

Peopl
ewhol
i
veher
ear
eBay
ei,
Bambukushu,
Bat
awanaet
c.

a)Hunt ergatherer
s–Theyhunt edanimalssuchashi ppopotamoust hatwere
foundi nthei
renvir
onmenttosupplementtheirdiet
.
b)Farmi ng–Becauset heareahadfert
il
eall
uvialsoil
s,theygrewcrops.
c)Transpor t–Theyusedcanoesmadef r
om treetrunkst hatt
heygotfrom thei
r
environment.
d)Rivers–Thei renvi
ronmenthadperenni
alri
verssot heycaughtf i
sh.
e)Shelter– theyusedr eedsthatgrew intheswampsandr iv
ersasbui l
ding
mat erial
s.

Soci
o–Economi
cFact
orst
hatl
eadt
oanunsust
ainabl
eEnv
ironment

Unsustai
nableuseoft heenvironmentisaboutdamagingt her
esourcesand
misusi
ng t he renewabl
e and non- r
enewabl
e r esour
ces. Mi
suse of t he
envi
ronmentmakesi tdi
ff
icul
tforpeopl
ebothpresentandfut
uregener
ationsto
meettheirneeds.

Soci
oiswhatbel
ongst
othesoci
etyort
hatwhi
chi
srel
atedt
othesoci
ety
.
21
 The f ollowing ar e some oft he socio -economi cf actorst hatlead to an
unsust ainabl eenv ir
onment :
a)Pov er ty–Somepeopl earesopoori nsuchawayt hattheyareunablet ofi
nd
resour cest ouse t oimprov ethei
rlives.Suchpeopl euset heenvir
onmentt o
earnal iving.e.g.theycutdownt rees&sel lf
ir
ewood.
b)LackofEducat i
on&knowl edge–Somepeopl elackeducat ion&knowl edge
ont heneedt oconservetheenv ir
onment .Theydonotunder standtheideaof
sust ainabi l
it
yasar esultt
heyov ercutgr asses&ov erhuntanimalsinorderto
satisf ytheirpr esentneeds.Thisresultsinsoilerosion.
c)Def orest ati
on–Somepeopl ecutdownt reestomakef i
reattheirhomesort o
fencet heirfields.Thi
scausessoi lerosion.
d)HI V/AI Ds-Peopl ewhoar e educatedonenv i
ronment alconservat
iondie
from HI V&AI DS.

Maj
orEnv
ironment
alPr
obl
emsi
nBot
swanaandt
hei
rSol
uti
ons

a)Ov ergrazing – Some f armer s overgraze ar ea thatt heyliv

ei n because the
over stockcattle.Thisr esultsinsoilerosion.
b)Pol l
ution–Somepeopl emaket heenv ir
onmentdi rtyandunt i
dy.Thisaffects
otherpeopl e’shealth.
c)Def orestati
on–Somepeopl ecutdownt r
eest omakef i
reandforbuildi
ngtheir
houses.Thi sresult
si nt het opsoilbeeneasi lyeroded
d)SoilEr osion– Peopl epl oughup& downt hesl opes.Thiswashesawaysoi l
nutrients.
e)Deser tif
icati
on–Ov er grazingmayl eadt ol i
vestockr emov i
ngallt
hegr ass&their
rootssol andwhi chwasoncenotadeser tisbei ngt urnedint
odesert.Oncet he
placei sleftwithoutv egetat i
onsoilerosiont akespl ace.

Sol
uti
onst
opr
obl
emsofOv
ergr
azi
ng

● Thegov
ernmentmustcomeupwi
thl
awsofhowmanycat
tl
eeachf
armershoul
d
22
 keep.Ifthecat
tl
eexceedsthesetnumberfar
mersmustbefor
cedtosel
lthem.
● Farmersmustbeencour agedtobuyr
anches.
● Ov ergrazedar
easmustbegi v
entimetogrowbymovingl
iv
estockt
oun-gr azed
areas.

Solut
ionstopr
oblemsofPolluti
on
● Thegov er
nmentmustpunishpeoplewhopol l
utetheenv
ironment
.
● Peoplemustbetaughtaboutrecycl
i
ngandr eusi
ngwaste.
● Areaswhereol
dequipmentcanbedi sposedsafel
ymustbecr eat
ed.

Sol
uti
onst
opr
obl
emsofDef
orest
ati
on

● Peopl
emustbeencour
agedtousesol
arener
gy.
● Peopl
emustpr
acti
ceaffor
est
ati
on.

Ther oleofIndi
genousKnowl
edgeSy
stems(
IKS)i
nthemanagementofnat
ural
resourcesi
nBotswana

Indi
genousKnowledgeisal
ltheskil
l
sandtechnol
ogi
esthatapart
icul
arcul
tur
es,
communi t
iesorsoci
eti
eshavedevel
opedov
ertimeanduseinordertosurv
ivein
thei
renvi
ronment.

Batswanauset hei
rt aboos(meil
a)tocommuni cat
eimport
antinf
ormationabout
thei
renvi
ronment.TheBangwat oneverharmedorhuntedaduiker(
phut
i).Asaway
ofpreser
vingt
hedui ckeritwasbel
ievedthataperson’
sbodywouldpeeloffi
fthey
ateit
.Thi
sbeli
eveprot ect
edtheani
mal f
rom ext
incti
on.

Owlsmul t
ipl
yslowlyt
her
efor
etoconservet
hem Batswanasaidtheywereawi t
ch
bir
d.Itwassupposedt
obeusedbywitchest
her
efor
ei twasnotedi
ble.Thi
senabl
ed
them tomult
ipl
y.

WhenBasarwahunted,t
heykil
l
edonlywhattheyneededorwhattheythoughtwould
l
astthem f
ordaystocome.Thusiftheyhadmeatatthei
rhomest heydi
dhunt.This
ensur
edthatpl
antsandanimalsmulti
pli
ed.Al
soFarmersknewwhi chcatt
lebreeds
werebestf
ormeatandmi l
k.Sothoseformil
kwereneverki
l
led.

Itisataboot obur
nheapsofcuttreesi
nwi nt
erasthiscanannoythegodswho
wouldev ent
uall
yst
opbri
ngi
ngrains.Peopl
eonl ybur
ntheapsaft
ertherai
nshad
stoppedfall
i
ng.Thi
spr
event
edvel
df ir
esasgrassesar
edryinwint
erandcaneasi
l
y
catchfi
res.

Cer
tai
ntr
eeswer
enev
ercutf
orf
ir
ewood(moset
lha,
mot
opi
,mogononoandmor
ula
23
)
.Thi
sconser
vedt
het
reesast
heyt
akeal
ongt
imet
ogr
ow.

Vel
dproductssuchasphaneandwildli
fewerecar
eful
lyhar
vest
edi
nsuchawayas
toal
lowthem t
orepr
oduceandrepl
enishthemsel
ves.

Fact
orsaf
fect
ingwat
err
esour
cesi
nBot
swana

a)Lowr ainfal
l–Bot swanar eceiveslitt
ler
ainf
all
soi tt
akesl ongfordamstof i
ll
up.
b)Seasonalr ai
nfall–Rainsonl yfallinsummersowat ersourcesdryupwhent here
i
snor ai
n.
c)Dr ought–Bot swanaof t
enexper iencesdroughtsosour cesdryup.
d)Hi ghtemper ature–Becauseofhi ghtemperat
uressur f
acewat erevapor
ates.
e)Pol l
ution–Peopl epol
lutewat ermakei tunsafeforpeoplet odri
nkit
.
f) Sandysoi ls–Bot swana’ssoilshav epoorwaterholdingcapacitysowaterquickl
y
runsof f
.

Wat
erconser
vat
ionpr
act
icesi
nBot
swana

● Intimesofdr ought ,
thewat erauthori
tiesputupl awssuchasnotal l
owingpeople
towat ertheirgardenswi thcleanwat er .
● Largebusi nessesar eencour agedtoinst al
lrecycl i
ngsy stems.
● Organizationsar eencour agedt oinstallwatert ankst ocollectwaterwhenrains
fal
l.
● Businessesandor ganizationsre–usewat erespeci al
lyindustri
es.
● Wat erisconser vedt hrought heconstr ucti
onofdams
● Drygar dening–Somepeopl euseobj ectssuchasst onesandpot t
eryofdi
ff
erent
colors,shapesandt ext
ur e.Theyalsousepl antst hatusev er
ylit
tl
ewaterand
thoset hataredr oughtr esistant
.

Fami
lyi
nBot
swana

Afami
lyi
sagroupofpeoplel
iv
ingi
nthesamehousehol
d,r
elat
edt
hroughmar
ri
age,
bl
ood,
adopt
ionorassi
mil
ati
on.

TheI
mpor
tanceofmar
ri
age

● Mar r
iagemakest herel
ationshi
pbetweenamanandawomanof fi
cialandl
egal
.
I
tgi v
est hecoupl
eal if
etimecommi t
mentt obeginthei
rfamil
yaswel lastoli
ve
togetherwit
houtdependingonthei
rrelat
ives.
● Mar r
iagegivesthehusbandandwi feri
ght sandresponsi
bil
i
tiestowardseach
other–mar ri
edpeoplegiveeachothersupport,
lov
eandcompani onship.
24
● Mar riagegivesthehusbandandwi fespecialr
ightsi
nt heircommunit
iese.g.onl
y
mar riedpeoplecanat t
endt r
adit
ionalmar ri
ageceremoni es(pat
lo)
.Thewi f
eis
addr essedbyhermar i
talnameandt hest at
usMr s.
● Childbeari
ng–Mar ri
agelegal
izesowner shipofchil
drent oamanandhi sfamil
y
thusoncet heirparentsaremar r
ied,chi
ldrenhav et
her ighttousetheirfat
her’
s
surname.
● Mar riage creates new familyrelati
onships between a husband and wi fe’
s
extendedf ami l
ymember s.

Ty
pesofMar
ri
agesi
nBot
swana

a)Cust
omar
ymar
ri
age

Thistypeofmarri
ageisperfor
medaccor di
ngtothetr
aditi
onalcust
omsofanet hnic
group.Befor
eamar ri
agecant akeplace,famil
iesmustmeet .Theman’ sfamily
approachesthewoman’ sfamil
ywithamar ri
ageproposal
,thewoman’ sf
amilycan
ei
theraccepttheproposalorrej
ectit
.Ifaccept
ed,aceremonycal l
edpat
loisheld.
Customareymarri
agesalsoinvol
vethepaymentofbri
depr i
ce(bogadi)
.

The I mpl
icati
ons / ef
fect
s of cust
omar
y mar
ri
ages on t
he r
ight
s and
responsi
bil
it
iesofmar
ri
edcoupl
es

Ri
ght
s

● Mar i
talpower–Thehusbandi stheheadoft hefamily.Hemakesalldeci
sions
concer ningthefamil
y.
● Proper t
yr i
ghts–Thehusbandownsal lthef
amilypropert
yexceptt
hosethatthe
wifehadbef or
emar r
iage.
● Polygamy–Amancanmar ryanynumberofwivesthathewantsto.
● Custodyofchi l
dren–Chi l
drenbelongtothehusband’sfamil
yandidenti
fywith
thei
rf ather’
shomev il
lageandethnicgr
oup.

Responsi
bil
it
iesoft
hehusband

● Heisthemai npr ov i
derofthefamil
y.Hemustwor kandprovi
dethebasi
cneeds
suchasf ood,cl
othesandaccommodat i
onf orhisf
amil
y.
● Herepresentshisf amil
yinalli
mportantmat t
ers.
● Hemanagesf amilyresourcesandpropert
ye. g.het
akescareoft
hefamil
ycat
tl
e.
● Hetrai
nssonsi nt herolesandresponsi
bil
it
iesofamanandhusband.

25
Responsi
bil
it
iesoft
hewi
fe

● Shedoesallhouseholdchoressuchascooking,cl
eani
nget
c.
● Shetakescareofchil
dreninthefamil
y.
● Shetrai
nsdaughtersintherol
esandresponsibi
l
iti
esofawomanandwi
fe.
● Shegrowsandhar vestscr
opsforthefamil
y.

b)Civi
lMar r
iage
Thisiswhenawomanandmanmar r
yaccordi
ngtomarri
agelawscreatedbythe
government .Civ
ilmar ri
agesmustber egi
ster
edbyamar ri
ageofficeratthe
Dist
rictCommi ssioner
’sOffi
ce.Apersoncanonlygetmarri
edwhenheorshei s
18y earsoldbutonlyiftheparent
sorguardi
ansapprov
e.Thosethatare21years
ol
dcanmar rywithoutthepermissi
onofthei
rparent
sorguar
dianas.

TheI
mplicat
ions/ef
fect
sofci
vi
lmar
ri
agesont
her
ight
sandr
esponsi
bil
it
iesof
marr
iedcouples

Rights
● Boththemanandwomanar eall
owedtomar r
yonlyoneper son.
● Thehusbandandwi f
ear ebothheadsoft hei
rfami l
y.Theyconsul teachot her
andhav etogiveconsent(permissi
on)beforefamilypropert
ycanbesol d.
● Couplescanchooset omar ry‘i
ncommuni t
yofpr operty
’or‘outofcommuni tyof
propert
y’.Thosethatmarryincommuni tyofpr opert
yshar eev er
ythi
ngt heyown
equall
y.Thosethatmar r
youtofcommuni tyofpr opert
ydon’ tshareproperty.
● Whent hetwopar ent
sdivorce,cust
odyofchi l
drenisdecidedbyt hecour tofl
aw.

Responsibil
it
ies
● Theymustbef ai
thf
ultoeachot herandshouldnotcommi tadult
ery.
● Theymustr espectandtrusteachot her
● Theymusthav eopencommuni cat
ionaboutimpor t
antissuesthataf
fectt
hem
anddecisionstheymaket ogether.
● Theymustl oveandcaref oreachotherandtheirchil
dren.
● Theymanagef amil
yresourcesandpr oper
tywisely.

c)Rel
igi
ousmar
ri
age

Thisiswhenamanandwomangetmar r
iedaccor
dingtothemar
ri
agelawsofa
part
icul
arr el
i
gion orr
eli
giousgr
oup.The cer
emonyi susual
l
yconduct
ed bya
rel
i
giousleader.

TheI
mpl
icat
ions/ef
fect
sofr
eli
gious mar
ri
agesont
her
ight
sandr
esponsi
bil
it
ies
26
ofmar
ri
edcoupl
es

Right
s
● Reli
gionsl i
keIslam all
ow amant omarrymor
ethanonewif
e.Ot
herrel
i
gious
al
lowonl yonepar t
ner.
● Somer el
igi
onsgi v
et hehusbandther
ightt
obetheheadofthef
amil
yandt o
managef ami l
yresources.
● Somer eli
gionsdiscouragedi
vorce.

Responsibi
li
ti
es
● Couplesmustbef ai
thf
ul toeachother.
● Coupleshavear esponsibil
i
tyt ocar
ef oreachot
herandt
orai
sechi
l
drent
obe
member softhei
rparents’church.

Fact
orst
hati
nfl
uencef
ami
lysi
zesi
nBot
swana

● Adv anced medi cine /Fami l

y planning services – Because oft he use of
cont r
acept ivessuchast hepi llandcondomsf ami l
i
eshav ef ewerchildren.
● Educat ion-Themor eeducat edawomani s,t
hef ewerthenumberofchi ldrenshe
tendst ohav e.Thi sissobecausemanyoft hem donothav eal otoft i
met or ai
se
chil
drenast heirschedul esar et i
ght.
● Traditional/Cul turalcust oms–Somecul t
uresstil
lpracti
cepol y
gamy .Sosuch
fami l
iesusual lyhav eal argernumberofchi ldrenthanwher eamanhasonl yone
wife.
● Earlypar enthood–Teenagepr egnanciesandear l
ymar riagesr esultinal arge
fami l
ybecauset heper iodi nwhi chtheycanhav echil
drenisl onger.
● HIV/AI DS–HI Vposi tivewoment heseday schooset ohav efew chi l
dreni n
ordert opr otecttheirheal t
h,ther esul
tsinsmal lfamil
ies.
● Gov ernmentl egisl
at i
ons– t hecount ry’
slaw onmat er
nityl eavedi scour ages
fami l
iesf rom hav ingmanychi l
dren.e.g.awomanwor kingf orgov ernmenti s
paidf ullsalaryfort hefirst3chi l
dren.Theyar enotpai dfullsalaryformat ernit
y
l
eav eaf terthef i
rst3chi ldren.

Ther
ight
sandr
esponsi
bil
it
iesoff
ami
lymember
s

Fami
lymember
shav
ear
ightt
o:

27
● Basicneedse.g.foodandshelter
.
● Havechildr
en
● Tomar ry
.
● Helpandsy mpathyinti
mesofneed.
● Betreat
edf ai
rl
yandjustlybyotherf
amilymembers.
● Totakepartinimportantfami
lyeventssuchasweddi
ngsandf
uner
als.

Fami
lymember
shav
ear
esponsi
bil
it
yto:

● Obeyf amil
yrulesandr especteachot her
.
● Parentshavet heresponsibil
it
ytonurturethei
rmar ri
agebypr ovi
dinglovet
othei
r
spousesandt akingf ul
lresponsi
bil
it
yt orai
setheirchil
dren.
● Parentshavether esponsibil
it
ytoeducatetheirchil
dren.
● Chil
drenhav et her esponsibi
li
tytolearnhow t ododomest i
cwor kfrom t
hei
r
parents.
● Helpeachot herintimesofneed.
● Wor khardanddot heirbesttowardsbecomi ngself-
reli
antinmeet i
ngthei
rbasi
c
needs.

Chal
lengesf
aci
ngf
ami
li
esi
nBot
swana

1.HI
V/AIDS–Fami li
eshavetohav
et her
esourcest
otakecareoft
hesickandpay
f
orthecostofbur
yingt
hosewhodie.Wherebothpar
entshavedi
ed,
ot herf
amil
y
membersfi
nditdi
ffi
cul
ttot
akecareandsupportt
hechi
ldr
en.

Sol
uti
onst
othechal
lengeabov
e

● Peopl
emustbeencour agedtogof orHIVtest
ingastheywil
lbeabletoprotect
themselv
esiftheyknowt hei
rst
atus.
● Thosethatareinf
ectedmustbeencour agedtoseekhelpatcl
ini
csandhospit
als.
2.Povert
yand unempl oyment– Peopl e who are notworki
ng cannotsupport
themselv
esandt hei
rf amili
essuf
fici
ent
ly.

Sol
uti
onst
othechal
lengeabov
e

● Thosewhohavet
her esourcesmusthel
pt hosewhohavenoresour
ces.
● Peopl
eshoul
dshareideasonhowt ogeneratemoney.
3.Div
orce–Thi
saffect
st hecoupl
eandtheirchil
drenast
hei
rfamil
yistor
napar
t.

28
 Sol
uti
onst
othechal
lengeabov
e

● Encouragecouplestogof ormarri
ageguidanceandcounsel i
ngbef or
et heyget
married.
● Parentsandotherrel
ati
vesshoul
dav oi
dint
erfer
ingi
nt hecouple’
smar r
iage.
4.Abuse– v i
cti
msofabusesuf f
eremot i
onalorpsy chol
ogicaltrauma( str
ain)
,
whicht heyhavet
odealwith

Sol
uti
onst
othechal
lengeabov
e

● Lawenf orcersli
kethepoli
cemustpuni shabusers.
● Professional hel
pmustbepr ovi
ded.e.g.counseli
ngv ict
imsandt heirfami l
i
es.
● Childr
enmustbeeducat edandt r
ainedont hei
rri
ghts.
5.Disabili
tiesinthefamil
y-somef amili
esl ackknowledgeonhowt ohandl eordeal
witht hedi sabled,don’
thav eresourcesorf acil
it
iessuitabl
et o suppor tthe
di
sabledf amilymembers.
Soluti
onst othechall
engeabove
● Fami l
iesmember smustbeeducat edonhowt odeal wit
hdisabi
li
ties.
● Thedi sabledmustbeal lowedtomi xwi t
hmember softhecommuni tyi norderto
gi
v ethecommuni t
ythechancetolearnandacceptt heconditi
onsofdi sabi
lit
y.

Ther
oleoft
hef
ami
lyi
nconser
vingnat
uralr
esour
ces

Fami
l
iesmust
:

● Keept her i
ghtnumberofl i
vestockfort hesizeofthegrazi
ngarea.
● Wat erf l
owerandv egetabl
egar densear l
yint hemor ni
ngandl at
eintheeveni
ng
whent heevaporat
ionrateislow.
● Plantwoodl otst
opr ovidet
hem wi ththewoodt heyneed.
● Collectlit
ter–Somef ami
li
esusel i
tterli
keusedpl asti
cbagsf orweavi
nghats
andmat s.
● Fami l
iesconservewat erbyclosingthewat ertapsti
ghtl
yafteruse.

GenderI
ssues

Genderi
sthesocialandcul
tur
alr
oles,
char
act
eri
sti
csandv
aluesgi
vent
omal
esand
femal
esbysociet
y .

Genderequal
i
tyi
sthei
deat
hatmal
esandf
emal
esshoul
dbet
reat
edi
nexact
lyt
he
sameway .

Genderequi
tyi
str
eat
ingmal
esandf
emal
esi
nway
sthatar
efai
rtoeachi
nagi
ven

29
si
tuat
ion.

TheI
mpor
tanceofgenderequi
ty

● Itenablesf emal estobenef itfrom oppor t

unit
ies,resourcesanddevelopmentsin
thei
rcount riesfair
ly.
● Itensurespol i
ticalandr i
ght sfair
nessf orbothwomenandmen.
● Itpreventsgenderdi scriminat i
onandi nequali
ty.
● Helpsmenandwoment ov alueeachot herashumanbei ngstor espectand
suppor teachot her.
● Itshowssoci et ythev aluesofbot hmal eandf emal es.E.
g.humanr esour
ces
suchasski llsineducat i
onar esharedfairl
yinthesoci ety.
● Itensur es t hatt he maj ori
ty of the popul ati
on shar es the benefit
s and
opportuniti
esequal ly.e.
g.landandpr operty.

Ther
olesandst
atusofmeni
nat
radi
ti
onalsoci
ety

● Theyweretheheadsoft hei
rfamil
ies
● Theyrepr
esentedandnegot i
atedonbehalfoft
hei
rf amili
esespeci
all
yduri
ng
weddi
ngs.
● Theyownedandt ookcareofthefamilycat
tl
e.
● Onlymencouldbechiefs.
● Theywereresponsi
blefordefendi
ngthecommuni
tyagainstatt
acksbyenemi
es.

Ther
olesandst
atusofwomeni
nat
radi
ti
onalsoci
ety

● Tookcareofthei
rhusbandsandsuppor tedthem inmaki ngdeci
sions.
● Tookcareofhouseholdchoresli
kecleaning,cookingetc.
● Pl
antedandharvestedthecrops.
● Werenotall
owedt oholdposit
ionsofauthori
tylikebeingachief
.

Changesi
nther
olesofmenandwomen

● Theybot
hareheadsofthei
rfamil
i
es
● Somewomennowaday searnbett
ersalari
esthanthei
rhusbands.
● Menalsodohousehol
dchores.
● Womencannowt akecareandsupportthei
rchil
drenonthei
rown.
30
● Womennowhol
dposi
ti
onsofaut
hor
it
yint
hesoci
etye.
g.chi
efs.

Cul
tur
alpr
act
icest
hatdi
scr
imi
nat
eagai
nstmenandwomen.

● Conf inement-A man coul d notgo neara woman af t

erchild bi
rth.This
discrimi nates agai
nstman because t heyar e prevented from knowing their
children.
● Bridepr i
ce-Whenamanmar ri
eshehast opaybogadi butawomandoesnot .
● Awomanhasnor i
ghtt oclaim mai ntenancefrom thef atherofthechildifthe
childi sbor noutofmar r
iage.Onlythewoman’ sparentsar epaidcompensation.
● Mar riage-Menar eall
owedt omar r
ymor ethanonewi febutwomenar enot.
● Ber eav ement-Awomanwhosehusbandhasdi edisexpect edtowearspeci al
mour ningcl ot
hesbutamandoesn’ t.
● Soci ali
zationofwomen– A womandoesev eryt
hingf ort hefamilyincl
uding
takingor dersanddoi ngev er
ythingf ort heman.Thi smadement ofeelmor e
i
mpor tantt hanwomen.

Howt
hegov
ernmentpr
omot
esgenderequi
tyi
nBot
swana.

● Mal esand f emal esar egi venequaloppor tuni

ti
ese. g.theygo t ot hesame
school s,t hecur ri
cul um i ncludesgenderi ssuesandar egiv enequalaccesst o
educat ionandj obs.
● The gov ernment si gns i nternat
ional agr eement s on gender i ssues and
recogni zeshumanr ights andt heneedf orgenderequi tythr oughcel ebrati
onof
i
mpor tanti nternationaldat esl i
ke int
ernationaldayf orEl imi nat
ionofVi ol
ence
Agai nstWomenandChi ldren.
● Lawst hatdi scrimi nateont hebasi sofgenderhav ebeenchangede. g.the
cit
izenshi pactwaschangedi n1995.
● Awomen’ sAf f
airsdepar tmentwasest abli
shedwhi chensur est hatgenderequi ty
i
ssuesar ei ncl
udedi nt hewor kofallgov ernmentmi nistr
iesanddepar tments.
Thedepar tmentaddr essest opicsli
keWomenandPov erty,theGi r
lchild,Women
andHeal thet c.
● TheMedi aandchur ches–Themedi aandchur chesar eencour agedt oreport
genderi ssuesandt ot alkopenl yaboutt hem sot hatt hepubl iccanknow and
educat edt heirrelativesonv i
olenceagainstwomenandchi l
dr en.

Way
sofempower
ingmenandwomen

Empoweringmeanst ohelppeoplegai
ncontroloft
heirli
vesbygi
vingthem the
power
,knowledge,ski
ll
s,at
ti
tudesandr
esour
cesthattheyneedt
oreali
zethei
rful
l
pot
ent
ialasindi
vi
dualsorasagroup.
31
Menandwomencanbeempower
edby
:

● Remov ingl awst hatdiscr

imi
nat eagainstthem.
● TrainedOf f i
cersongenderi ssuesshoul dbepl acedi nbot hgovernmentand
privatesect orstohelpmanagementdr awgenderpol i
cies,i
nter
pretthem tothe
empl oy eesandmoni torimplementati
onofgenderi ssuesinthewor kplace.
● Bot swanashoul dhav eaPubl icfi
guret oov er
seeanddr ivethecountry’spol
ici
es
oni ssuesofgenderandhel pkeept hepubl icinf
ormedont heapproachest ouse
i
nmi nimi zi
nggenderpr obl
ems.
● Prov i
dingcar eerguidancetoencour ageboy sandgi r
lstot r
ainforanycareerof
theirchoi ce.
● Instit
utions l i
ke the Kgotla and Chur ches mustbe used f orEducat i
ng and
Sensi t
izingpeopl eongenderbasedv iolence.
● Maki ngmenandwomenawar eofgenderbasedhumanr i
ghtsvi
olati
onssuchas
forcedorear l
ymar ri
agesanddomest icviol
ence.

Genderbasedv
iol
ence

Thisisanyharmfulactthati
sdoneagai
nstani
ndi
vi
dualoragr
oupofpeopl
e
becauseoft
hei
rgender.

For
msofgenderbasedv
iol
ence

● Physicalv i
olence– Thi si saboutcausing pain and injur
yt othebodye. g.
sl
appi ng,
kicking,
beatingetc.
● Sexualv i
olence-Thi sisaboutf orci
ngaper soni nt
oanysexualorper si
stent
unwant edsexualat t
enti
one. g.r
ape,for
cedpr ost
itut
ion,incest(rel
atedpeopl e
havingsexual act
ivi
ti
es)
● Ment alandemot i
onalv i
olence–damagi nganot herper son’
sself-
esteem and
sel
fconf idencee. g.beingconstantl
yhumi l
i
at edandi nsul t
ed,t
hreatst olif
e,
safetyandsecur i
ty.

Causesofgenderbasedv
iol
ence

● Socializat
ion–I nsomesoci et
iesmenar emadet obeli
evet hatwomencannot
challenget hem.Somepeopl ewerer
aisedhomeswher ev i
olenceandragewere
partoft heirdai
l
yli
v i
ng.
● Unequalaccesst or esour
cessuchasl andandeducati
on.Becausemenhav e
betteraccesst oresourceswomendependont hem f
orevery t
hingandt
heyare
thereforevulner
abletothem.
● Lackofpr operguidanceandnon–v iolentmentor
sinupbr i
ngingofchil
dren–

32
 Childrengr owupwi t
hangeremot i
onsandther
efor
ethi
nkt hati
nor
dertoshow
thatyouar ehurtyouhavetobeviol
ent
.
● Unfaithfulnessinr el
ati
onshi
ps–Becauseonewascheat edoncetheyt
endto
beli
ev et hatpeopleofapar ti
cul
argenderarethesameandendsupsl acki
ng
respectf orthem.
● Fail
uret oacqui repropert
y,achi
eveemploy
mentandf ai
luretosol
vedomesti
c
problemsf uelv
iol
enceinhomes.

Sol
uti
onst
ogenderbasedv
iol
ence

● Peoplemustbeeducat edabouti ssuesi nordertoencour agerespectf orwomen

andgir l
s.
● Offendersmustbe puni shed wi th severefor msofpuni shmentl i
ke l
engthy
sentences.
● Lawsandpol i
ciesthatpromot egenderequal ityandequi t
ymustbemade.
● Counsel i
ngmustbeof f
er edt ovictimsofgenderbasedv i
olence.
● Communi tystr
ucturessuchast heVi l
l
ageDev elopmentCommi tteesmustbe
usedt ochangepeopl e’
scul tures, bel
iefsandat ti
tudes.
● Theremustpubl i
ccampai gnsagai nstgenderv iol
enceanddi scrimi
nat i
on
● Parentingandsoci al
i
zationt echniquesondut yallocati
onmustber einfor
cedthat
i
schi ldrenshouldber aisedt odoal lkindofj obswhet hert heyar emalesor
females.

TheOr
igi
nsofhumans

Pr
e–hi
stor
y–i
stheper
iodbef
orepeopl
est
art
edwr
it
ing.

Hi
stor
yisthest
udyofthepast
.Itbeganwhenpeopl
efi
rstdev
elopedwr
it
ingand
st
art
edcr
eati
ngwri
tt
endocument
s.

Sour
cesofhi
stor
icali
nfor
mat
ion

a)Mat
eri
alr
emai
ns/ar
chaeol
ogy

Archaeologyisthestudyofmat er
ialremainslef
tbypeopl ewhol i
vedalongt i
me
ago.Whenpeopl eleaveaplace,theyleavebehindobjectssuchasbones,seeds,
potter
y,tool
sandj ewel
ler
y.Thesearet hi
ngsthatHistor
iansusetolear
naboutt he
past.Histor
iansalsostudyfossil
s.Thesear ether emainsofv er
yoldplantsor
animalswhicharepreserv
edinrocks.Theyshowuswhatki ndofani
malsandplants
l
ivedduringthatti
me.

Pal
eont
ologyi
sthest
udyoff
ossi
l
s.
33
Di
sadv
ant
agesofusi
ngmat
eri
alr
emai
ns

● Manyar tefactsusedbypeopleinthepastnolongerexi
stbecauset heyrotand
ther
eisnoev idenceaboutt
hem.
● Materialevidencedoesnotshowhowpeoplefel
tandhowt heythought.
b)Oraltradit
ions– t hesearestori
esaboutthepastthatarepassedf rom one
generati
on t ot he nextby wor d ofmouth.Researchers usual
ly gett hi
s
i
nformat i
onbyi nter
viewi
ngoldpeopl
e.

Di
sadv
ant
agesofusi
ngOr
alt
radi
ti
ons

● Itisnotpossibl
etorememberev ery
thingthathappenedinthepast.
● Infor
mationaboutdat es,namesandev entssomet imesgetsmi xedupornot
remember edcorrect
ly.
● Peoplecanbebi asedandgiveonlyinfor
mat i
ont hatf
avor
sthem.
● Infor
mationcanbedi stor
ted
c)Document arysources– Thesei ncludewr i
tteni nf
ormat
ion,photogr
aphsand
fil
ms.
Document arysourcesofi nfor
mationar edividedintopri
maryandsecondary
sources.

Pr
imarysourceisevidenceleftbehi
ndorinf
ormati
onpr
ovi
dedbypeopl
ewho
wi
tnessedortookpar
tineventsthatar
ebei
ngstudi
ed.

Secondar
ysourceisev
idenceorinformati
onf
rom peopl
ewhower enotpr
esent
whentheevent
stookpl
ace.E.g.i
nformati
ononbooksandor
alhi
story
.

Disadvantagesofusingdocumentar
ysour
ces
● Wr i
ter
scanst at
ethei
ropini
ons
● Notev erythi
ngcanber ecor
dedorwri
tt
en.
● Somer ecordsaredest
royed.

Humanor
igi
nsaccor
dingt
ocr
eat
ionst
ori
es

a)Chr
ist
iani
ty

Accordi
ngtothebible,theear
thhadnothi
ngt her
ewascompl et
edarkness.I
nt he
begi
nningGodcreatedlight
,dayandnight
,land,t
hesea,plantsandcreat
uresthat
l
iveinwater
.Onthesixthdayhecreat
edhumanbei ngsandanimals.
34
Tocreateahumanbei ng,Godtooksomesoilf
rom t
hegroundandfor
medaman.
Hebreathedli
fe-
giv
ingbreat
hint
ohim andthemanbegantoli
ve.Godthenpl
ant
ed
theGardenofEdenandputmani nchar
geofcar
ingf
orit
.

Hethencreat
eddi
ff
erentki
ndsofani
mal
s.Fi
nal
l
yhecr
eat
edawomanoutofar
ib
het
ookfrom t
heman.

b)Basar
wa

TheBasarwabeli
evet
hatasuper
natur
albei
ngcall
edHuwecreatedalll
i
vingt
hings
i
ncl
udingpeopl
e.Huweli
vedi
ntheskywit
hthesoul
sofdeadpeople.

c)Bakal
anga

TheysaythatNgwalewasthei
rcreat
or.Ngwal
ewasthechi
l
dofGodwhol i
vedi
na
cave.Thei
rancest
orsandani
malsarebel
iev
edtohav
ecomeoutoft
hatcav
e.

d)Bat
swana

Theybeli
evetheirf
ir
stancestorwasamancal l
edMat si
eng.Heliv
edunderground
underthecontrolofagodcal ledTint
ibane.Lowe,aone-sidedspir
ithel
pedhim
escape f
rom underground t
ot he wor
ld abovethrough a hol
e.He broughthis
proper
tyandpeoplewithhi
m.

Thet
heor
yofev
olut
ion

Evol
uti
onmeansapr ocessofchanget hathappensver
yslowl
y. Thetheor
yof
evol
uti
onist
hei
deathatalll
i
vingt
hingshavedevel
opedovermi
ll
i
onsofyearsf
rom
earl
i
erfor
msofl
i
fe.

AEuropeanscienti
stcall
edCharl
esDar wi
nclai
medmanyy ear
sagot hatevol
uti
onis
ther
esultofnatur
alselecti
on.Nat
uralsel
ect
ionmeansonlyplant
sandanimalsthat
aret
hestrongest,
healt
hiestandbestadapt
edtothei
renv
ironmentsurvi
ve.

Or
igi
nsofhumanbei
ngsaccor
dingt
othet
heor
yofev
olut
ion

Mostsci
ent
ist
sbel
i
evet hathomi
nidsf
irstev
olvedi
nAfri
caandlatermigr
atedto
ot
herpar
tsoft
heworl
d.Thisi
swhyAfri
caisknownasthe‘
cradl
eofhumanki
nd’.

Aust
ral
opi
theci
ne

Thesear
ethef
ir
stancest
orsofmoder
nhumanbei
ngs.Theywal
kedont
wol
egsbut

35
wi
thaf
orwar
dst
oop(
bend)
.Li
vedbet
ween1and4mi
l
li
ony
ear
sago.

Homohabi
ls

Theywalkedont wol egswithastoop,theyhadal argerskul

landbr
aint
han
Aust
ral
opit
heci
ne.Theyli
vedabout2.
5mil
li
onyearsago.

Homoer
ect
us

Theyremai
nswerefoundatJavainIndonesia.Theyl
i
vedar
ound1.
8mil
li
onyear
s
ago.Theyl
i
vedinthecavesandnearri
vers.Theymadeandusedf
ir
etocookf
ood
andkeepwarm.

Homosapi
ens

Li
vedabout300000y earsago.Theylookedl
i
kethepeopleoftoday.Theywalked
upr
ightand had a l
argerbrainthan Homo er
ectus.They l
ived i
n caves and
communicat
edwitheachother.Justl
i
keHomoer ectus,t
heyt
oousedf ir
etocook
andkeepwarm.

TheTechnol
ogi
calSt
ages

TheEar
lySt
oneAge

Thiswasthetimewhenhumansusedandmadest onetool
s.Theset ool
swere
madebyHomoHABI LI
Sandwerefi
rstfoundatOlduv
aiGorgeinTanzani
aandthey
arecal
l
edOldowant
ool
s.Exampl
esofthesetool
sarechopper
sandcleavers.

OtherStoneAgest ool
sarefoundatStAcheulinFrance.Thesear
eknownas
Acheul
iantool
s.Exampl
esar
ethehandaxeandcl
eaver
s.Thehandaxewasusedas
aknif
eandscrapper.

Theearl
yStoneAget
ool
swer
ebi
ginsi
zeandwer
eheav
y.At
oolcoul
dbeusedf
or
di
ff
erentt
asks.

TheMi
ddl
eSt
oneAge

Thefi
rstpeopletousetheset oolswer eHomosapiens.Thetool
sweremadefr
om
st
oneflakes.Theywerethinner,smallerandli
ght
erthentheearl
ySt
oneAgetools.
Peopl
emadedi ffer
entt
oolsfordiffer
enttasks.

Theymadebladetool
sthattheyusedforcut
ti
ngandscr
appi
ng.Theymadespear
s
byfi
xi
nghandlesonsmallst
onebladesandfl
akes.

36
TheLat
eSt
oneAge

Homosapi ensmadet i
nytool
sorthumbnailsi
zetoolsthatwer
eknownasmi
crol
it
hs.
Examplesofsucht oolswerespear
s,kniv
eset c.Thesetool
sweremadebyglui
ng
sever
alsmal lf
lakestoget
herandattachi
ngt hem toawoodenhandleusi
nggum
fr
om trees.

Arr
owswer esmear edwit
hpoisonmadefr
om pl
ant
sandi nsect
s.Theyalsodug
holesonstonesandfi
xedthem t
oast
ickt
omakethetoolheavi
er,sucht
ool
swere
usedfordi
gging.

TheI
ronAgeTechnol
ogy

Thiswast heper i
odwhenpeopl emi nedandusedi ronormet altomaket ools.The
i
ronor ewascr ushedandt henmi xedwi t
hchar coalandputi ntoacl ayf ur
nace
(heater
).Thiswasdoneunt i
la(chunk)ofironwaspr oduced.Asmi t
h( personwho
madet hingsfr
om i r
on)wouldthenheatapi eceofi r
onandhammeri tintothetype
oftoolthathedesi r
ed.TheBantuspeakingpeopl earebeli
evedtobet heoneswho
i
nt r
oducedt hi
st echnologyinSouthernAf ri
ca.Peoplemadet oolssuchashoe
bladesthatwereusedf orcul
ti
vati
ngtheland,axes,kni
ves,spear
setc.

Ear
lyCi
vi
li
zat
ioni
nMesopot
ami
a

37
 Sour
ce:Di
amondS/st
udi
esbk1

Mesopot
ami
ameanst
hel
andbet
weenTi
gri
sandEuphr
atesr
iver
s.

TheSoci
alWay
sofl
i
feofpeopl
eofMesopot
ami
a

● Theybel ongedt odiff

erentclasses.Ther
ewer ethoseoft heupperclass( king,queen
and nobl es),mi ddle cl ass (gover
nment of f
ici
als),lower class(l
abour er
s and
fi
sher men)andsl aves.
● Religion–Theybel ievedi nmanygods.Thei rgodslivedintheziggurat(mount ainof
godorav er
yl ar
gepy r
ami d)Peoplewenttot hetempl etoprayandt ookgi f
tswith
them.Theyt alkedtot heirgodst hr
oughthepri
estorpr i
estesses.
● Mar riage–Thef at
herwast heheadoft hefami l
y.Amar r
iedwoman’ sj obwast o
takecar eofherchi ldren.
● Right sandr esponsibili
ti
es–Theyownedpr operty
.Mancoul dmar r
ymor ethanone
wife.Sl avescoul dbeboughtandsol d.
● Settlement–Theyl ivedal ongthebanksoftheTi gri
sandEuphr atesri
vers.

38
 Economi
cWay
sofLi
fe

● Landowner shi
p–Far mersr
entedlandfrom t
hepri
estandpri
estesses.
● Farming–Theywer emixedfarmers.Tigr
isandEuphratesri
versdeposi
tedf
ert
il
e
soil
sthatenabledthem t
ogrowcrops.
● Trade–Theybar teredwi
tht
heirneighbour
sfort
imberandminerals.

Pol
i
tical
way
sofl
i
fe

● Law–t hekingmadeallt
helawswitht
hehelpofhi
sadv i
sors.Al
lthepeopleobey
ed
theselaws.Thosewhobrokethelawwerepuni
shedthr
oughdeathorfines.
● Empires–I nit
ial
l
ythepeopl
eofMesopotamiawereuni
tedintooneempi r
ebutwar s
usuall
ydestroyedsuchempi
res.

Technol
ogyDev
elopment

● Wr iti
ng– Theycr eatedt hef i
rstwr it
ingsy st
em.Theyusedpi ct
urestorepresent
differentwor ds.Theirf
orm ofwr i
ti
ngwasknownascunei f
orm.Theywr ot
eonwet
clayt ablets.Thi
senabledt hem tokeepper manentr ecords.
● Thewheel–Theyusedi tt otranspor theavygoods.Somet i
mesdonkey swereused
topul lit
.
● Seederpl ough– I tenabledf armerst oploughandpl antatt hesamet i
me.Thi s
enabl edf armerstosavetimeandt opl oughlargerfi
elds.
● Ir
rigat i
on– AsMesopot ami adidnotr eceiveenoughr ai
nfal
l,farmersdugcanal s
fr
om r i
ver sacrossthei
rf i
eldstot akewat ertot hei
rcr ops.
Theser iver
ssomet i
mes
fl
oodedsot heybuil
tdykesorwei r
s( barri
ers)t
oav oidthisproblem.

Compar
isonsofMesopot
ami
awi
tht
hemoder
nwor
ld

Set
tl
ement
s

● Peopl
eli
vedi
nciti
esjustl
iketoday
● Peopl
eli
vednearr
iver
sjustli
ketoday

Contr
asti
ng(
dif
ferences)Mesopotamiawit
hthemoder
nwor
ld
● Modernciti
esar
ebiggerthanthoseofMesopotamia
● Peoplenowaday
sli
vei ntownsandvil
lages.

39
 Compar
isonsofMesopot
ami
awi
tht
hemoder
nwor
ld

Gov
ernment

● Justl
iket
odayMesopotamianswererul
edbykings.
● Theyhadwri
tt
enlawsforpunishi
nglawbreakers
● Theyhadri
ght
sli
ketherighttoownpropert
yjustli
ket
oday

Cont
rast
ing(
dif
fer
ences)Mesopot
ami
awi
tht
hemoder
nwor
ld

● Mostofthel
eader
stodayar
eel
ect
edandhavenoli
nktogods.
● Modernpeopl
ehaveri
ghtsl
i
ket
herightt
ovot
eforaleadert
hatMesopot
ami
ansdi
d
nothav
e.

Compar
isonsofMesopot
ami
awi
tht
hemoder
nwor
ld

Technol
ogy

● Theywereabletoreadandwr i
tej
ustl
i
kemodernhumanbei
ngs.
● Theyusedploughsforploughi
ngj
ustl
ikemoder
nfar
mersdo.
● Theyal
soirr
igatedthei
rcrops.

Cont
rast
ing(
dif
fer
ences)Mesopot
ami
awi
tht
hemoder
nwor
ld

● Modernmethodsofwrit
ingareeasycomparedtocunei
for
m
● Onlysonsofweal
thypeopleat
tendedschoolwhi
chisnotthecasenowaday
s.
● Todaypeopl
eusediff
erentmateri
alst
obuil
de.g.st
eelandcement.

40
 Ear
lyCi
vi
li
zat
ioni
nEgy
pt

Sour
ce:Di
amondS/st
udi
esbk1

TheSoci
alWay
sofl
i
feofpeopl
eoft
heEgy
pti
ans

● Theybel ongedt odifferentclasses.Theywer eledbyt hePhar aohandsomepeopl e

belongedt otheuppercl ass(king,queenandnobl es)
, mi ddleclass(soldier
s,scribes,
andt raders),l
owercl ass( peasantfarmers,servants)andsl aves.
● Religion–Theybel iev edi nmanygods.Ast at ueoft hegodorgoddesswaskepti n
thet empl eandwascar edf orbyt hepr i
estandpr i
est esses.Theybel i
evedi nlif
e
afterdeat h.
● Mar riage–Thef atherwast heheadoft hefami ly.Peopl emar riedwithintheirsocial
class.
● Educat ion–Onl yboy sandaf ewgi rl
sfrom theuppercl assat tendedschool .People
whocoul dwr it
ewer ecal ledscribesandwer ehi ghlyrespect ed.
● Settlement–Mostoft hepeopl elivedal
ongt hebanksoft heNi leRiv
er.

Economi
cWay
sofLi
fe

● Land owner
ship – Far
mer
s wor
ked as t
enant
s orf
arm l
abour
ersf
ort
he r
ich
l
andowners(nobl
es)
41
● Farming–Far mi ngt ookpl
acealongt hebanksoftheNil
eRiverasi
tdeposi
tedf
ert
il
e
soil
st hatenabledt hem togrowcrops.
● Trade–Theybar teredwiththei
rneighboursfori
ronandsil
ver.
● Huntingandgat hering–Theyhunt edbirdsandcaughtfi
shintheNi
leri
ver.
● Tax–Al lf
armer spai dtaxtothePharaoh.

Pol
i
tical
way
sofl
i
fe

● Law –t hePhar aohmadeallt

helawswitht
hehelpofhi sadvi
sors.Al
lthepeople
obeyedtheselaws.Thosethatbr
okethel
awwer
epuni shedt
hroughdeathorf
ines.
● Empi r
es–I ni
tiall
yEgyptwasdivi
dedint
otwokingdoms,UpperandLowerEgy pt
.
Laterasingl
ekingdom wascreat
ed.

St
ruct
ureoft
hegov
ernment

Phar
oah

Mi
l
itar
y Admi
nist
rat
ive Rel
i
gious

TheMi
l
itar
y

TheUpperandLowerEgy
pteachhadi
tsownar
mycor
p.Eachar
mycor
pwasheadedby
achi
efdeputy
.

TheAdmi
nist
rat
ion

Theseni
oroff
ici
alsoftheadmini
str
ati
onwerethev i
zi
ersorchi
efmi
nist
ers.Theirdut
y
wastosuper
visedist
ri
ctgover
nor
s,ensur
ethatcanal
sweredugandsett
ledisput
es.

TheRel
i
giousbr
anch

Theirdut
iesweret
ocl
eant
het
empl
eandst
atue,
recei
veandpr
epar
egi
ft
sper
for
m and
rel
i
giousrit
ual
s.

Technol
ogyDev
elopment

● Writ
ing–Thei
rform ofwr i
ti
ngwasknownashi erogl
yphi
cs.Writ
ingenabledt
hem to
keeppermanentr
ecor ds.
● Papermaking-Theywr oteonpapy r
usreedsthatgrewalongthebanksoftheNi l
e
ri
ver
.Theywrotebydi ppingthest
ylusoninkmadef r
om speci
alplant
s.
● ThePlough–Theypl oughedusingal i
ghtwoodenploughwhichwaspulledbyoxen.
42
● Theshaduf–Thi swasal ongpol etiedtoacr ossbeam.Aheav ywei ghtwast iedto
thel owerendoft hepol e.Al ongr opewast iedtot het opendoft hepoleanda
bucketwast iedtotheendoft herope.Thef armerpul l
edt hebucketdowni nt
ot he
ri
v ert odr aw wat erandpour editintoacanalnextt ot her iveradtt heedgeoft he
fi
el d.
● Irr
igat i
on–Egy pti
ansdependedont heNileriverasasour ceofwat er.Farmersdug
smal lcanal stocarrywat erfrom theNileri
vert osmal lpondsi ntheirfiel
ds.
● Mummi f
ication–Egy ptianspr eserveddeadbodi esbydr yingt hem.Thebodywas
preser vedi nor dertokeepi tingoodcondi t
ion.Theybel ievedt hatadeadper son’s
soulcont i
nuedt oli
v eint hebodyaf terdeat h.Theyr emov edal linternalorgans
i
ncl udingt hebr ai
n.Thebodywasdr iedusingaspeci alsubst ancecal l
ednat r
on.
Theypackedmudandsandundert heskin,theempt yst omachwasf i
ll
edwi t
hl i
nen
clot h.Thebodywast henr ubbedwi thoilandr esins.Itwast henwr appedwi t
hl i
nen
clot hesandputi nwoodencof f
ins.
● Py rami d– Mummi f
iedbodi eswer ebur i
edi nasmal lr oom int hemi ddleoft he
pyr ami d.

Compar
isonsofEgy
ptwi
tht
hemoder
nwor
ld

Set
tl
ement
s

● Peopl
eli
vedi
nv i
ll
agesj
ustl
iketoday
● Peopl
eli
vedneartheNi
l
eriv
erjustli
ket
oday

Cont
rast
ing(di
ff
erences)Egy
ptwit
hthemoder
nwor
ld
● Mostpeopl
eli
veintownsandciti
es

Compar
isonsofEgy
ptwi
tht
hemoder
nwor
ld

Gov
ernment

● Theposi
ti
onofthepharaohwasher
edi
tary
.
● Seni
orgover
nmentoff
icial
swer
eappoi
nted.

Cont
rast
ing(
dif
fer
ences)Egy
ptwi
tht
hemoder
nwor
ld

● Peopledonotbeli
evet
hatleader
softhecountr
iesar
eancest
ors.
● Leaderswerenotel
ect
ed.
● Seniorposi
ti
onsingov
ernmentarenoti
nheri
ted.

Compar
isonsofEgy
ptwi
tht
hemoder
nwor
ld

43
 Technol
ogy

● Peopl
ereadandwr i
te.
● Far
mersirr
igat
ethei
rcrops.

Cont
rast
ing(
dif
fer
ences)Egy
ptwi
tht
hemoder
nwor
ld

● Moder
ntechnol
ogi
esar
ever
ycompl
exandadv
ancede.
gcomput
ers,
sat
ell
i
teset
c.

TheOr
igi
nsoft
heNat
ion

Set
tl
ementofpeopl
einSout
her
nAf
ri
caar
ound1800

Sour
ce:Di
amondS/st
udi
esbk1

Theway
sofl
i
feoft
heSan(
Basar
wa)

Economi
cwaysofli
fe
● Nomadic–Theymovedfrom pl
acet
opl
acei
nsear
choff
oodandwat
er.Theydi
d
44
 nothav eanymat er
ialpossessions;theyonlyhadwhattheyneededt ohuntwi
l
d
ani
mal sandtogatherwil
dfruit
s.
● Huntingandgatheri
ng–menandboy shuntedani
malssuchasgiraf
fe,har
eswhi
le
womenandgi r
lsgat her
edf r
uits.Theyusedbowsandar rowsforhunt i
ngwhi
le
womenusedst i
ckst odigoutroots.
● Fi
shing–Thoset hatli
vednearBot et
iRiv
ercaughtf
isht
osupplementthei
rdiet
.

Soci
alWay
sofl
i
fe

● Shel ter– Theyl i

vedi ncav esori nt emporaryshelt
ersbuil
tusi ngbr anchesand
cov eredwi t
hgrass.Theyabandonedt heshelt
erwhent heymov edtoanot herplace.
● Leisur e–Thei rleisuretimei nv
olvedgames,songsanddance.Thesewer eabout
theirdailyhunt
ingandgat heringactiviti
es.
●
● Firemaki ng–t heyr ubbedst icksagainsteachot herunti
lspar
kslitupthegr ass.Fire
prov i
dedt hem withlight,keptdanger ousanimalsawayandkeptt hem war m.
● Car i
ngf orthei
renv i
ronment–Theybel i
evedthatkil
li
nganimalsanddest r
oy i
ngt he
plant s needl
esslywoul d cause dr oughtand f amine.So theyonl yhunt ed and
gather edenought omeett heirdail
yneeds.
● Soci algroups–livedi nsmal lgroupsof20t o30people.
● Mar riage–menmar riedwomenf r
om ot hergroups.Aftermar r
iage,themanl iv
ed
withhi swife’
sfami lyuntiltheyhadchi ldr
en.

Pol
it
icalway
sofl
if
e

Theydi
dnothavechief
s.Someonewithaspeci
alskil
lsuchasmakingf
ir
eorwhohad
ri
ght
stoawaterhol
ecouldberecogni
zedast
heleaderofthegr
oup.

TheWay
sofl
if
eoft
heKhoi

Economi
cway
sofl
if
e

● Nomadi c– Theyonl ymov edwhent heyneededtofi

ndnew pastur
esandwat er
sour
cesf ort
heirli
vestock.
● Past
or al
i
sts–Theykeptf l
ocksoff attai
l
edsheepandherdsofl
onghor nedcat
tl
e.
Li
vestockprovi
dedt hem wit
hmi l
k,meatandskins.
● Hunti
ngandgat her
ing-menandboy shunt
edanimal
ssuchasgiraff
e,hareswhi
le
womenandgi rl
sgat heredfr
uit
s.

Soci
alway
sofl
if
e

45
● Shelter–Theybuil
ttempor aryshelt
erusinglongthi
npolesandwovenmat s.
● Social gr
oups–Theylivedinlargegroupsofmor ethan100people.
● Mar ri
age–Theymar r
iedwomenofot herclans.Theywereall
owedt omarrymany
wives.Paidbri
depri
ceint heform ofsheep.
● Clothing–theymadecl ot
hesusi ngskinsofwildanimal
sandtheirl
iv
estock.
● Reli
giousbeli
efs–Theybel ievedinaSupr emeBeingandancestr
alspir
it
s.

Pol
it
icalway
sofl
if
e

● Theywereledbychiefswhorul
edwi ththeassi
stanceofheadman.
● Thechief’
sposit
ionwasheredi
tar
y.
● Chief
sconsult
edwi t
htheheadmenbef oremakingdecisi
ons.
● Thechiefhadthepowertosett
ledisput
es.

Di
ff
erencesbet
weent
heway
sofl
if
eoft
heSanandt
heKhoe

● TheKhoi l
ivedinlar
gergroupst hantheSan.
● TheKhoi keptl
ivest
ockwhi letheSandidn’t
.
● TheKhoi hadmat er
ialpossessionswhil
etheSandidn’
t.
● Unli
ket heSant heKhoidi dnotdependonhunt i
ngandgather
ingasthei
rmain
sourceoffood.
● Thekhoiwer enotasnomadi cast heSanwere,
theyonlymov
edwhenpastur
esand
waterforthei
ranimalswer enotavail
able.

Themi
grat
ionoft
heBant
uspeaki
ngpeopl
eint
oSot
her
nAf
ri
ca.

46
 Sour
ce:Di
amondS/st
udi
esbk1

Bant
uar eagr oupofpeopl
ewhowhenr ef
err
ingtoaper sonusethecommonword
st
em ‘nt
u’.Forexampl
efortheNdebel
esayumuntu,Tswana–mot ho,Kal
anga–nt
hu
et
c.

Thei
ror
igi
ns

Theyarebel
iev
edtohaveori
ginatedi
nCameroon.Fr
om t
her
etheymov
edsout
hwar
ds
andeastwar
dsint
ocent
ral
,eastandsout
her
nAfri
ca.

TheWay
sofLi
feoft
heBant
u

● Theywer emi xedfar

mers–Theygrow cropssuchasmai zeandmi l
l
etandreared
l
ivestock.
● Theywer eir
onsmel t
ers–Theymadeaxes,spears,
hoesusingi
ron.
● Theywer ehunt er
sandgather
ers–Theyhuntedwildanimalsf
ormeatandforthei
r
skins.
● Theyl i
vedinper manenthomes– Theybuilthutsusingmudandcow dungand
47
 that
chedt
hem wi
thgr
ass.
● Theymadecl
aypots– t
heyusedt
ost
orewat
er.Thei
rpot
swer
edecor
ated.

I
nter
act
ionbet
weent
heBant
uandt
heKhoi
san

● TheBantuandt heKhoisani
nter
marri
ed.
● ThelanguagesoftheBantuhavecli
cksoundsjustl
iket
heKhoi
snalanguages.
● TheKhoisantradedandwor kedfortheBantue.gstonet
oolsoftheKhoisanhave
beenfoundamongt heBantuandthegrai
nsoft heBant
uandthei
rpotter
yhavebeen
foundamongt heKhoisan.

Theway
sofl
if
eoft
heSot
hoTswanaar
ound1800

Economi
cWay
sofl
if
e

● Mixedfarmers–Theygr ew cr
opssuchasbeansandsor ghum andkeptlivestock
l
ikecatt
leandgoats.
● Hunti
ngandgat heri
ng–Theyhunt edanimal
sl i
keharesf orthei
rfamil
ies;bigger
animal
swer ehunt
edwiththepermi
ssi
onfrom t
hechief.
● Ir
onSmel t
ing–Theyusedirontomaketool
se.gspearsandknives.
● Trade–Theyexchangedproductst
hatt
heyhadforthosethattheydidnothave.

Soci
alWay
sofl
if
e

● Religion–t heybeli
ev edi nt heirancest ors.Theygav et hei
rancest or
sgi ft
ssuchas
foodandbeerasasi gnofr espect.
● Mar riage–Theypr acticedpol ygamy .Thegr oom’sfami l
ypaidbridepriceintheform
ofcat tle.Theheadoft hefami lywast hef ather.
● Clothing–Theymadecl ot hesoutofani malski ns.Thehusbandmadecl othesfor
thef ami ly
.
● Shel t
er–Theyl ivedi ncircularhut smadef rom clayandcowdung.Ther oofswer e
thatchedwi thgr
ass.Thef loorsoft hehut swer esmear ed(godila)withcowdung.
● Ini
tiationcer emonies– Boy sandgi rlswhohadr eachedpuber t
ywer esentf or
bogwer aandmoj al
e.Theywer et aughtaboutadul tli
featt heseschool s.Whent hey
compl etedtheywer egivensomet askst oper for
mi nthev i
l
lage.
● Settlement–Theyl i
v edinset t
lementpat ternsknownast het hreesitesystem that
i
st heymov edfr
om t hefieldst othev il
laget hent hecattl
epost.

Pol
it
icalway
sofLi
fe

● Theywer
eledbychi
efs.
● Theposi
ti
onofchi
eft
ainshi
pwasher
edi
tar
y.
48
● Thechiefwasresponsibleforthewel
far
eofmoraf
eandfordef
endi
ngthem.
● Chief
smadeal lt
helaws.
● Theyruledwit
ht heassi stanceoftheheadmanandtheyconsul
tedthem bef
ore
makingimport
antdecisions.

Theway
sofl
if
eoft
heNguniar
ound1800

Economi
cWay
sofl
if
e

● Mixedfarmers–Theygrew cr
opssuchasbeansandsor ghum andkeptl
iv
estock
l
ikecatt
leandgoat
s.
● Hunti
ngandgather
ing–Theyhuntedanimalsl
ikeharesforthei
rfami
li
es.
● I
ronSmel t
ing–Theusedir
ontomaket ool
se.gspearsandkni v
es.
● Trade–Theyexchangedpr
oductsthatt
heyhadforthosethattheydi
dnothave.

Soci
alWay
sofl
if
e

● Reli
gion–t heybeli
ev edi ntheirancestors.Theygavet hei
rancestorsgift
ssuchas
foodandbeerasasi gnofr espect.
● Marriage–Theypr acticedpol y
gamy .Thegroom’sfamilypaidbri
depriceinthef
orm
ofcattle,goatsandsheep.Theheadoft hefamil
ywast hef at
her.
● Clot
hing–Theymadecl othesoutofani malskins.Thehusbandmadecl ot
hesfor
thefami ly
.
● Ini
ti
ationcer emonies– Boy sandgi rl
swhohadr eachedpuber tywer esentfor
bogwer aandmoj al
e.Theywer et aughtaboutadultli
featt heseschools.Whenthey
compl etedtheywer egivensomet askstoperfor
mi nthev i
l
lage.
● Sett
lement–Theyl ivedi nlargevil
lagesandscat t
eredhomest eads.

Pol
it
icalway
sofLi
fe

● Theywerel
edbychiefs.
● Theposi
ti
onofchieft
ainshi
pwasheredi
tary
.
● Thepeopl
epai
dt r
ibutetothechi
efasasignofr
espect
.
● Chief
smadeall
thelaws.

Themov
ementofdi
ff
erentBat
swanagr
oupsi
ntomoder
nBot
swana

49
 Sour
ce:Di
amondS/st
udi
esbk
1

Bakgal
agadi

Theybrokeawayfrom Bar
olongandmov edt
ot heKgalagadiar
eabetween1500and
1600.Thefir
stgr
oupst oleavewer
eBakgwat
lheng.Theysettl
edinMolepol
ole.Later
theyspl
itupandBaphal
engmov edawayandsettl
ednearShoshong.Theothergroup,
50
Bangol
ogaset
tl
edal
ongt
heMol
opor
iver
.

Bakwena,
Bangwaket
seandBangwat
o

They liv
ed at Di t
hej
wane near Mol epol
olet
hey were led by Kgabo-
Kwena.
Kwenaquarr
eledwit
hhisy oungerbr
otherNgwato.Ngwat
oandhi speopl
emov edto
Shoshongandwer eknownasBangwat o.Lat
erBangwaket
sebrokeawayf r
om the
Bakwenaandsett
ledatKanye.

Bakgat
la

Bakgatl
abagaKgaf
elausedtoli
vei
nanar eaknownasTransv
aal
.Theywerefor
cedout
ofthi
sareabytheBoers.TheymovedtoMochudiandset
tl
edonthelandgi
ventothem
bytheBakwena.Bakgatl
abagaMmanaanabrokeawayandwentt
oliveinThamagaand
Moshupa.

Gov
ernancei
nBot
swana
Botswanahasthreemai
nbr
anchesofgov
ernment
,thesear
etheLegi
slat
ure,Execut
ive
andtheJudi
ciar
y.

Dut
iesoft
heLegi
slat
ure

● Passnewl aws,changeexi sti

nglawsandmakenewl aws.
● Appr ovethegov er
nmentNat i
onalDevel
opmentPl ans.
● Appr ovetheannual budget.
● Givet hegovernmentper missiontoborr
owmoneyf rom ot
hercountri
es
● Discussgov ernmentpol i
cies.
● Ensur esthatthecountry’
scust omaryandcul
turalherit
agearepreserv
edt
hrough
representati
onbyNt loyadi
kgosi.
● Ensur esthatpubli
cfundsar eusedforthei
ntendedpur pose.

Dut
iesoft
heExecut
ive

● Makegov ernmentpoli
ciesandimplementt
hem.
● Proposenewl aws,amendment sofol
dlawsorchangest
otheconst
it
uti
on.
● Maintainpeaceandorderinthecountr
y.
● Maket heannualfi
nanci
al budget
.
● Establ
ishandmanager elati
onshi
pswithot
hercount
ri
es.

TheJudi
ciar
y

51
Dut
iesoft
heJudi
ciar
y

● Theyhearcriminal
cases.
● I
nterpr
ettheConstitut
ion.
● I
nterpr
etthelawspassedbyparli
ament
.
● Sett
leci
vi
l casese.gadopti
onanddi
vor
ce.

Thesy
stem ofchecksandbal
ancei
nBot
swana’
sConst
it
uti
on

Thisisasy stem whereeachbr anchofgov er

nmenthasdiffer
entpowersov erot
her
branches.I
tensurest
hatnoonebr anchist
oopowerfulandi
tpreventsabuseofpower
byl eader
sinBot swana.Italso enablesthedif
fer
entbranchest o makedecisi
ons
i
ndependentlyoft
heotherbranches.

Howt
he3br
anchescheckandbal
anceeachot
her

● Befor
eanymoneycanbespentt heLegislat
uremustappr oveit
.
● TheCabi netaccountsforall
decisi
onsthatt heytaketot heLegisl
ature.
● Thelegislatureandtheexecuti
vecheckandbal ancethepoweroft hejudiciar
yby
changingt heconsti
tuti
on.
● Abill
canonl ybecomel awaft
erthepresidenthassi gnedit.
● TheNat ionalassemblycannotamendbi ll
sunl essthepresidentapprovest hem.
● TheHi ghCour tandCourtofAppealhav et hepowert odeclarelawspassedby
theNat i
onal Assemblyunconst
itut
ional
.
● Thejudiciarycandecideift
helawpassedbyt hel egi
slat
ureisconst i
tut
ional.

Thepur
poseofl
aw

● Promotesandpreventsinj
ustice.
● Lawisameanst hroughwhi cht hoseinauthori
tygover
nandrulethenati
on.
● Maint
ainpeaceandor derbyst ati
ngwhati sandnotaccept
able.
● Prot
ecttheri
ghtsofallpeopleequal l
y.
● Enabl
edisputestobeset t
ledaccor di
ngtoknownr ul
es.
● Prot
ecttheinterest
sofi ndi
v i
duals,groupsofpeopl eandt hestate.E.
gthe
gover
nmentusest helawt omakepeopl epayt axes.

52
Thest
ruct
ureandr
esponsi
bil
i
tiesofgov
ernmentatnat
ional
lev
el

The constituti
on ofBot swana div
idesthe gover
nmentintotwo struct
uresnamely
NationalorCent ralgov
er nmentandLocalgover
nment.Thisi
ssoi nordertoal
lowthe
di
fferentgov er
nmentst ructur
estocarr
youtspecif
icr
esponsi
bil
i
tiesi
npursuit(
sear
ch)
ofnationaldevelopment.

Local Gov er nment

Thisisf or medundert heMini
stryofLocalGov ernmentLandsandHousi ng.Itismade
upofdi strictcounci l
sandtowncounci ls.Presentl
ytherear e10distri
ctcouncilsand4
towncounci l
s.Distri
ctcouncil
sar efoundi nruralareasandt owncounci l
sint owns.
Localgov ernmentenabl espeopl einther uralareastohav eani nputinplanningof
development sint hecount ry
.Theper sonwi tht hehighestresponsibil
ityindi st
rict
councilsi st hedistri
ctcommi ssi
oner.Distr
ictCommi ssionersar
eassi stedbyCounci l
secretaries&di str
ictdevel
opmentcommi tt
ees.Theyar ealsoassistedbyt het r
ibal
admi nistrationandl andboardsincarryi
ngoutt heiract
ivi
ties.

Responsi
bil
i
tiesofCounci
l
s

● Provi
desocialservi
cessuchasr oads,primaryhealt
hcareandprimar
yeducation.
● Provi
dingl
andt opeoplethroughlandboar ds
● Coll
ectref
useanddi sposeitproperl
y.
● Coordi
nati
ngcommuni tydevel
opmentt hroughvil
lagedevel
opmentcommittees
● Prepar
ingdist
rictdevel
opmentpl ansinrelat
iont
onat i
onaldev
elopmentpl
ans.
● Coll
ectandcaref orstr
ayli
vestock

St
ruct
ureofCent
ral
orNat
ional
Gov
ernment

Thisonei smadeupofel ect

edr epr
esentat
ivessuchasmi nister
sandmember sof
parli
ament.Itisdividedintomi ni
stri
esheadedmi ni
sters.Eachmi ni
str
yhasspeci f
ic
responsi
bil
iti
estoper formi nordertoreacht henati
onaldev elopmentgoals.Centr
al
governmenti sresponsibl
ef ortheoveral
lfuncti
onsofgov ernmenti nBotswana.Itis
headedbyt hePresident

Responsi
bil
i
tiesatNat
ional
Lev
el
53
 ● Maintai
ningsecurit
yandpublicor der
.
● Pr
otecti
ngt heri
ghtsofindiv
iduals.
● Makingandenf orci
ngthelaw.
● Al
locati
ngmoneyt odi
ffer
entmi nistr
ies
● Makingnationaldevel
opmentplans.

TheI
mpor
tanceofBot
swana’
snat
ional
pri
nci
ples

Democr
acy

● Itpromot estherespectf
orhumanr ightsandf r
eedom e.gtherighttovot
eand
freedom ofspeech.
● Itall
owspeopl etochoosethepol
it
ical l
eadersofthei
rchoi
ce.
● Itall
owspeopl etohavedif
fer
entpoli
ticalvi
ewsandst i
ll
li
vetogetheri
npeace.
● Itpreventsabuseofpowerasleadersknowt hattheycanbev ot
edout.
● Leader sareanswerabl
etothei
rpeople.

Uni
ty

● I
tencour
agesciti
zenstoplacetheinter
estsoft hei
rcount
ryaheadofthei
rown.
● I
tenabl
espeopletobet ol
erantononeanot her.
● I
tpromotescooperat
ion.Wherethereisunitypeoplehel
peachother
.

Dev
elopment

● I
tenabl
espeopl
e’sl
ivi
ngstandar
dstobeimproved.
● Si
ncepeopl
ehaveaccesstobett
erheal
ththeyl
i
v eheal
thi
er.
● I
tenabl
esthecount
rytobecompeti
ti
ve.

Selfrel
i
ance
● Peopleareabl
et otakecar
eofthemselv
essothegov
ernmentdoesnothav
eto
spendmoneyont hem.
● Ital
lowsthegovernmentt
oconcent
rat
eondevel
opi
ngthecount
ry.

Bot
ho

● I
tpr
omot
essoci
alhar
mony
.
54
 ● Peopl
efeel
thatt
heyar
eval
uedandr
espect
ed.

Char
act
eri
sti
cs/For
msofGov
ernment

a)Democr
acy

● Citi
zensel ecttheleaderst hattheywantandel ecti
onsar efai
randf ree.
● Gov ernmentmakesdeci sioninanopenandt ranspar entway .
● Ther eisnoabuseofpowerast hereisasy stem ofchecksandbal ances.
● Thegov ernmentconsul tst hepeopl ethroughar ef
erendum.
● Humanr i
ghtsarerespect edsopeopl ear etr
eat edfairly
.
b)Dictatorship
● Citi
zensdonotel ectthel eaderst hattheywantandel ecti
onsarenotf ai
randf
ree.
● Gov ernmentdoesnotmakedeci sioninanopenandt ransparentway .
● Ther eisabuseofpowerast hereisnosy st
em ofchecksandbal ances.
● Thegov ernmentdoesnotconsul tt hepeoplewhenmaki ngdecisions.
● Humanr i
ghtsarenotr espect edsopeopl earenott reatedfair
ly.
c)Monar chy
● Akingorqueeni sl eadst hegov ernment .
● Theposi t
ionofkingorqueeni sher edi
tary.

Ty
pesofmonar
chi
es

a)Absolutemonarchy–Thekingorqueenhastot
alcont
rolovert
hegovernmentor
hi
sorherpeopl e.
b)Constit
uti
onalmonarchy–Thekingorqueenshar
espowerwi t
hpol
it
icalleaders
el
ectedbyt hepeopl e.ThemonarchistheHeadofst at
ewhil
et heel ected
member srunthegovernment
.

Kagi
sano

Kagisano means socialharmonyand peace.This means peoplelivi

ng peaceful
ly
togetherinthe count
r yeven though t
heyhave di
ff
erencesin gender,educat
ional
backgroundorrel
igi
ousbackground.Kagisanoi
simport
antbecauseitmakespeopleto
cooperateandtol
erat
eoneanot her.

Way
sofpr
omot
ingKagi
sano

● Encouragi
ngpeopletorespectoneanother
● All
owingfreedom ofspeechandt heri
ghttopar
ti
cipat
eincommuni
tymeet
ings
55
 anddiscussi
ons.
● Solv
ingconfl
ict
speaceful
l
y
● Shari
ngnaturalr
esour
cesfai
rl
ye.
g.arabl
elandandwat
er
● Encouragi
ngtol
eranceamongpeopl
e

Recogni
singt
hesi
gni
fi
canceofNat
ional
Ident
it
yov
erEt
hni
cIdent
it
y

Et
hni
cIdent
it
y

Thisi
sasenseofbelongi
ngtoapart
icul
arethni
cgroup,
shar
ingthecommoncul
tur
eof
thegroupandfeel
i
ngpr oudofthatgroup.Forexamplebeingproudt
hatyouarea
mokgatla.

Sy
mbol
sofet
hni
cident
it
yar
elanguage,
tot
ems,
clot
hingandf
ood.

Nat
ional
Ident
it
y

Thi
sisaboutbei
ngpr
oudofy ourcountr
y.Symbol
sofNationali
dentit
yareanident
it
y
car
d(omang)andnat
ional
passport
,coatofar
ms,nat
ional
anthem,language,
curr
ency.

I
mpor
tanceofnat
ional
ident
it
yov
eret
hni
cident
it
y

● I
tpromot esunit
ybyencour agingasenseofbelongi
ng.
● I
tencouragesciti
z enst
oputt hecountr
y’sneedsaheadoft
hei
rown.
● I
tunitespeoplefrom di
ffer
entethni
cgroups.
● I
thelpsav oi
dtri
bal war
s.

Way
sofnur
tur
ingandpr
otect
ingBot
swana’
simageasapeacef
ulcount
ry

● Avoidingwarsandsolvingconfli
ctspeaceful
ly.
● Maintaininggoodr
elati
onswi t
hot hercountr
ies.
● Respect i
nghumanrightslaws.
● Controll
ingcri
mesucht hatpeoplearesafe.
● Treati
ngev ery
onewithrespectanddi gni
ty.
● Beingf r
iendl
yandwelcomi ngtovisi
tors.

56
Bot
swana’
sEconomi
cdev
elopment

Obj
ect
ives:
● Explaintheconceptofeconomi cdevelopment
● Diff
erentiatebetween pri
mar y
,secondar y,t
ert
iar
yand quater
narysector
sof
producti
on.
● Discusst hebenefi
tsanddisadvantagesofBotswana‘
smixedeconomicmodel.
● Analyset heeff
ectsofHIV/AIDSonBot swana‘seconomy
● Evaluatet heimpactofeconomi cdev el
opmentont heli
vesoft hepeopl
eof
Botswana.
● Discusst hedangersofcorrupt
ionandeconomi ccri
metoBotswana‘seconomy
andway
sofdeal
i
ngwi
thcor
rupt
ionandeconomi
ccr
ime.
Economicdev
elopmenti
sthepr
ocessofusi
ngr
esour
ceswi
sel
ytoear
nmoneyi
nor
der
toimpr
ovepeople’
sst
andar
dofli
vi
ng.

Theresour
cest
hatacount
rycanuset
oear
nmoneyar
ewat
er,l
and,wi
l
dli
fe,mi
ner
als,
fi
shetc.

Sect
orsofpr
oduct
ion

a)PrimarySector–Thisi st
heear l
ysectorofproduct
ionthatinvol
vesremovingor
produci
ngrawmat er
ialsf
rom natur
alresourcesi
nourenv i
ronment.Forexample
fi
shing,mi
ning,quarr
ying,
farmingetc.
b)SecondarySector–Thi sinv
olvesprocessingrawmat er
ial
si nt
ofini
shedgoods.
57
 ThePr i
mar ysect orsuppl i
esr awmat erialsfr
om v ariousacti
vi
tiesforsecondar y
sectort opr oducef inishedpr oduct s.Forexampl eanimalskinsar echangedt oall
kindsofl eatherwear .Mi neraldeposi tsar eturnedi ntojewell
eryandel ectri
cal
appliances.
c)Ter t
iar
ySect or–Thi sisal soknownast heservicessector.I
tpr ovi
desact i
vi
ti
es
thatpr ovi
de ser vi
ces t oi ndividuals orbusi nesses ort ot he Primary and
Secondar y sect or .Forexampl e educat i
on,training,banking,ent er
tai
nment ,
transpor t
ation,wat er.
d)Quat ernarySect or–deal swi thshar ingofcont enti nf
ormationt oimpr oveto
i
mpr ovet echni ques,pr oduction and qual i
ty ofeconomi c products.I thas
economi cl iter
at ur
et o dev elop knowl edge,i deas and adv i
ce,sharing of
exper i
encesandar easofat t
ent i
ont oimpr oveproduct i
on.Exampl esareli
brari
es,
i
nf ormat i
ont echnol ogy,researchl i
braries.

Bot
swana‘
smi
xedEconomi
cSy
stem /Model
.

Aneconomi
csy
stem /model
isawayofmaki
ngdeci
sionsabout
:

● Whatgoodst oproduceandwhatservi
cest
opr
ovi
de.
● Howt oproducethegoodsandservi
ces.
● Forwhom
● Whent oproducethem
● Howmucht oproduce.
● Atwhatpr icetosellthem andhow andwherethegoodsandser
viceswi
l
lbe
di
str
ibuted.

Ty
pesofEconomi
cSy
stems

a)Freemar keteconomi csystem –Al lt

hebusinessesandresour cesareownedby
i
ndividual
s.Indi
vidualsareinf
luencedbyt hedesir
et omakepr ofit
,marketf
orces
ofsupplyanddemandandt heneedsandwant soft hei
rcustomer s.
b)PlannedEconomi csy stem –Thisonei sownedbyt heCentralgov er
nment.The
pri
cesar esetbygov ernmentandt hestat
eownsandcont r
olsalltheresour
ces.
c)Mixedeconomi csy stem –Thisonehasel ementsofFreeandPl annedeconomy
58
 syst
ems.Forexamplethegover
nmentpr
ovi
deseducat
ionatt
hesamet
ime
busi
nessesdeci
dewhatt
osel
l.

Adv
ant
agesofami
xedEconomi
csy
stem

● Theneedt oattractmor ecust omersencour agesbusi nessest ochargereasonable

pri
ces.
● Ami xedeconomyat tr
actsdev elopment sofinfr
astruct
uree.ghospi t
als&schools
● Creat i
onofl aws& r egulati
ons-t hegov ernmentset smi nimum wagel i
mitst o
protectlowpai dwor kers.Forexampl emai dsshouldnotbepai dlessthanP450.00.
● Becauset hegov ernmenti sf orev eryone,theymakesur et hatgoodsandser vices
areav ail
ableinallpartsoft hecount ry.
● Peopl ecancr eateempl oymentbyopeni ngupt heirownbusi nessesinsteadof
waitingf ort
hegov er
nmentt oempl oyt hem.
● Thegov ernmentgai nsrevenuebyt axi
ngt heinvestors(VAT).

Di
sadv
ant
agesofaMi
xedEconomy

● Poormar ket s–Bot swana’ spopulationsizeissmal l&doesnothav ethebuying

powertopr ov idegoodmar ketforproducts.
● Poorlabour–Aneconomyofacount r
yreli
esonskills&knowledgeandtechnol
ogy,
mostoft hel ocallabourar einexper
iencedandnotasqual i
fi
edasf or
eignl
abour.
● Ami xedeconomi csy stem encouragesconcent rat
ionofactivi
ti
esinurbanareas,
thi
scontributest oov erpopulati
onintowns.
● Pri
vatebusi nesseswi l
lnotbeabl et omakepr ofi
tbecausetheyarecompetingwith
governmentf undedbusi nesseswhoar egivencheaploans.

TheEf
fect
sofHI
V/AI
DSont
heeconomyofBot
swana.

● Lossofski ll
edper sonnel–t helossofwor kersmeanst hattherear efewerpeopl e
doingt hewor kandt hatsomeoft heworkisnotdone.
● Lowerf oodpr oduction–whenf ar
mersandt heirlabourersdie,thereisnoonet o
growcr opsf ort hecountry.
● Lowerpr oductivit
y–Peopl etakingcareofthesi ckhav etoabsentt hemsel vesfrom
wor koccasi onallysotheirj
obssuf f
erbecauset hereisnoonet odot hem.
● Lowersav ings–Peopl espendmostoft heirmoneyt aki
ngcar eoft hesi cksot hey
don’thav emoneyt osav e.
● Increasedgov ernmentspendi ng–Thegov ernmentspendst hemoneyt hatitcould
beusi ngt odev elopthecountryonbuyingmedi cinef ort
hesick

TheI
mpactofeconomi
cdev
elopmentont
hel
i
vesofBat
swana
59
● Educat i
on–Bat swanaar enoweducat edasmanyschool shav ebeenbuil
t.
● Health–Ther earemanycl i
nicsandhospi talsthathavebeenbui ltasar esul
tof
economi cdev elopment.
● Wat ersuppl y–Ther ear emanydamst hathavebeenbui ltthatsupplywaterto
Batswana.
● Transportandcommuni cati
on–Bat swanacant ravelandcommuni cat
eeasil
yasa
resultofthecommuni cati
onsy st
emst hathav ebeenconst r
ucted.
● Rural–Ur banmi gr
ation–Batswanahav emov edf r
om ruralareastourbanareasas
aresult,vi
llagesareleftwit
hfewery oungpeopl etocarryoutfoodproducti
on.

Cor
rupt
ion

Corr
upt
ioni
st heabuseofpubli
coffi
ceandone’sposi
ti
onofpowerf orpr
ivategain.
Exampl
esofcorr
upti
onarebr
iber
y,nepot
ism,
crony
ism,i
nfl
uencepeddl
i
ng&ext ort
ion.

Thedanger
sofcor
rupt
ionandeconomi
ccr
imei
nBot
swana’
seconomy

● Thegov ernmentl ossesmoney–Becauseofcor r

upti
onthegov er
nmenti sunableto
carryoutt hepl anneddev elopmentproject
s.
● Itleadst ounequaldev elopment si
nt hecountr
yasar easthathavecor r
uptoffi
cial
s
alway slackbehi nd.
● Itl
eadst olowpr oduct i
vi
tyaspeopl ewhoar enotquali
fi
edforparti
cularjobsmaybe
empl oyedi nsteadoft hequal i
fi
edones.
● Iti
ncr easest hecostofdoi ngbusinessinacount r
yandt hi
scandi scourageforei
gn
i
nv estors.
● GoodsandSer vicesbecomemor eexpensivebecausethemoneypai dasbr i
beis
addedt ot hecostofpr oduction.

Way
sofdeal
i
ngwi
thcor
rupt
ionandeconomi
ccr
ime

● Publiceducat ion– Peopl emustbet aughtaboutt hedanger sofcor r

upti
onand
economi ccri
me.
● Thegov ernmentmusti ntensifychargesagai
nstcri
mi nals&t hechar gesmustrange
accordingt othewei ghtoft hecase.
● Reporting– Al lsect orsmustbesensi ti
zedoncor ruptionact iv
iti
es&pr eventi
on
techniquese. g.peopl emustbegi vingtol
lfr
eenumber st hattheycanal waysdial&
reportcor r
uption.
● Crimepr eventi
ongr oups– l ocal
smustbeencour agedt of orm crimepreventi
on
groupsr esponsi bl
ef orfightingcorrupti
on&cri
meint heirareas.
● Infor
mat iont echnology– Thesecur i
tyfor
cesshoul d bet r
ained ont heuseof
comput er s&i nstal
lat i
onofCCTVcamer assothatt heyar eablet osee&moni t
or
60
 cor
ruptpeopl
e

Agr
icul
tur
einBot
swana

TheI
mpor
tanceofagr
icul
tur
einBot
swana’
seconomy

● Sourceofempl oyment–Manypeopl ewor kasf armersorar eemployedbyf ar

mers
toprov i
del ivest
ockwithfoodandwat er.
● Sourceoff ood–Far merspr oducemai zeandbeanst hatpeopleneedinordertoli
ve.
● Sourceofr aw materi
alsf orotherindustr
ies–I ndustr
iesthatprocessesandsel l
meat ,sel
lf urnit
ureandbeerwoul dnotexistwit
houtAgr icul
tur
e.
● Sourceofi ncome–Meatt hatissoldt oothercount r
iesprovi
desBot swanawi t
h
forei
gnexchange.
● Providesi nv est
mentoppor t
unit
ies– Peopl ecani nvestmoneyi ngr owi
ngcr ops,
reari
ngl i
vest ockandfi
shf arming.

Pr
obl
emsf
aci
ngt
heAgr
icul
tur
eSect
ori
nBot
swana

● Lowr ainfall–Cr opsr equireabout500mm togrow.Mostpar tsofBotswanareceiv

e
l
esst hant his.
● Frequentdr ought–Thi screatesshort
ageofwaterandpast ur
esforgrazi
ng.
● Poorsoi l
s–Bot swanai smost l
ycoveredbypoorsandysoil
s.
● Pestsanddi seases–Li vestockandcropsar
eaffectedbydiseasessuchasfootand
mout handcor ncr i
ckets.
● Poorf armingmet hods–Far mingmethodsli
kemonocr oppingresul
tinpooryi
elds.
● Shortageofl abour– Manyy oungpeoplearenoti nter
estedinf ar
mingandar e
l
eav i
ngr uralareast ociti
es

Sol
uti
onst
otheabov
epr
obl
ems

● Plantcropv ari
etiesandrearli
vestockthatwil
lst
il
ldowel lwi
thli
ttl
erai
nfal
l.
● Createandi nsurancefundf orfarmerssot hattheyar epai
dcompensat i
onwhen
thereisadr ought .
● Encouragecr oppr oduct
ioninareasthathavefert
il
esoils.
● Farmer s shouldr earli
v est
ock and gr ow cr
ops thatar eresist
antto common
diseases.
● Suffi
cientAgr icult
uredemonst r
atorsshouldbeempl oyedtot eachfarmersgood
61
 farmingmethods.
● Createbet
teropport
uni
ti
esf
ory
oungpeopl
esot
hatt
heyar
eint
erest
edi
ntr
aini
ng
foragri
cul
tur
e.

Di
ver
sif
yingAgr
icul
tur
einBot
swana

Thef
oll
owi
ngact
ivi
ti
esmustbedonei
nor
dert
odi
ver
sif
yAgr
icul
tur
einBot
swana:

● Horticul
tur e–Localf armer sshouldproduceenoughv egetabl
esandf r
uit
si norder
tomeett henat i
onaldemand.
● OilSeedcr ops–Subsi stencefar
mer smustbeencour agedt ogrowcropssuchas
sunflowerandgr oundnuts.
● Dairyfarmi ng–Far mer smustbeencour agedtousetherightfar
mingmet hodsand
technologi essothatmi l
ky iel
dsarehigh.
● Harvestingandpr ocessingv el
dtproducts–Veldtproductsli
kesengapari
le,morula
frui
tsandmophanewor msmustbecol lect
edandsold.
● Gamef armi ng–Farmer smustbeencour agedtoreargameani malsli
keost r
iches
andkudus.
● Beekeepi ng–Far mersmustbeencour agedtoproducehoneyandbeeswaxt osell.

Gov
ernmentPol
i
ciesf
orpr
omot
ingAgr
icul
tur
einBot
swana

● Farmersaregi venseeds,fertil
izeranddr aughtpowerf orploughingandplanti
ng,thi
s
i
s done t hrough Integr ated Suppor t Pr ogramme f or Ar able Agricul
tur
e
Development (
ISPAAD).
● The Nat i
onal Mast er Pl an f or Ar abl
e Agr icult
ure and Dai ry Development
(NAMPAADD)hasbeensetupt opr omot ecommer cialarabl
ef arminganddai r
y
far
ming.
● I
ncreaseempl oy mentoppor tuniti
esforBat swana.
● ConservescarceAgr i
cult
ur alandl andr esourcesforfuturegenerat
ions.
● Thegov ernmentempl oy
sagr i
cultur
aldemonst rator
st oassistandt eachfarmers
bett
erfarmingmet hods.

Agr
icul
tur
alpr
act
icest
hathav
eanegat
ivei
mpactont
heenv
ironment
.

● Ov
erst
ocki
ng – Keepi
ng mor
e ani
mal
sfort
he si
ze oft
he l
and damages t
he

62
 envir
onment .
● Monocr opping–Gr owingthesamecropont hesamel andformanyy ear
sreduces
thefert
il
it
yoft heland.
● Burningthebush–Fi resdestr
oythevegetat
ionandl eavethelandbare.Thi
sleads
tosoiler
osion.
● Deforest
ation–Thi sincr
easestheri
skofsoi lerosi
onanddest roy
st hehomesof
animals.
● Overuseoff ert
il
izer
s–Thi spoll
uteswaterinriv
ersaschemi calsarewashedinto
ri
verswheni trai
ns.

SUSTAI
NABLE DEVELOPMENT I N AGRICULTURE (BEST PRACTI
CES FOR
ECOLOGICALLYSUSTAI
NABLEDEVELOPMENTI
NAGRICULTURE)

Sustai
nable devel
opmentin Agr
icul
tur
e means thatwe should use agr
icul
tur
al
resourceswisel
ytomeettheneedsoft hepresentwi
thoutdest
roy
ingtheabili
tyof
futur
egenerati
onstomeett
hei
rneeds.

Thi
scanbedonet
hrought
hef
oll
owi
ngway
s:

● Cropr otati
on–Thi shel pst oreduceweedsandl ossofsoi lferti
li
ty.Forex ample
ploughi nggr oundnutsinoneseasonandsor ghum t henextseasonr efil
l
sni t
rogenin
thesoi l.
● Mai ntainingt hecorrectstockingrate–Thishel pspr eventov
ergr azinganddamage
tot hesoi l.
● Allow landt oliefal
low –Thi sal l
owst hesoiltorecov erandensur esthatthesoi l
remai nsf erti
le.
● Wat erconser vat
ion–Far mer smustusemul chi
ngt or educewat erlossfrom plants.
Irr
igat i
onmustal sobepr acti
ced.
● Cul ti
vatingt hesoiltocont r
olweeds–Weedsmustbecont r
oll
edbycul tiv
atingthe
soil.
● Growcr opsandr earanimal breedsthatar
esuitabletot heenvi
ronment .

63
MI
NINGI
NBOTSWANA

MI
NINGAREASI
NBOTSWANA

64
 Sour
cedi
amondbook1

STAGESOFMI
NINGDI
AMONDSI
NBOTSWANA
65
● Extr
acti
on–Di amondsar emi nedusingamet hodcall
edopenpitoropencast.Thi
s
methodallowsmi ner
st oextractmi neralsthatarenearthesurf
aceoftheeart
h.The
vegetat
ionandt opsoil(overburden)ar eremov ed,andthentherockcont
aini
ngthe
diamondsisblastedandl oadedintotrucksf orprocessi
ng.

Opencast

Adv
ant
agesofOpenCastMi
ning

● Iti
scheapcompar edtoshaftmini
ng
● Itisfai
rl
ysaf ebecausepeoplewor kont
hesur
faceoft
heear
thsot
her
efew
acci
dentsoccur.
● Miner
alsareextr
actedquickl
y.

Di
sadv
ant
agesofOpenCastMi
ning

● Wheni trains,watercancoll
ecti
norfl
oodthepi t&int
erf
erewi
thext
ract
ion.
● Thepithast obeabandonedoncethemineralistoodeep.
● Openpi tscarstheland.
● Dustfrom t heopenpitpol
lutest
heai
r.
● Alargear eaoflandaroundtheopenpiti
sleftunused.

66
● Pr
ocessing–Thi sst
ageinvolvest hefoll
owing:
#Cr ushi
ng–Themi neral oreiscrushedintosmallpi
eces.
#Concent r
ati
ng–Thecr ushedor eismixedwithwaterandchemical
sinl
arge
drums
(Cyclones) .Thismakest heli
ght
erwast emateri
alt
ofl
oatat
thetop
andt hedi amondsorheav ywast
emat er
ialt
osink.

#Dr
ying–Theconcent
rat
edmat
eri
ali
stakent
oamachi
newher
eiti
sdr
ied.

#Separati
ng-Thedr iedmat erialispassedt hroughandX- raymachine.Thi
s
shi
nesthe
diamondsandt ri
gger sandai rgun.Theai rgunblowsairwhich
separatest hedi amondsf rom thewast ematerial
.
#Handsor ti
ng–Ther emai ningwast emat eri
alisremovedbyhand.
#Sor t
ing,grading&v aluation–Di amondsar et hensortedaccor
dingtosize,
shape,
pur i
tyandwei ght.
# Cutt
ingandPol ishing–Di amondsar ecutt oacer tai
nshapeandpolishedso
thatt
hey
spar kl
e.

NB Qual
it
ydi amondsareknown asgemst oneswhilelow qual
i
tyonesarecall
ed
i
ndust
ri
aldiamonds.DiamondTradingCompanyBotswana(DTCB)isr
esponsi
blef
or
sor
ti
ng,v
aluingandsel
l
ingdiamondsminedi
nBotswana.

● Mar
ket
ing–Bot
swana’
sdi
amondsar
eexpor
tedt
oEur
opeanandAsi
ancount
ri
es.

STAGESOFMI
NINGCOALI
NBOTSWANA

● Ext
ract
ion–Amethodofmini
ngknownasbox–cuti
sused.Coal
isext
ract
edusi
ng
abigmachi
neknownasthecont
inuousmi
ner
.

67
● Pr
ocessing–Thepr ocessingstagesofcoalare
#Cl eaning–Thi siswher ecoali stakentotheconv ey
orbelttoamachi nefor
cl
eani ng.
Thi
sremov eswaste.
#Scr eening–Coal piecesthatareabout30mm insizearetr
ansportedtoastock
pil
ewhilethebiggerpi
ecesaretakentothecrusher
.
#Crusher–Bi ggerpiecesarecrushedsothattheyare30mm insize.

● Market
ingofcoal–Mostofthecoalt
hatisext
ract
edinBot
swanai susedlocal
ly
whi
lesomeissoldt
oZimbabweandZambia.BCLmineusesi
ttoheatcopperni
ckel
smelt
ers

STAGESOFMI
NINGCOPPERNI
CKEL

● Ext
ract
ion-Thisminer
ali
smi nedusedtheshaf
tmet hodofmining.Expl
osiv
esar e
pl
acedinholesdri
ll
edint
othemi ner
aloreandblasted.Themineraloreisloaded
i
ntoaskipwhichi
spull
edtothesurf
aceandtheoreistakent
oapr ocessi
ngplant.

68
Shaf
tmi
ningMet
hod

69
Adv
ant
agesofShaf
tMi
ning

● Thedeepestminer
alor
escanbeext
ract
ed.
● Thelandabovetheminecanbeputtootherusessuchasbui
l
dingt
hepr
ocessi
ng
pl
ant.

Di
sadv
ant
agesofShaf
tMi
ning

● Shaf
tmi ningisveryexpensiv
ebecausetranspor
t,light
ingandcoolfreshairhaveto
beprovi
dedt ominerswor ki
ngundergr
ound.
● I
tisdanger ousworkingundergr
oundwher eaccidentssuchascollapsingtunnel
s&
gasexplosionsmayoccur .
● I
tisdif
fi
cul tt
orescuewor ker
swhenaccidentshappendeepundergr ound.
● Shaf
ts&t unnel
sofabandonedmi nesarenotf il
ledup,thesebecomedanger ous
70
 whenset t
lementsarebuil
tabov ethem astheymaycol lapse.
● Pr
ocessing–Thi sinvol
vesthef oll
owingstages:
#Cr ushing–Themi neralor eiscr
ushedintosmal lpieces.
#Gr inding–Themi neraloreisgroundedintopowder .
#Concent r
ati
ng–Thecr ushedoreismi xedwi t
hwat erandchemicalsinl
arge
tanks.
(concent r
ator
s).Copperni ckelf loat
s and waste mat
erial
sinks.

#Dr
ying–Theconcent
rat
edmat
eri
ali
stakent
oamachi
newher
eiti
sdr
ied.

#Smel ti
ng-Thedr yconcent
rat
eisheatedusingcoal.Copperni
ckelt
urnsi
ntoa
t
hick
Hotl
i
quidandsinkstothebott
om whi l
ewastef l
oat
s.
#Cool ing– Theconcent rat
eisr emovedfrom t hesmelterandputi nwater
wher
eitcools
andf or
msmat t
e.
# separatingandr efi
ning– Copperissepar at
edf r
om nickelandimpuri
ti
es
r
emov ed.

● Mar
ket
ing–Takent
oZi
mbabweandNor
way
.

71
STAGESOFMI
NINGSODAASH

● Ext
ract
ion–t
hesal
tywat
eri
spumpedt
othesur
faceandwat
eri
sputi
nlar
geponds.

● Pr
ocessi
ng-Thesoli
dmat eri
ali
sthensepar
atedf
rom t
hewat
erbyev
apor
ati
on.The
mater
ial
isdr
iedandprocessedi
ntosal
tandsodaash.

● Market
ing–Export
edtoSout hAf
ri
ca,Zimbabwe,Zambi
aandCent
ralAf
ri
ca.I
tis
usedtomakegl
ass,det
ergent
sandfer
ti
li
zer
s.

UsesofMi
ner
als

Miner
al Use Desti
nat
ion
Diamond Maki ngjewel ler
y USA,UK,Indi
a,Belgi
um,
s Usedf orst rengtheningt hetips&edgesof Holl
and&Swi t
zerl
and
dri
ll
ing&cut t
ingtools&machi ner
y
Copper For maki ng copper wi re,coi ns,el
ect
ri
cal Zi
mbabwe,Sout hAfr
ica,
ni
ckel appliances, el ect
ri
cal t ransmissi
on li
nes, Norway,USA
galvanizi
ngot hermet als.
Coal Gener ati
ngt hermal electri
city Notexport
ed
Domest i
cpur posesl ikecooki ng
Soda Glassmaki ng Zi
mbabwe,Sout hAfr
ica,
Ash Maki ngdet ergentsandcommonsal t Zambia

THEEFFECTSOFMI
NINGONTHEDEVELOPMENTOFBOTSWANA

● Improvesi nf
rastr
ucture–Themoneyear nedf r
om mi ningi susedt odevelopt he
countrye.g.bui
ltschoolsandroads.
● Createsjobs–Peopl eareempl oyedtododi f
ferentj obse. g.managers,engineers
etc.
● Improveslocalskil
ledlabour–Peopleacqui reski
llsi nengineering,
medici
neet c.
● Createsoppor t
uniti
esf orotherbusinesses-Mi ningcompani esdependonot her
businessestosuppl ythem wi
thservi
cese.g.pet r
ol stati
ons,banks.
● Developmentofmi ningtowns–Pl acesthatar ev i
llagesdev elopintomini
ngt owns

72
 e.
g.Or
apa,
Phi
kwe,
Jwaneng.

OPPORTUNI TI
ESI NTHEMI NI
NGI NDUSTRY
● Itof
fersempl oymentoppor tuni
ties.
● Otherpeoplecanst artbusinessestosupplyot
herswit
hgoodsandserv
ices.
● Peoplecaninv esti
nmi ni
ngandshar etheprof
it
sthatt
hecompanymakes.
● Multi
pli
ereffect-Mi ningleadstot hedevel
opmentofotheri
ndust
ri
esbecauset
hey
supplyeachot herwithgoods&ser vi
ces.

CHALLENGESI
NTHEMI
NINGI
NDUSTRY

● Itisdiffi
cul
ttofindwaysofcont r
olli
ngnegati
veimpactslikepoll
uti
on.
● Mi neral
sar enon-r
enewableandther ei
sfearthatonedayt heywil
lrunout
.
● Mi ni
ngcompani eshavev er
yl i
tt
lecontroloverthepricesofmi neral
sandcango
bankr upt.
● Ther eisshortageofskil
ledl
abour .Mini
ngcompani eshireskil
l
edpeoplefrom ot
her
count ri
es.
● Thesodaashmi nefacessti
ffcompet i
ti
onforamar ketwiththeUnitedSt
ateswhich
alsoexpor tssodaashproducts.

THEI
MPACTOFMI
NINGONTHEENVI
RONMENT

● Poll
ut ion–Mi ni
ngpol l
utestheairl
andandwat er
.Thi
sdamagespl antsandpeopl
e’
s
health.
● Damagesl andscape–Wher eopenpi tminingi
sused,pl
antsaswel l
asplaceswher
e
animal l
i
vearedestroyed.
● Noisef r
om themi nes–Loudnoi sei sproducedwhendr i
ll
ingthr
oughtherocks&
whent herocksareblasted.
● Vibrationfrom themi nes–bl asti
ngoft herocksunderneathcausestheeart
hto
vi
brat e.Thiscausesthehousestocr ack,shake&break.

Sol
uti
onsofMi
ning

● Trai
nciti
zensintheskill
srequi r
edbyt heminingsector
.
● MountHI V/AIDSawar enesscampai gnsfort
hewor kers.
● Adopt env i
ronment al protect i
on and management measur es t
o ensur
e
envi
ronmentaldamagei sli
mit ed.
● Reducecostsofpr oduct
ionsot hatminer
alscanbesoldatcompeti
tiv
epr
ices.
● Addv al
uet omi neral
sbef or
eexpor ti
ngthem,sot hatthecount
rycanearnmor
e
money .

73
WORLDPHYSI
CALENVI
RONMENT

Geomor phol
ogyisthestudyoft heshapeoftheear t
h.I
ti ncludesl
andformssuchas
mount ai
ns,l
akes,crat
ers,del
tasetc.Someoft hesefeaturesweref ormedtensof
thousandsyear
sagoandar eslowl
ybeingchangedbyer osion,weat
heri
ngandhuman
acti
vit
ies.

Itisbeliev
edt hatallt
hecont
inent
soncefi
tt
edtogetherandther
ewasonebi gSuper
continentsurroundedbyanocean.Thebigcont i
nentbegantobreakupintosmall
piecesandt hepiecessl
owl
ydrif
ted(mov
edapar
t).Thesepi
ecesarecal
l
edpl
ates.

Pl
ates

sour
ce:di
amondbk3

74
Platesfloatontopofthemagmaandmov everysl
owl y
.Somemov eawayfrom each
otherwhi l
eothersmov
et owar
dseachother
.Asplatesmove,theymaket
heconti
nents
toslowlymov eawayfr
om eachotherort
omov etowardseachother
.Thi
sisknownas
Cont i
nentaldr
if
t.

Thepl acewheretwopl atesmeetisknownasapl ateboundary.Whentwoplat

esar e
pushedt owardseachot herorwhent heyarepull
edawayf r
om eachothertheeart
h’s
crustorsurf
aceisputundergr eatpressur
eandcanei t
herbendorcrack.I
ftheeart
h’s
crustbendstheprocessiscall
edfoldi
ngandifitcr
ackstheprocessi
scall
edfaul
ti
ng.

Ear
thMov
ement
s

Theeart
hismadeupoft
hecr
ust
,themantl
eandt
hecor
e.Thecrusti
stheout
ermost
l
ayeroft
heear
thandi
smadeupofsol
i
drockandt
hel
andthatweli
veon.

Themantl
eisfoundbel
ow t
hecrust
.Theupperpar
toft
hemant
lei
ssol
i
dwhi
l
ethe
l
owerpar
tismadeupofmolt
enr
ockknownasmagma.

Exampl
esofGeomor
phol
ogi
cal
feat
uresandhowt
heywer
efor
med

a)Vol
cani
cMount
ains

Av
olcani
cmount
aini
saconeshapedmount
ain.

For
mat
ionPr
ocess

Volcani
cmount ai
nsar eformedwhenpl atesdri
ftawayfrom eachot her
.Whenthi
s
happenstheear t
h’scrustcracks.Whentheearth’scr
ustcracks,aliqui
dknownas
magmaf orcef
ull
yrisesupthr
ought hecr
ack(pi
pe)int
otheear
th’ssur
face.

Whenmagmareachest
heearth’
ssurf
acei
tchangest
oagaswhichi
scall
edl
ava.Once
l
avaremai
nsintheatmosphereforsometi
me,itsol
idi
fi
esandbui
ldsupt
of orma
vol
cani
cmount
ain.

Examplesofsuchmount
ainsareMountKeny
a,MountCamer
oon,MountEl
gon,Mount
Pinat
ubo,MountKi
l
imanj
aroandMountEl
gon.

Vol
cani
cer
upt
ion

75
 Sour
ce :
Soci
al St
udi
es f
or
Today

For
mat
ionpr
ocessofaBl
ockMount
ain

Formedwher ether
earetwofaul
tsi
ntheear
th’
scrust
.Plat
esmoveawayfrom each
othercausi
ngtheblockoneit
hersi
deofthefaul
ttofal
l
.Themiddl
eblockremains
hi
gherthanthesurr
oundi
ngl
and.

Examplesofsuchmountai
nsar
eKhar
ainNami
bia,Har
zmount
ainsi
nGer
manyand
Ruwenzori
ineastAf
ri
ca.

76
 sour
ce:di
amond bk 3

Or

sour
ce:Soci
alst
udi
es i
sfun
bk2

For
mat
ionpr
ocessofFol
dMount
ains

Theyar
efor
medwhenpl
atesmov
etowar
dseachot
hert
hisf
orcest
heear
th’
scr
ustt
o

77
bepushedupwar
ds.

ExamplesaremountChimani
mani,At
lasMount
ain,Tabl
eMount
ain,Capemount
ains
andtheDrankensbur
gMount
ain.

sour
ce:Soci
alst
udi
es i
sfun
bk2

HumanUsesofMount
ains/I
mpor
tance

● Peopl
ewhol ivenearv olcanicmount ai
nspr act
icear abl
efar
mi ng.
● Theyareatouristatt
raction.
● Peopl
ehideont hem duringwar s.
● Peopl
ealsoliveneart hem fortheirmil
diercli
mat e.
● Peopl
epracticemi ni
ng.
● Mountai
nsi nfl
uencecl i
mat eand weat herpat t
erns.e.g.thewi ndwar
d si
desof
mountai
nsreceiv emor erainfal
lthantheleewar dside.

For
mat
ionpr
ocessofav
all
ey

Av
all
eyi
sal
owl
yi
ngar
eabet
weent
wohi
ghl
ands.

Whenplatesmov eawayfrom eachother

,theycausethel
andabov
etocr
ack.Thi
s
causest
helandbetweent
hetwof aul
tst
ocrackandsink.

Examplesofri
ftval
l
eysaret
heGr
eatRi
ftVal
l
ey,Bai
kalRi
ftVal
l
ey(
Eur
ope)andThe
RhineRif
tVal
l
ey(Eur
ope)

78
Di
agr
am ofaVal
ley

Sour
ce:
Soci
alSt
udi
esf
orToda
HumanUsesofVal
ley
s/I
mpor
tance

● Thei
rbankshav efer
tilesoil
ssopeopl
epracti
cearabl
efar
ming.
● Thei
rgentl
eslopesenabl epeopl
etoconstr
uctroads.
● Theyar
eat ouristat
tracti
on.
● Theyar
easour ceofwat er
● Peopl
efishi
nt hem.

For
mat
ionPr
ocessofCoast
alDel
tas(
Neart
heSea)

Delt
asar efor
medwhenar i
verflowsintoasea,oceanoranot herri
ver
.Ast her
iver
fl
owsf r
om highlandtolow land,itcar
ri
esalongwi t
hitsoil
,st
ones,bonesandplant
materi
als.Whenar i
verreachesaseaoral ow l
andi tsl
owsdown,t hefl
ow ofwater
sl
owsdownandi tstar
tst odepositthemat er
ialthati
tiscarryi
ng.Thedeposited
materi
alslowl
ybuil
dupintoal ow-lyi
ngswampypl ai
n(del
ta)
.

Exampl
esofdel
tasar
eNi
l
edel
taandZambezi
del
ta.

For
mat
ionPr
ocessoft
heOkav
angoDel
ta-I
nlandDel
tas(
Farawayf
rom t
heSea)

About2 mi ll
ion yearsago,theOkav ango r
ived fl
owed south eastand joi
ned the
Limpoporiver.Theearth’
scrustf
oldedupwardandf ormedtheeast er
nhil
lscutti
ngoff
theOkavangor i
verfrom t
heLimpoporiver
.Abiglake,Makgadi
kgadi wasf
ormedbehi nd
thehil
l
s.Laterfaul
tingcutof
ftheOkavangoriverf
rom LakeMakgadikgadiandaninland
delt
awasf or med.LakeMakgadikgadislowlydri
edupandt odaywhati sleftarethe
Makgakgadi pans.
79
Usesofdel
tas/I
mpor
tance

● Peoplefi
shinthem
● Peopleusewaterinthem forir
ri
gati
on.
● Theyareatouristat
tract
ion
● Fert
il
eall
uvi
alsoilsfoundinthem aregoodf orar
abl
efarmi
ng.
● Usewaterinthem togenerateelect
rici
ty.
● Theyareasourceofr awmat eri
alsforbasketweavi
ng.

For
mat
ionpr
ocessofLakes

Theyaref or
medwhenpl atesmoveawayfrom eachot her.Whent hemi ddl
ebl ock
betweentwopar all
elfaul
tsmovesdownwards,i
tcreatesal ongnarrow depressi
on.
Oncethedepressionfi
l
lswithwat
eri
tbecomesalake.ForexampleLakeMal awi&Lake
Tanganyi
ka.

HumanusesofLakes/I
mpor
tance

● Theyareasourceofwat er
.
● Peoplecat
chfi
shi nthem
● Theyareatour
istattr
acti
on.
● Lakesarehabi
tat
sf ormanyaquaticpl
ants&animal
s.
● Helpkeeptemperaturesmil
dforsurr
oundingar
eas.

For
mat
ionpr
ocessofaCr
ater

Acr at
erisacircul
ardepr essi
oninthegr
ound/onav ol
cani
cmountai
n.I
tisformed
whenamet eori
te/api eceofrockfr
om spacehi
tst
hesur
faceoft
heear
thatver
yhigh
speedcreat
ingadepression.

80
 Sour
ce:
Diamondbk2

Someti
mestheyar
efor
medwhenplatesmoveawayfrom eachotherunderavol
cani
c
mountai
n.Thi
sfor
cesthel
andabovetocrackcr
eat
ingadepr essi
onthatiscal
leda
cr
ater
.

Exampl
esar
eNy
osi
nCamer
oon,
Ngor
ongor
oinTanzani
aandOr
egon(
USA)
.

NB ACal der
aisaveryl
argecraterwhi
chi
sf or
medwhenal argev
olumeofmagma
drai
ns awaythr
ough er
upti
ons undera v
olcani
c mount
ain.Forexampl
e Tengger
(I
ndonesi
a)

sour
ce:Soci
alst
udi
esi
sfunbk2

Humanusesofcr
ater
s/I
mpor
tance
81
● Theyareatour
istat
tracti
on.
● Theyareasourceofincome.
● Sourceofempl
oy ment.
● Somear easar
oundcr ater
shav
emi
ner
al,oi
landgasdeposi
tst
hatpeopl
emi
ne&
sel
l.

Fact
orst
hatI
nfl
uenceCl
imat
e

a)Lati
tude–Thecloseraplaceist otheequatorthehot
teritbecomesandthe
furt
herapl
acei
st otheequatorthecool
eritbecomes.Placesneart
heequat
or
recei
vemor
erai
nfall
thanthosethataref
ar.

Whent hesunshinesdir
ectl
yoverheadofapl ace,theray
st r
avelashort
er
dist
ancetor
eachtheear
th’
ssurf
aceandasar esult
,theamountofheatr
eachi
ng
thegroundi
sgreat
ert
hanwhenitisshi
ningatanangle.

b)Alt
itude–Pl aceswi t
hhighalti
tudear ecoolerthant hosewhicharefl
at.Plat
es
withahi ghal t
it
uder ecei
vehigherrainf
allthanflatones.Airbecomescool eras
theal t
itudei ncreasesbecausetheai rbecomest hinnerandlessabletoabsorb
andr etainheat .
c)Ocean cur rents – Oceans aret he largestwat erbodies thatsurr
ound the
continent s.Int heocean,wat erflowsasst reamsknownasoceancur rents.
War m ocean cur r
entsbri
ng hott emper at
ureswhi lecold curr
ent
slowert he
temper atures.

Wateri nt heoceandoesnotwar m upandcooldownasqui cklyasai ronl and.

Becauseoft his,i
nwi nterwhent helandcool s,theoceani sstil
lwarm becauseof
thewar m oceancur rent s.Whenwar m ai
rblowsf rom t
heoceant owardsl andi n
winter
,t hecoast alar easexper i
encehigherwi ntertemper atur
esthanpl aces
fur
theri nland.
d)Posi ti
onofcont inent s–I nlandar eashav ecool ersummer sandmi l
derwi nters,
arewet terbecausewhent hewar m ai
rfr
om t helandmeet scoolmoi stai rf r
om
theocean, fr
ontalrainfalloccur s.
e)Aspect–Aspecti st hehor i
zont al
dir
ecti
oni nwhi chaslopef aces.Aslopef acing
thesuni swar merthanasl opef aci
ngawayf rom thesun.
f) Mount ainbar ri
ers-Whenr ainfalli
sexperiencedont heothersideofthesl ope, no
orli
ttl
er ainsf al
lont heot hersidebecauset hemount ainactsasabar rier
.When
one side i s exper i
enci ng high t emperatures one si de wi l
lexperience l ess
temper atures.Therefore,t he leewar d orr ain shadow si de oft he mount ain
82
 r
ecei
vesl
i
ttl
eornor
ainf
all
.

THEWORLD’
SENVI
RONMENTALZONES

83
 Sour
ce:Soci
alSt
udi
esf
orm2

Equat
ori
alRegi
on

a)Locat ion–5° Nt o5°Soft heequat or.

b)Rai nfall–Rai nf all
st hroughoutt hey earandisofconv ectionaltype.Itranges
between1500and2000mm ay ear
c)Temper ature–Ther ear enoseasons.I ti
shotthroughoutt hey ear
,temperat ures
ofthi
sr egi onar erarelyhigherthan34°and28° C
d)Veget ati
on–i smadeupoft alltreesandgr ass.Thev egetati
oni sknownas
tropi
calr ainforest.Thev egetat
ioni nt hisareaisalwaysgr een.Exampl esoft rees
foundher eare: sapele,ebony,mahogany .
e)Soi l–Ar eascl osertot heequat orhav ei nf
erti
l
esoi l
sast hear eaiswat erl
ogged
butasy oumov ef urt
hert heequat orsoi l
sarefert
il
e.
f) Humi dity–becausei tishot&wett hroughoutthey earhumi dit
yisalway shigh.

84
 How Cl imateaf fectst hepeople
● Peopl ei
nt hi
sar eapr acticepastoralfarmingbecauset her
eisalotofgrass.
● Shift
ingcul t
ivation–whent hesoi lisnol ongerferti
l
e,peopl
emov etoanother
area.Thisallowst hesoi ltoregainitsfert
il
it
y.
● Fishi
ng–Thear eahas r i
versthathav ewat erthroughoutt
hey earsopeopl e
catchf i
sh.
● huntingandgat hering–Ther eareav ari
etyofplantsandanimal
st hatpeopl
eeat.
● Usefulv eget
at i
on–t reeslikemahoganyar easour ceofwoodtimberthatpeople
usetomakef urniture.

Tr
opi
calSav
anna

a)Locat i
on–5° Nt o15°Softheequat or.
b)Rai nf
all–Rai nfall
sinsummerandwi ntersar edry.Raini sofconvect
ionaltype.
Itr
angesbet ween500and1500mm ay ear
c)Temper ature– Theseasonsoft hisregionar esummer ,aut
umn,wi nt
erand
spri
ng.Itisv eryhotinsummerwi thav eraget emper aturesofupto30°Candv ery
col
dinwi nterwithtemperatur
esf alli
ngbel ow10° C
d)Veget ati
on–i smadeupoft al
ltreesandgr ass.Itlosesi t
sleavesinwinterand
shedst hem i nsummer .Thev eget ati
oni not herar easi sscatt
eredandshor t.
Examplesoft reesfoundhereare: acacia,baobabet c.
e)Soi l
s–Someoft heareasinthi
sr egi onhav efert
il
esoi lssopeoplegrowcr ops.
f) Humidity–becausei ti
shot&weti nsummerhumi di
tyishighinsummerand
l
owi nwi nter.

How Cl i
mat eaff
ectst hepeopl e
● Thear eai
ssui t
ableforgr assgr owthsopeopleintheSav annar earli
vest
ock.
● Thereisabundantwi ldli
fepeopl epract
icetouri
sm andgamev iewing.
● Rainsandf avor
abletemper atur
esenabl epeopl
etogrowcr ops.
● They builtshelterusi ng mud,cow dung,gr ass and l ogs f ound i
nt hei
r
envir
onment .
● Seasonalhunger–becauser ainsonlyfalli
nsummer ,peopledonothav eenough
toeatast herei
sonl yoner ainyseason.
● Wil
dbushf i
res–l i
ghteningsomet i
mescausesdr ygrasst ocatchf i
re.

85
 HotDeser tandSemiDeser t
a)Locat ion–15° Nt o30° Softheequat or .
b)Rai nfall–Rai nfall
sinsummerbuti sv erylitt
le.ItIs250mm orl essint hedeser t
andbet ween250and350mm i nthesemi deser t
.
c)Temper ature– Thet emperaturesar ev eryhi ghi nsummerwi thav eragesof
between30and40° C.Itwint
eritisv erycol dandt emper at
uressomet i
mesf all
to
thenegat i
ves.
d)Veget ati
on– Thev egetati
oni nt hi
sar eai sshor tandscat t
ered.Ithasl ong
tappedr ootsthatenablei tt
or eachwat erundert hegr ound.Thev egetati
oni s
droughtr esist
ant.Exampl esoftreesf oundher eare: shrubsandacacia.
e)Soi l–Soi l
satthedeser taresandyandt her eforeinferti
l
e.
f) Humi dity–humi di
tyislowbecauseofl owr ainfall&surfacewat er
.

How Cl imat eaffect sthepeopl e

*Popul ationdi st
ribution–v eryf ewpeoplel i
veint hedeser tbecauseoft hehar sh
cli
mat econdi ti
ons.
*Menhunt edwi l
dani malswhi l
ewomenandgi rlsgatheredf r
uit
s.
* Theyl iveanomadi cwayofl i
feast heyhav et ofoll
owt hemov ementofwi l
d
animal s.*Thosel ivingnearoasesandEgy ptfishatt heNi l
eRi verandpr acti
ce
arablef arming.
*Past orali
sts– TheTuar egs& t heBedoui nar enomadi cher ders.Theykeep
camel s, goatsandsheept hathav eadaptedt odr ycondit
ions.
*cropf arming–dat epal msar egr ownaroundoasesi ntheSahar adesert&near
theNi l
e, Tigris&Euphr atesr i
vers.
*Mi ning-Cr udeoi l&diamondshav ebeenf oundi ndesertsi nAlgeri
a,Li
by a,I
raq
&I r
an.
*Transpor t–usedcamel st ocar r
ypeople&goodsf r
om onepl acet oanother.
NB: camel shav eadapt edt odeser tcondit
ionsbecauset heycangof orsev eral
dayswi t
houteat ingordr inkingwat er
. Dur i
ngsandst or ms,theyar eablet o
closet heirnost rilst opr eventsandget ti
ngi ntot hei
rl ungs.Theyhav ef l
at
hoov es&ar eabl et owal konsandeasi ly.

Medi
ter
raneanRegi
on
86
 a)Locat ion–30° Nto45°Soft heequat or.
b)Rai nfall–Rai nfall
sinwi nt
erandsummer sar edry.Itrecei
vescy cl
onictypeof
rai
nfall.Itrangesbet ween500and750mm ay ear
c)Temper ature–summer sarewar m andwi nt
ersarecool .Mostoft herai
nfallsin
winterbecausemoi stwindsblowf rom t heseatowar dstheland.Themai nwi nds
thatbr indrainfal
lar ecall
edWest er l
ies.Averaget emper at
uresinsummerar e
about21° Cand10° Cinwinter.
d)Veget ation– i smadeupoft al
lt reesandgr ass.Somepar tshav escattered
vegetat i
on.Thev egetat
ioninotherar easi sgreen.Exampl esoft r
eesfoundher e
arecitrusf rui
ts.
e)Soi l-somear eashavegoodsoi lsthatenabl eproductionoffruitcr
ops.
f) Humi dity–humi dityisl
owbecausei tishotanddr yinsummerandi nwint
ert he
temper at ur
esar elowev enthoughitr ains.

How Cl i
mateaf f
ectsthepeopl e
● arabl
efarming–Cer ealcr
opssuchaswheat ,mill
et&oat saregrownhere.
● Fishi
ng–Abundantwat erenablespeopletocatchf i
sh.
● hunti
ngandgat heri
ng–peopl ehuntandgat herfr
uits.
● fr
uitproducti
on &Wi nepr oducti
on–t heygr ow cit
rusfrui
tsl
ikegrapefr
uitand
l
emons. Thi
sregionisabigpr oducerofwine.
● Drywindscauseal otofcropdamagee. g.SantaAnawi ndofCali
for
nia
● Becauseofhotanddr ysummer s,bushf
iresanddr oughtsar
ecommon
● Touri
stattr
acti
on

TheTundr
aRegi
on(
WetDeser
t)

Thewor dTundr
ameanst r
eel
ess.Peopl
ewhol i
veher
ear
etheI
nui
tsofCanada&
Greenl
and,
theNganasanandNenetsofRussi
a.

a)Locat ion–bet ween60° Nandt heAr t

icleci
rcle
b)Rai nfall–Itreceivesveryl owr ainf
alloftenlesst han250mm ay ear
.Rainf al
lsin
summerandi nwi nt
eritsnows.
c)Temper at
ure–I texperiencesl ongcol dwi nt ersandwar m summers.Av erage
wintertemper aturesaresomet i
mes- 10° Cwhilessummer sare10°C
d)Veget ati
on–Composedofmosses,l ichens,bl ueberri
esandbearberr
ies.Plants
haveshal l
owspr eadi
ngr ootsduet oper maf r
ost .Somepar tshavenotrees.
e)Soi l–Thi sareahaspoorsoi lsast helandi smost lycover
edbysnowandi ce.
f) Humi dityisl
owbecausev erylowt emper aturesr educetheamountofmoi sturein
theair.
g)St r
ongcol dwindsknownasbl izzardscanbl owbet ween48and97km perhour .
87
 How Cl i
mat eaf fectsthepeople
● Peopl eint hi
sar eapracti
cef i
shing,andnomadi chunt i
ngandgat her
ingofwi l
d
fr
uits.Hunt edani mal
slikeseal
s, caribou&whal es
● Nomadi cher ding–TheNganasan, Sami &theNenet sherdedrei
ndeer
.
● Theymadev er ywar m clot
hesi nwi nterasi tisv erycold.Madeboots,tr
ousers
andj acketsusi ngcar i
bouskinsandr eindeerskinsandf urs.
● Transpor t-t heymadesl edspul ledbydogsi nwi nterandcanoesf rom seal
skinsinsummer .
● Traditi
onalshel ter– buil
tshelterwi t
hi ce– bl ocks( i
gloos)i
nwi nt
erwhilein
summert heyl i
v edintentsmadef r
om ani mal skins.

Monsoon

Thewor dMonsoonmeansseasonalchangei
nwi
nddirect
ion.Forexampl
einsummer
windsblowfr
om theoceant
owardslandandinwi
nterwindsblow fr
om l
andtowar
ds
theocean.

a)Locat i
on–bet ween10°and30° Nandsout hoftheequator.
b)Rai nf
all– I tr eceives summerr ai
nfal
lofov er2000mm.Thi s area sometimes
experi
encesf l
oods.
c)Temper ature–Temper atur
esar ehighinsummerwi t
hav eragesof30° Candwi nt
er
i
scool wi t
hav eragesof24° C.
d)Veget ati
on–Thi cktropicalforestscanbef oundinthewet terpart
s,thedrierpart
s
experi
encedeser tl
ikeveget ati
on.Mostoft hetr
eeslosetheirleav
esinwi nt
er.
e)Soi l
s–Somepeopl epr acti
cear ablefarmingwhil
eot hersdonotbecauseoft oo
muchr ainfal
landf looding.
f) Seasons–f rom Nov embert oFebr uary,i
tisawar mt ocooldr yseason,Mar chto
Mayitisahotdr yseasonandf rom Junet oOctoberi
tisahotwetseason.

How Climateaf fectsthepeople

● Theymadet hei
rshel t
erfrom bamboor eedsthatar efoundi nabundancewhere
ther
eisplentyrainfal
l.
● Duri
ngthehotseasont heyworespecialhats(st
raw)topr otectt
hemselvesfr
om
theheatofthesun.
● Becauseofabundantr ai
nfal
ltheygrewrice.I
ndrierpartstheygrewwheat ,
maize,
mill
et&cotton.
● Theyusedtheel ephantandbuf fal
oasmeansoft ransport
.
● Heavyrai
nssomet imesdestroycrops,propert
y&ki l
lpeople.
.

88
 CLI
MATECHANGE

Cl
i
mat
echangei
sal
ongt
erm changei
nthegl
obal
temper
atur
es.

Gl
obal
war
mingi
sthel
ongt
ermt
rendofi
ncr
easesi
ntheEar
th’
sav
eraget
emper
atur
e.

Gr
eenhousegasesaregasesli
kewat erv
apour
,car
bondioxi
de,met
hane,ni
tr
ousoxi
de
&chl
orof
luor
ocarbonst
hatarecont
ainedint
heatmospher
e.

Gr
eenhouseef
fecti
sthet
rappi
ngofheatt
hatmakest
heear
thwar
mer
.

ozonelayer–i
s alayert
hatabsor
bst
hedanger
ousul
tr
a-v
iol
etr
aysandst
opst
hem
fr
om reachi
ngt
heear
th.

Ev
idenceofcl
imat
echange

● Gener alr
iseintemper aturethroughoutthewor l
d.
● Changes i n precipitati
on – t he amount ,type and f
requencyofrainfal
lhas
changed.
● Meltinggl aci
ers&pol aricesheet sataf asterrate–Agl acieri
sav erylar
ge
sheetofi cethatmov esv er
ysl owly
.Pol aricecapsar elargesheetsofice
coveringthepol arregions.
● Prolongedsev eredr ought s
● Summer sbeingl ongert hanwi nter
sorv i
cev er
sa.
● Dyingofv egetation.

Nat
uralCausesofCl
imat
echange

Solarvar
iat
ions–smallchangesinthesun’sener
gyoveral
ongperiodofti
mecanlead
tocli
matechanges.Forexampleanincreasei
ntheout
putofsol
arenergycanl
eadt
oan
averagei
ncreasei
nglobaltemper
atures.

Vol
cani
cerupt
ions–theashes&gasespr
oducedbyv
olcani
cer
upt
ionscanr
esul
tina
dr
opinaver
ageglobal
temper
atur
es.

OceanCurr
ents–Oceancur r
entscarr
ywarm wat
erandheatfrom t
hetr
opicstowar
ds
thenort
h & south pol
esand coolwaterthepolestothetropi
cs,changesinthe
cir
cul
ati
onpatt
ernsofoceancur
rent
scancauseElNinos&El
Nina

HumanCausesofCl
imat
echange

a)Bur
ningoff
ossi
lfuel
s -Humanbei
ngsbur
nwood,wast
e,coalandgasoi
lfor
89
 heatener gy.Whent hesef uelsar ebur nedt heyproducecar bondioxidei ntot he
atmospher eleadi
ngt oglobal war ming.
b)Deforestati
on–For estsarecal l
edt helungsoft hewor ldbecauset heyabsor b
carbondi oxi
de&r el
easeox ygen.Whent r
eesar ecutf ewt r
eesar elefttoabsor b
carbondi oxide&gasgoesi nt ot heatmospher et herebycont r
ibutingt ogl obal
warmi ng.
c)Agricult
ure– Cow dung gi v esoutagascal l
ed met hane.Met hanehel psi n
destroyi
ngt heozonel ay
er.Dest r
oyingtheOzonel ayerr esultsi
nul t
ra-violetrays
burninghumanbei ngs& causi ngski ncancer .
d)Fumesf rom industri
es– Pol lutant
sr eleasedi ntot heat mospher eaf fectt he
vegetati
onbadl yandt hi
smayl eadt oreducedr ainf
al lamount sinar easoft he
worldwher eairpoll
utionposesav eryseri
ouspr oblem.

Ef
fect
sofCl
imat
eChange

● Reducescropy i
elds
● Incr
easestemper atures
● Causeslessmoi stureintheatmospher
e
● Acceler
ateserosion
● Leadstofloodi
ng.
● Leadstoshortageoff ood&water
.
● Leadstolossofpl antspecies.

Way
sofMeet
ingt
heChal
l
engesofCl
i
mat
eChange

● Envir
onmentalEducat i
on–Peopl emustbei nfor
medofhowcl i
matechangewi l
l
aff
ecttheenvironmentwi thi
nwhichtheyliv
e.
● Reduce,recy
cle&r eusewast e–thiswill
sav eonrawmat er
ial
s&ener gy.
● Governmentsmustf ormulat
eclimatechangepol i
ciese. g.peoplemustbet axed
soast oencouraget heuseofcleanandsaf etechnologies.
● Carpooli
ng(traveltogetherinonecar )mustbeencour agedtor educeexhaust
fumes.
● Peoplemustbeencour agedtocycl
et oworkwher edistancesar eshorter
.

90
CULTURALDI
VERSI
TYI
NBOTSWANA

Cult
ureisthewayofl i
feofagroupofpeopl
e.Iti
slear
nedthroughaprocessof
soci
ali
zat
ionf
rom ol
derf
amil
ymembers,
communit
ymembers,
teacher
set
c.

Cul
ture consi
stsofmat eri
al& non-mat er
ialelements.Materi
alelement
sar
ethe
physi
calobjectswecansee&t ouche.g.buil
dings,cl
othi
ng&f ood.Non–mater
ial
el
ementsar ethosewecannott
ouche.g.l
anguagedr ama,poet
ryet
c.

Locat
ionofcul
tur
alsi
tesi
nBot
swana

Cult
uralsi
tesar
ehist
oricalpl
acesi
nsoci
ety
,wher
esomesi
gni
fi
cantev
ent
smayhav
e
occurr
edaboutapart
icularet
hni
cgr
oup

91
 sour
ce:Soci
alst
udi
es i
sfun
bk2

92
I
DENTI
FYI
NGSOMEOFBOTSWANA’
SCULTURALHERI
TAGE

Cul
turalheri
tagear
etheelementsofcul
turethatareconsi
deredi
mport
antandv al
uabl
e
topreserv
eandpassont ofuturegener
ations.Cul
tur
alher
itagei
simpor
tantbecausei
t
i
salinkbet weenl
if
einthepastandthepresent.

Mat
eri
alCul
tur
alher
it
age

● Tradit
ionalfoode. g.bogobe,phaletshe,seswaa
● Tradit
ionaldr ess– cl ot
hesmadef rom animalski
nsar eusual
lyworndur
ing
tr
aditi
onal danceper for
mances
● Tradit
ionalbui ldi
ngs & st r
uctures ofhi st
ori
cali
mportance e.
g.ol
d Pal
apye
churchruins.
● Tools&equi pmente. g.tradi
ti
onal chair
s
● Remai nsofol dsettl
ement se.g.stoneage&i r
onagesi
tes.

Non–Mat
eri
alCul
tur
alher
it
age

● Musi c,poet ry,dance&songsar eal lpar tofBot swana’ snonmat erialcultural

her i
tage.
● Cust oms&t radi ti
onssuchasr ainmaki ng,mar ri
agecer emoni es
● Cul t
ur albeliefs
● Language
● Tradi ti
onal knowl edge&ski l
lse.g.traditi
onal medi cine,l
eatherpr ocessi ng.
Element sofcul tureandhowt heybr ingabouti ndividuali
dent i
ty
Individualident ityisper sonali dentit
y .Itist hewayi nwhi chaper sondef ines
himsel f/her selfint ermsoft hei
ri ndividual it
yanddi ff
erencef r
om ot her
s. I t
i
ncl udessoci al char acteri
sti
cssuchasf ami ly,reli
giousgroups, ethnicgr oupet c.
Peopl ei dentifyt hemsel veswi t
ht hef oll
owi ng:
● Art–Ar tdiffersf rom oneet hnicgroupt ot heot heri nBotswana.I nthenor thern
par t
, womeni nt hev il
lagesofEt shamakeuni quebasket sandt endt oident i
fythe
peopl ewhomaket hem.
● Language-Thel anguaget hatoneper sonspeaksi denti
fiest hatper sonasan
i
ndi vidualbecausei tisf r
om thel anguaget hatnespeakst hatot herpeopl ecan
telltheet hnicgr oupt owhi cht heybel ong.Peopl eusel anguagest oexpr esst heir
emot i
ons, i
nt ensi ons, val
uesandpr actices.
● Musi c&Song–Cul tural
lysongsdi fferaccor dingtot hecelebr ationst hatisthere

93
 aresongssungatweddi ngs,funeral
sordur i
nghunt i
ng.Batswanagroupshave
diff
erentdancingstyl
esandappr eci
atetheirsongsanddances.
● FoodandDr ess- Peoplei nBot swanadi ff
erintheki ndoff oodtheyeatand
dressestheywear ,Baher
ero’skindofdr essidenti
fi
est hem becauseoftheway
theydressonecanseeandt ell
whot heyar e.
● Buildi
ngs/shel t
er–t hewayBat swanabui ldthei
rhutsdi f
fer
sf r
om oneethni
c
grouptoanot her
.
● Reli
giousbel i
efs– Somepeopl ebelievei ngodswhi leothersbeli
eveinGod.
Somer eli
giousatti
resal
soser v
easi dentit
yforindi
viduals.

HowEl
ement
sofcul
tur
ebr
ingaboutnat
ionali
dent
it
y

Nati
onalidenti
tyishowacommuni t
yofpeopl
eliv
ingi
nacountrydefinethemselv
esin
ter
msofhowt heydi
fferwi
thothercommunit
iesinot
hercount
ri
es.Forinstancether
e
aremanyl anguagesspokeninBotswanabutt
hetwothatar
eoffi
cialareSetswanaand
Engli
sh.

Ot
her
sincl
ude:

● Nat i
onalf l
ag–Bot swana’sf l
agi sasy mbolofpeace.Bl uesymbol izeswat erthat
i
sscant ysi nceBot swanai ssemi -ari
d.Thebl ackandwhi t
ebandssy mbolize
racialharmonyaswel lastheplurali
stnatureofthesociety.
● Omang–Bot swana’sidenti
tycar dsay swhoaper sonis,showst heirsi
gnatur e,
gender ,placeofbi rt
handcol ourofey es.AllBatswanaandcl ari
fiedandv eri
fied
byt hei
rnat i
onal i
dentitycards.
● Currency– The cur rencyofanycount r
yi snotl ike anyot hercur r
encyso
Botswana’ sPul aandThebei dentif
yBot swana.
● Nat i
onalAnt hem -Ev erycount r
yi denti
fi
esitselfwithitsownuni quenational
anthem.
● Performi ng Ar t
s – Bot swana’s musi c and dance di ff
ers accor ding t
ot hei r
celebrati
onsandf rom oneet hnicgroupt oanother.
TheEconomi cPot enti
alofCul ture

Botswanaencouragesdiver
sifi
cat
ionoftheeconomyt hr
ought hedevelopment
ofcult
uralt
ouri
sm.Cul t
uraltouri
sm i
stravel
l
ingtoplacesawayf rom homei n
ordert
osee,experienceorlearnaboutt
hecul t
ureofthelocalpeopl
ei nthose
pl
aces.

● The governmentencour
ages Batswana t
o pr
oduce cul
tur
algoods such as
handcr
aftsandpai
nti
ngsandsellt
hem inor
dert
omakemoney .

94
● Culturepromotestouri
sm andcreat
esempl oymentopportuni
ti
esforBatswana.
● Sour ceofincome.Peoplewor kinnationalparksandgamer eservesastouri
st
guidesandear nmoney .
● Musi canddance–Manymusi cgroupsr ecordandpr oducemusi cal
bumsf or
saleandgr oupsaresomet i
mesinvi
tedt ospecialevent
st operf
orm andtheyare
paidf ori
t.
● Culturecanstimulat
et hedevel
opmentofnewbusi nessesandi ndustr
ieswhich
woul dhelpdiv
ersi
fytheeconomye.g.selli
ngbogobe&st agingcult
uralf
esti
val
s&
creativebusi
nesses.

Har
mfulCul
tur
alpr
act
icest
otheenv
ironment

● Overstocking– Somef armersst i

llleavet hel andbar r
enandunpr oduct i
veby
overgr
azi ngit.
● Therei sst i
lloverharvesti
ng ofmedi calplants,t
hisint hel ongr unwi llmake
suchpl antsexti
nct.
● Woodf uelisov ercoll
ectedandsomet imest reesarecutf rom theenv ironment
dri
edandmadei ntofir
ewoodf orsale.
● GrassCut t
ing–Communi tiesstil
lthatchtheirhutswi t
hgr ass,becauset hegr ass
i
sov ercutt hesoilbecomesl ooseandi swashedawaybywat er.
● Monocul ture–Gr owi
ngoft hesamecr opont hesamepi eceofl andr emov es
manynut ri
entsfrom t
hesoi landcausesf ut
ur eharvest
st obev erylow.

Pr
otect
iveCul
tur
alPr
act
icesont
heenv
ironment

● Cont r
olledhunt ingofwi ldanimals-t hewildl
if
edepar tmenthascr eatedhunt ing
seasonswhi chhel psav oidhunt i
ngandki l
li
ngani malsdur i
ngt heirbr eeding
seasons.
● Taboos( mei l
a)ar eusedt oprotecttheenv i
ronmentf rom abuseandov erusages
e.g.felli
ngofamor ulatreeisforbiddenasdoi ngsol eadstost ormyweat her
duringr ainyseasons.
● Cont r
olledgat heri
ngofwi ldfoods–Onl yr
ipefruitsshouldbecoll
ect.
● Carefulal locationofgr azi
ngareas–Thel andboar di
stheonet askedwi thgiving
peoplegr azingar eas,peopledon’tgrazeli
vestockast heywant.
● Everyy earBat swanaar egiventreesfreeofchar geasawayofencour agingt hem
toreplacet hecutones.

Thei
mpor
tanceofCul
tur
e
95
 ● Cul
turegi v
escommuni ti
esidentit
iesoftheirown.
● Cul
turebr i
ngspeopleofacommuni t
ytogethere. g.thekindofclothingpeopl
e
wear,
t hefoodtheyeatandt heri
tualstheyperform bindpeopletogether.
● Cul
turalvaluesforev
erysocietyformt hefoundingpr i
ncipl
esofone’sli
fe.
● Cul
turei nfl
uenceone’swayofl i
vinganddi r
ectl
yimpact sonsocialli
fe.
● Cul
tureisasour ceoftour
istattr
action,t
hroughi t
,people’sst
andardofl i
vi
ngcan
i
mprov e.

SETTLEMENTSI
NBOTSWANA

Set
tl
ement
sar
epl
aceswher
epeopl
eli
ve.

Fact
orst
hati
nfl
uenceset
tl
ement
sinBot
swana

● Relieforphy sical appear anceofl and–Peopl echooset osettleonf l

atl
andand
gent l
ysl opingl andasi tiseasyt oconstructshopsandbui l
dings.
● Wat erav ailabili
ty-Wat erisneededf orhumanconsumpt ionandf oreconomic
activiti
eslikef lourmi ll
ingandmeatpr ocessi
ng.
● Insectanddi seasepr onear eas–Peopl ewantt oset t
leinareasthathav eno
diseasesandpest s.
● Av ailabili
tyofFer ti
lesoils–Fer ti
l
esoilsencouragesettl
ementast heyenabl
e
peopl etopr acticedi f
ferentt ypesoffarming.
● Def ence–Peopl echoosel ocationsthatcanbedef endedeasi l
ye.g.hil
l
s.
● Av ail
abili
tyofmi neral
s–Ar easwher emineral
shav ebeendi scoveredattr
act
settlement se. g.Or apaandJwaneng.

Di
ff
erencebet
weenRur
alandUr
banSet
tl
ement
s

RuralSet
tlement s UrbanSet t
lements
Mostofthel andisusedf orgrowi
ng Mostoft helandisusedforbui
ldi
ng
cr
opsandgr azing i
ndust r
iesandshoppi ngcenter
s.
Therearefewornot ar
redroads&t r
aff
ic Heav ytraffi
c,tar
redandimprovedroads.
Alotoftraditi
onalhouses Tallbuil
dings
Noorf ewr ecreat
ional
facil
it
ies Morer ecreationalf
aci
li
ti
es
96
Small
erpopul
ati
onaspeopl
emi
grat
eto Hi
ghl
ypopul
ated.
towns

Oppor
tuni
ti
esandChal
l
engesofUr
banl
i
fe

Challenges Opportuni
ti
es
Highcr i
merat
es Bett
ereducati
onandheal t
hf aci
li
ti
es
Incr
easedtraf
fi
ccongest i
on Fastandeffi
cienttr
anspor t
Highcostofli
vinge.g.expensi
vemedi
cal Moreimprovedr ecr
eat i
onalandsporti
ng
charges acti
vi
ti
es.
Incr
easedpoll
ution Morebusinessoppor tuni
ti
esand
markets.
Lackofaccommodati
onand Bett
erhousingfacil
it
ieswithut i
l
iti
es.
devel
opmentofsquat
terset
tl
ement
s

Oppor
tuni
ti
esandChal
l
engesofRur
all
i
fe

Opportunit
ies Chal l
enges
Avai
labil
it
yofplent
yofagr
icul
tur
eland Lowpr oducti
onyiel
dsast heyoung
mi grat
e
Opportuni
tytoli
veinaclean&healthi
er Lackofbusi nessopportunit
iesand
envi
ronment. mar kets
Cheaperaccommodat i
on Slowi nfrast
ruct
ure
Producti
onofarts&craftsf
orsale Lackofsoci alenter
tai
nmentcent er
s.
Iti
seasyt osecur
eresi
dential
plot
s Unempl oymentandlowpay i
ngjobs.

Thel
i
nkbet
weenr
ural
andur
banset
tl
ement
s

● Cit
iesandt ownspr ovideservicestonear bysmal l
erruralsettl
ement
se.g.
Gaboronepr ovi
desser vicestoOodi ,Tlokweng, Gabane.
● Peoplefrom ruralareasgot ot ownsf oremploy ment,bankingandshoppi
ng.
● Li
vestockfarmer sselltheirl
iv
est ocktoabat t
oirsintowns.
● Li
vestockfarmer sbuyf eedsint owns.
● Relat
ivesintownsandt hoseinv ill
agesv i
siteachother.
● Peopleinruralareasgi v
egr ai
nst otheirrel
ativesinurbanar eas.

Fact
orst
hathav
eledt
oani
ncr
easei
nUr
bani
sat
ioni
nBot
swana
97
Urbanisati
onisther
apidandmassivegr
owthoft
ownsandci
ti
esduetomigrat
ionof
peopleinlargenumbersfr
om r
ural
tourbanar
easaswel
lasdevel
opmentof
i
ndustriesandservi
ces.

● Theunpr edi
ct ablenat ureofr ainfall–thismakesagr icul
turediffi
cultforpeople
todependonsomov ingt otownst oseekeconomi coppor t
unit
iesi stheonly
soluti
on.
● Increasedserv i
ceact i
vi
ties–Townshav eenter
tai
nment ,banki
ngandcat eri
ng
thatarebettert hant hosei nrural areassotheseattractpeople.
● Lackofempl oy mentoppor tuni
t i
esandl owwagesi nr uralareas–Youngpeopl e
got ourbanar east oseekf orempl oyment.
● Transportimpr ov ement s–Bet tercommuni cati
onlinesencour aget hegrowthof
townsandci ties.Peopl emov ei nlargenumber stotownssot hatt heycan
communi cateandmov eeasi l
y.
● Poormedi cal facili
ti
esinr uralar eas–Peopl emov et otownsbecausehospi tal
s
therehavespeci ali
stsdoct orsindi ffer
enthumanai l
ment s.Rural areas
somet imesrunoutofmedi cine.

MFECANE

Mf
ecaner
efer
stoi
nter
tri
bal
war
samongt
hatbeganamongt
heNguni
around1800.

CausesofMf
ecane

a)Thecompet it
iont
orulemorepeople-:thedesir
etorul
emor epeopl
el edt
o
Mf ecanewarsaschi
efsdesi
redtocreatestrongchi
efdoms.Theydidsoby
attacki
ngweakercommuniti
es,capt
uringthepeopleandmakingthem par
tof
theirtr
ibes.

b)Populati
ongrowth&t heneedforf armland–I ncreaseinpopul ati
onand
l
ivest
ockledtodemandf ormor
eland.Becauset heyhadnowayt oexpandto,
st
rongergroupsatt
ackedweakeronesandt ookt heirl
and.
c)Compet i
ti
ontocontroltradewit
ht hePort
uguese–St rongNguni groups
wantedtotakeovertradebycontr
ol li
nghunti
ngar eassot heyraidedandchased
ot
hergroupsfrom t
hei rl
andsi
nor dertohuntelephantsf oriv
orywi thout
i
nterf
erence.
d)Drought&f amine–Becauseoft hedr oughtfr
om 1790–1802, therewasa
98
 decli
nei npasturesforgrazi
ng,thisledt oovergrazi
ngandsoi ler
osion.Peopl
e
becamef r
ustrat
edandl andgrabbingbecamet heonlywayt ogetland.So
smallergroupswer eraidedfortheirlit
tl
eweal thandland.
e)Theneedt ocontrol
cattle–Maj orgr oupsraidedsmal l
eronesandt ookthei
r
l
ivest
ock.Li v
estockwasi mport
antf orpresti
giousreasons(weal t
hwas
measur edbyhowmanycat tl
eaper sonhad) , mil
kandf orpayi
ngbr i
de–pr i
ce.

Thebasi
sfort
heriseoftheZul
unati
onunderShaka(whatf
actor
sledtothe
growt
hoftheZul
ukingdom ?orwhatdi
dShakadot omaketheZuluchi
efdom t
he
bi
ggest&mostpowerfulst
ate)

Shakausedt
hef
oll
owi
ngf
act
ors:

a)Mi
li
tarysuper iori
ty
- Hecr eatedast rongst anding&permanentar my .Hissoldier
swer eal
ways
readyt ofight
.Whent heywer enotfi
ght i
ng,sol
diersspentt i
metraini
ng.
- Thear mywasmadeupofdi ff
erentregimentsandeachr egi
menthada
commanderappoi ntedbyShaka.
- Hebani shedt helongst abbingspearashesai ditleftsol
diersunarmed
afterthrowingitandi ntr
oducedashor tst
abbingspear .
- Hebani shedashor tshieldandintr
oducedabi gshi el
dwhi chcoveredthe
soldier’
swhol ebody
99
 - Heusedspi eswhotoldhim aboutthest
rength&weaknessesoftheenemy
.
- Hissoldiershadtoobeyorderswi t
houtquest
ion,
anysoldi
erwhoshowed
fearorlostaspearduringabattl
ewaski l
led.
- Hissoldiersweretr
ainedwithoutshoesbecausehebel
ievedthatshoes
slowedt hem down.

b)Regul
arraidingcampai gns
- Heat t
ackedhi senemi esear l
yinthemor ni
ng.
- Hecapt uredtheircat
tle&gr ain
c)Thepoli
cyofassi milati
on
- Shakacapt uredpeoplef rom di
ffer
entkingdomsandf or
cedthem t
ojoi
nhi
s
ki
ngdom.
- Youngmenwer eabsor bedintohisarmywher etheyr
eceiv
edthor
ough
tr
aini
ng.
- Capt uredwomenwer einv ol
vedintheproducti
onoffood.Somebecame
Zuluwiv es.
- Al lt
hepeopl ewer eforcedt ospeakZulu.

d)Cent
ral
izati
onofpower&aut hori
ty
- Het otalorabsol
utecontr
oloverall
milit
ary,
polit
ical
,economi
c&soci
al
matter
s.
- Shakamadeal lt
hedecisi
ons&di dnotconsultanyone.
- Hisf or
cedhispeopletopaytri
buteintheform ofcatt
le.
- Men&womenwer enotall
owedtomar rybeforetheageof40.

I
ntr
oduct
ionoft
heCowHor
nFor
mat
ion

Thismethodoff i
ghti
ngwasshapedl i
kethehornsofacow.Sol dierswere
arr
angedinthreemai nsecti
ons:
● thechestwhichconsist
edofr egimentst
hatfacedtheenemy&at tackedf
rom
thefr
ont.
● Thehornswhosur roundedt heenemyonbothsi desmakingitdif
ficul
tforthe
enemyt oescape.
● Theli
onswhower ereserves&wer eusedwhenmor eorf
reshsoldierswere
100
 needed.

or

THESPREADOFMFECANEI
NSOUTHERNAFRI
CA

101
Mfecanespr eadbecauserefugeesfrom attacksi
ntur
nattackedotherchi
efdomst hey
cameacr ossastheyfled.Thiscreatedacy cl
eofpeopl
ebeingattacked f
leeing
att
ackingothers,
spreadingconfl
ictsfrom Ngunil
andasfaraslakeTanganyikai
n
Tanzania.

Batswanawer edr
awni ntotheMf ecanewarsbytheBakololoandt heNdebeleasthe
fi
ghti
ngspread.Bakolol
ower eformedbyBaphut i
ngunderRat sebe,Bahlakoanaunder
NkgaraganyaneandBaf okengruledbyMangwane.Theset hreegroupscombi ned
duri
ngmf ecaneandfledtheBoer sandotherNguniat
tacksfrom theirl
andsand
tr
avell
edthroughBotswanar ai
dingallgr
oupstheymet .

Theystar
tedbyatt
ackingBakwenaatMolepololeandt
ookt
hei
rcat
tl
e.Bakwenaf
led
andthosethatr
emainedpaidtr
ibut
etoBakololo.

Hethenatt
ackedBangwaket
seofMakabaIIatKgwakgwehil
ls.Makabawaskil
l
ed
duri
ngthi
swarandSebetwanewasser
iousl
yinj
ured.
Bangwaketseaskedf
orhel
pfr
om
theGri
quaandBakol
oloranaway
.

Theyt
henat t
ackedBangwat
oofKgari
taki
ngt
hei
rcatt
le,cr
opsandburni
ngt
hei
r
st
ruct
ures.Bangwat
ofledt
othenor
thwheret
heyat
tackedBakal
anga.
102
Bakolol
opr oceededwest wardswheret
heyattackedBatawanaofMor emi Iwhoowned
l
onghor nedcat t
le.Lat
ertheyatt
ackedtheKhoesanandt ooktheircat
tl
e.TheBakololo
weredefeatedbyt heOv ambanderoofNamibiaandmanyoft heircatt
lediedbecauseof
hunger.TheycrossedintoZambi aandatt
ackedtheBatonga.Theyf i
nall
ysett
ledat
Lenyati
.

TheNdebel
eofMzi
l
ikazi

Mzil
ikazibrokeawayfrom theZul
uafterf
ail
i
ngtosurr
enderall
catt
lethathehad
capturedfr
om Basotho.Heandhispeoplefl
ednort
hacrosstheDrakensburgand
sett
ledintheTransv
aal ar
eawheretheybuil
tat
owncal l
edMosega.Her etheyfound
andattackedthePhuti
ng,Bapedi,
BataungandtheGri
quas.Hecapturedtheircat
tl
eand
absorbedwomenandchi l
dren.

TheNdebelewereforcedoutofTransvaal
byt heBoers.Theyt
henraidedtheBakwena
aft
erwhichtheyatt
ackedtheBakgatl
abagaKgaf elawhower eledbyPil
ane.Bakgat
la
surr
enderedthei
rcatt
leandagr
eedt opaytri
butewithoutfi
ght
ing.

TheNdebelethenrai dedtheBangwaket seandtookthei

rcattl
e.Bangwaket seki
ll
ed
Ndebel
e’
stributecollectorsandr anawaytoDutl
weinKgal agadi
.Bangwat oofSekgoma
avoi
dedtheNdebel e’sattacksbykeepingandlooki
ngaf t
ercattl
et hatbel
ongedtothe
Ndebel
e.Sekgomal aterattackedtheNdebel
eunawar eandtookt heircat
tl
eandhidat
Makgadi
kgadi Pans.

TheNdebel
ethenrai
dedtheBakal
anga.Lat
ert
het
wogr oupsall
owedi
nter–mar
ri
ages.
TheNdebel
ethencrossedi
ntoZi
mbabweandsett
ledatBulawayo.

Mf
ecanewar
sal
sospr
eadi
ntoSwazi
l
and,
Lesot
ho,
Tanzani
aandMozambi
que

Ef
fect
sOf
Mfecanei
nSout
her
nAf
ri
ca

● Reducti
oninfoodpr oducti
on–Gr oupscoul dnotbei nonepl aceduringwar sto
growcropsast heyr anaway .
● WomenandChi ldrenwer ecaptur
ed–t hosecapt ur
edwer emadet oat tendt heneeds
andservedasser vant st
ot hel
eadersoft heenemi es.
● Lossofland–Weakergr oupsweref orcedoutoft heirl
andsandt heirpr opertywas
takenaway.
● Lossofcult
ureandt radi
ti
ons–Unr estsi nther egi
onmadei timpossi bletof orm
mephato,pract
icel etsemaandmaf isa.
● Peopleweredisplaced–Peopl el
efttheiroriginall
ocati
onstofindsecur itye.g.in
hil
lsandmount ains.
● Populat
iondecrease–Peopl ewereki l
l
edi nt hewarswhi l
eothersdiedbecauseof
103
 hunger
.

I
NTERACTI
ONBETWEENTRADERS/HUNTERSANDBATSWANA

Befor
et he arr
ivalofEuropeans Bat
swana used totrade among t
hemsel
ves e.
g.
Bakwenawi t
hBakgatlaorBangwat owit
hBakalanga.Thiswasknownaslocaltr
ade.
Theyexchangedgoodsforothergoodwhichi
scall
edbartert
rade.

ThefirstEur
opeant r
aderstotr
adewi thBatswanawer etheGriquas.Thesetraders
tr
avel
ledlongdistancet ocomet
oBot swanasot hi
stradewasknownasl ongdistance
tr
ade.TheEur opeant rader
s mainl
ywant edivory,
animalski
nsandost ri
chfeathers
fr
om Batswana.

Bat
swanaont
heot
herhandwant
edt
obuygunsandammuni
ti
onf
rom t
rader
s.

Themai
nact
ivi
ti
esoft
het
raderunt
ersamongBat
swanawer
ehunt
ingandt
radi
ng.

Ef
fect
sear
lyEur
opeant
rader
s/hunt
ers

● Decl i
nei nani malpopul ati
on:hunt ersusedgunst ohuntwhi chkill
edal ar ge
numberofani malsthant het raditi
onalhunt ingmet hodsofbowandar rows.a
highnumberofani mal swer eki l
ledfort heirproduct swhi chledt oadecl inei n
animal popul ati
on.
● Acqui si
tion ofguns – Peopl e boughtguns t hatt hey used f orpr ot ect
themsel ves.
● Expansi onofTswanast ates–Somegr oupsst artedt oi ncr
easet hesi z eof
thei
rhunt i
nggr oundsbyf ightingsmal lerandweakergr oupst oexpandt heir
hunt i
ngt err
itory.
● Decl i
neofl ocalskills:duet odependenceonr eadymadei mportedgoods
l
ocalski l
lssuchasi ronpot tery,blacksmi thandcar pentrydiedof faspeopl e
nolongerpr oducedt heirowngoods.
● Intr
oduct ionofmoney–Tr ader sintroducedmoneyt hatpeopl eusedt obuy
goodst heintroducti
onofmoneyr eplacedt hebar tersystem.
● Dev elopmentoft radingcent r
es–Vi llageslikeShoshong&Mol epolol
ewer e
usedbyt raderstost oret heirgood&peopl ecamet othesear east otrade.
● Labourmi gration–Bat swanawentt owor ki nSout hAf ri
canmi nesinor dert o
earnmoney .
● Acqui siti
onofguns:Bat swanaboughtgunsf r
om t het raders;thi
si mpr ov ed
thei
rabi li
tytodef endt hemsel ves.Theyusedt hegunst or esi
stBoerr ai
ds.

104
HEACTI
VITI
ESOFEARLYMI
SSI
ONARI
ES

1.Theestabli
shmentofmi ssi
onstati
ons:
Missi
onari
esest abl
i
shedmi ssi
onstati
onswher etheybuil
tchurches.examples
ofmissionstat
ionsthatwereestabl
ishedwere:Kolobeng,Ramotswa,Mochudi.
Missi
onari
espreachedthebibleandconver
tedsomeBat swanatoChristi
ani
ty.

(Mi ssi
onar
iesstar
tedarr
ivi
ngi
nBotswanaar
ound1800.Theycamefrom t
hePari
s
Mission,Amer i
can Boar
d,London Mi
ssi
onar
ySociet
y(LMS),Lut
her
an Missi
onar
y
Society,
RomanCat hol
icChur
chandTheDut
chRefor
medChur
ch.

a)TheLondonMi
ssi
onar
ySoci
ety
(Rober
tMof
fat
)

Thefir
stmissi
onarythatt heLMSsentt oBot swanawasWil
li
am Edwards.Hecamet o
Botswanai
n1808&set tledinKany e.Lat
ertheLMSsentRober tMof
fatwhoarr
ivedin
Afr
icain1817andst ar
tedami ssi
onst ati
onatKudumanei n1821.Hemanagedt o
conver
tBatswanat oChristi
anit
y.Thishemanagedt odobecauseheusedtopr ot
ect
Batswanaf
rom groupsthatattackedthem soBatswanatr
ust
edhim.

Het
rai
nedAf
ri
canmi
ssi
onar
iesatKudumane.

b)Dav
idLi
vi
ngst
one

Hecamet oAf
ri
caaround1845andset t
ledatKol
obeng.Hewasthefir
stmedical
doctoramongBakwena.Theonlyper
sonhemanagedtoconver
ttoChr
isti
ani
tywas
Sechele1.Het
aughthim how t
oreadandwri
te.Hewasagai
nstBat
swanacustoms
suchasbogwer
aandbojale.

TheGer
manLut
her
anmi
ssi
onar
ies

Schr
oederwassenttoAfr
icain1857andset
tl
edamongt
heBakwena.Heconv
inced
manyBakwenat
oattendchur
chservi
ces.

Year
slateranothermissi
onaryHei
nri
ch Schul
enber
g wassentto Botswana & he
conv
ert
edKgosiSekgomaI’
ssons,Khama&Kgamanei nt
oChr
isti
ani
ty.Helat
erstar
ted
amissi
onstat
ionamongBaleteatMmankgodi
.

TheDut
chRef
ormedChur
ch

Thei
rfi
rstmissi
onar
yt oli
veamongBot swanawasDrAndrewMurraywholi
vedamong
Bakgat
la–ba–Kgaf el
ainTransv
aal.Latert
heysentRev
erendP.Bri
nkt
oMochudito
st
artami ssi
onstat
ion.Anew churchwasbui l
t&completedi
n1890.KgosiLi
nchweI
wasbapti
zed)

105
 2.Traini
ngofl
ocalpastor
stospreadChr
isti
anit
y:
Europeanmi
ssionar
iestr
ainedsomeBatswanaasChr
ist
ianpr
eacher
s.

3.Provi
dingEuropeanmedici
ne:missionariesprovi
dedhealt
hcaretot
hel ocal
people.Theywantedt
oshow Africanst hatEuropeanmedici
nei
ssuper
iorto
Afri
canmedici
neandcal
ledtr
adi
ti
onal healer
switchdoct
ors.

4.Buil
dingschools:missi
onariesbui
ltschool
stoteachBatswanahowt or
eadand
writ
e.Theyalsotaughtsewing,hi
stor
yandarit
hmetic.
5.Trading:somemi ssionar
ieswer einvol
vedintrade.DavidLiv
ingst
onetr
aded
amongstt hepeopl
eofNgami l
and.

6.Act
ingasadv i
sorstothechiefsandi nv
olv
edint hel
ocalpoli
tics:Rev er
end
Wil
loughbyaccompaniedt
hethreechief
swhowenttoEngl
andt oprotestagainst
pl
anst otransf
erofBechuanal
andt otheBri
ti
shSouthAfr
icancompany .John
MackenzieencouragedBri
ti
shgov er
nmenttodeclareaprotect
orateov ert he
l
andofBat swana.

EFFECTSOFI
NTERACTI
ONBETWEENEARLYMI
SSI
ONARI
ESANDBATSWANA

● Mi ssionar i
esi ntroducedschool sandt aughtBat swanahowt oreadandwr i
te.
Thisenabl edpeopl et oseeknew f orm ofempl oymenti nschool s,mi ssion
stat i
onsandi nthecol onial gov ernment .
● Mi ssionar i
esdev elopedSet swanai ntoawr i
t t
enl anguage:Thi senabl edt he
peopl ewhocoul dr eadandwr i
tet ocommuni cat et hroughwr iti
ng
● Mi ssi onariesi ntroducedEur opeanmedi cineandbui lthospi talsli
keDebor ah
Ret iefandBamal eteLut heranhospi tal
.I ntr
oduct ionofEur opeanmedi cine
cur edsomedi seaseswhi chwer edi ffi
culttoheal usingt raditi
onal medicine.
● Theyt ri
edt ost opBat swanacul tures:cul tur
alpr act i
cessuchasbogadiand
theirbel i
efi nancest ralspi r
itswer econsi deredpr imi t
iveandunci vi
l
isedand
Bat swanawhoconv er t
edt oChr ist
ianitywer edi scour agedf rom pract i
sing
somecul t
ur alpract ices
● Theyhel pedBat swanaacqui regunswhi chpr otect edBat swanadur ingwar s
e.g.t heyobt ainedgunsf rom Eur opeansandgav et oBat swanat ouset hem
dur ingfights.
● Theyencour agedBat swanat owearEur opeanst yl
ecl othesespeci allyon
Sunday satchur ch.
● TaughtBat swananewski l
lslikeneedl ewor k&homecr af ts.

106
THEREASONS/CAUSESOFTHESCRAMBLEFORAFRI
CA

Scr
ambleforAfri
caref
erstotheti
mewhenEuropeancount
rieswer
erushi
ngt
ocl
aim
col
oni
esinAfr
ica.Ther
easonsfort
hescr
ambl
eforAfri
cawere:

● Toexpandmar ket–Fact or i
esi nEuropewer epr oduci ngl ar
gerquant i
ti
esof
goods.Theyt herefor
eneededpeopl ewhocoul dbuyt hei rgoods,Af ri
cawas
att
racti
vebecauseofi tslargeunpr oductivepopul ation.Col onisi
ngAf rican
countri
esenabl edEur opeancount ri
estoexpandmar ketf ortheirgoods.
● Theneedf orRawmat eri
als–Eur opeancount ri
eswant edr awmat eri
alssuch
ascot t
on,diamonds&gol dwhi chwer eav ail
ableinAf rica.Col onisi
ngAf rican
countri
eswoul dgivethem di rectaccesst ot hesemi neral s.
● Str
ategiclocat i
ont oweal th–somear easwer eat t
ractivebecauset heywer e
nearareaswi thmi neralweal th,other
sf ortheirnearnesst ot r
ader oads.
● Powerandweal th(Prestige)–Owni ngcol oniesbecameasour ceofpol i
tical
power&nat ionalpr i
desot henumberofcol oniesacount ryhadt hemor e
power f
ulandr icherotherst houghtofi t
.
● Missionarypr essure–mi ssionar i
esper suadedt heirgov ernment stocol onise
Afr
icancount rieswher etheyar ebasedi nor dertopr otectthei rmissionar y
workf r
om compl eti
onf r
om ot hermissionariesfrom ot herEur opeancount r i
es.

RESULTSOFTHESCRAMBLEFORAFRI
CA

● TheBerli
nConference–Becauseoft hescr amblecountr
iesmetinBerl
into
agreeonrul
esforcl
aimingcoloni
es.
● Theparti
ti
onofAfri
ca–Af ri
cawasdividedintoboundari
esthatexi
stt
oday.
● Lossofland–Af ri
cans’l
andwast akenfrom them andsomepeopl efound
107
 themselvesoccupyi
ngi nf
erti
lelands.
● Lossofindependence: Afr
icawasr ul
edbycolonialmast
ers.
● Exploi
tat
ion – Af r
icans’mi neral
s weret aken and used fordev
elopi
ng
Europeancountri
es.
● Slaver
y–Af ri
canswer etakentopr ov
idecheaplabouri
nEurope.

Thet
ermsoft
heBer
li
nConf
erenceof1884

Thecompetit
iont
oclaimlandi nAfri
cabecamesost r
ongsomuchthatin1884Ot t
o
VanBismarckcal
ledameet ingofEuropeancount r
ies.Thiswasanatt
empttoreach
somekindofpeacef
ulint
ernati
onalagreementtothedi v
idi
ngupandshari
ngofAf
rica.
NoAfri
canl
eadersorrepr
esentati
vewasi nv
itedt
otheconf er
ence.

I
twasagr
eed:

● Thatt heCongoRi verandNi gerr i

verbasi nswouldbeneut ralandopent o
tr
adef orallt
heEur opeancount ries.
● Peoplef rom Europewoul dbeal lowedt ot rav
elfr
eelyont heCongo&Ni ger
ri
vers.
● Countriesshouldinform eachot heraftercl aiminganewAf ricancountr
y.
● abolishingslavetrade,t hi
sshoul dbedonebyar resting&puni shi
ngpeopl
e
i
nvolvedi nbuyi
ng&sel l
ingslaves.
● AnyEur opeancl ai
mt oanypar tofAf ricawoul donlyber ecognizedbyother
Europeangov ernment sifitwasef f
ect
iv elyoccupied.e.g.setti
ngupacol oni
al
government ,
Law&or dershouldbemai ntained,anat ionalflagshouldbeput
up.

108
THERELATI
ONSBETWEENBOERSANDBATSWANAI
N1835-
1895

TheBoer
smov edfrom t
hecapecolonyt
o ar
easaroundTransv
aalregi
onbecausethey
di
dnotwantt
or ul
edbytheBri
ti
sh.ThemovementoftheBoersiscal
ledt
hegreatt
rek.

Ther
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenBat
swanaandt
heBoer
swer
etensef
ort
hef
oll
owi
ngr
easons:

● BatswanadidnotwantaccepttheBoerr ule
● TheBoerswantedt ogetlandbelongi
ngtoBat swana.
● TheBoerswantedBat swanatopr ovi
defreelabouri
nt hei
rfarms.
TheBatswanaresistedBoerattacksbecauset heyhadacqui r
edguns,especiall
y
KgosiSechel
e.TheBoer swantedBat swanat osurrendergunsandalsowant ed
theBri
ti
shgovernmentnott oi
nterfer
einmat ter
sbetweent hem andt
heBoer s.

- Aft
erdefeati
ngtheNdebel e,Boersclai
medthatthel andt hathadbeen
cont
rol
ledbyMzi l
ikazinow belongedtothem.Batswanar ej
ect
edthese
cl
aims.
- Boerswantedtor
uleBatswanabutBatswanadidnotwantt hi
s.
- BoersdemandedthatBatswanamustwor kforthem f
orf r
eebutBatswana
109
 ref
used.
- BoersdidnotwantBat swanat oowngunsasi twouldbedi ff
icul
ttoforce
Batswana t oacceptBoerr ul
esot heydemandedt hatBatswanashoul d
surr
endertheirguns.Thiswasr ej
ectedbyBat swana.
- Boers arr
ested peopl e passi
ng thr ough the Transvaaltot r
ade with
Batswana.
- Havingfai
ledtof orceBatswanatoacceptt heirdemands,theBoersdecided
touseforceagai nstBat
swana.Sincet heywer eafr
aidthattheBrit
ishwould
assistBatswanat heBoer ssignedanagr eement( t
reaty
)wi t
ht heBriti
sh
whichiscall
edt heSandr i
verConvention.

Ter
msoft
heSandRi
verConv
ent
ion

Itwasagr
eedthat:
● Boerswoul
druletheTr ansv
aalthewaytheywanted.
● Bri
tai
nwouldcontrolthesal
eofgunstot heAf
ri
cans
● Bri
tai
nwouldnotpr ot
ectAfri
cansagai
nsttheBoers

TheBat
tl
eofDi
maweandKol
obengi
n1852

Boer sl
edbyt heircommanderPi et erSchol
zattackedtheBangwaketseandBakgat le-ba
-ga-Mmanaana. Bakgat l
afledandsoughtpr otecti
onofKgosi Sechel
eofBakwenaat
Dimawe.Boer sf ol
lowed t hem and demanded t hatSechele should hand overt he
Bakgat l
a chief(Kgosi Mosielel
e)t othem.Sechel er ef
used.Boer s demanded t hat
Secheleshoul d surrenderhi sguns,suppl yf reelabour
& acceptBoerr ul
e.Sechel e
refused.TheBoer sf oughtt heBakwenaofSechel e.Bakwenadef eatedthem.Boer
soldier
swentt oKolobengwher et heyrobbed&bur neddownDav idLivi
ngstone’shouse.
TheBoer sfoll
owedBangwaket sewhohadr unaway ,thisti
met heBoer sl ost
.Boer
soldier
sr ef
usedt ofi
ghtandr eturnedhome.

TheResul
tsoft
heBat
tl
eofDi
mawe.

● Bat
swananol ongertrust edtheBoers.
● Bat
swanamanagedt odef endthei
rindependence
● Bat
swanagroupscombi nedandhelpedeachot hert
ofi
ghtagai
nstt
heBoer
s.
● Manypeopl
el osttheirli
ves.
● Womenandchi ldrenwer ecapt ur
ed.
● Bat
swanalostlargeher dsoft hei
rcattl
e.
● Bat
swanawer edisplaced.
● Chi
efsl
osttheirpower s.

110
 Br
it
ishdecl
arat
ionofaPr
otect
orat
eov
erBechuanal
and

I
n1885t heBr
it
ishannouncedthatt
heareabetweenMolopori
ver&t r
opi
cof
Capr
icor
naBri
ti
shprot
ector
ate&call
edi
tTheBechuanal
andPr
otect
orat
e.

Ther esi
dentCommissi
onerCharl
esWar renwassenttoinform Batswanaabout
thi
s.Kgosi KhamaII
Iaccept
edpr otect
ionbutKgosiSechele& otherBatswana
chiefsinit
ial
l
ydidnotacceptprotecti
onast heysai
dt herewasnoneedf or
protecti
onsincetheBoer
swer enol ongerfi
ghti
ngthem.Theyl ateraccept
ed
protecti
on

Factor
sthatLedt
otheBr
it
ishDecl
arat
ionOfAPr
otect
orat
eOv
erBechuanal
andFr
om
1885To1966

● TheBr it
ishwantedt opr ot
ectther oadtothenorthf ort r
adeast heBr i
tish
missionari
esandtradersusedi
t.
● They wer e af
rai
d ofcompet it
ion from Eur
opeans and the Boersthathad
i
ncreased.
● The Ger mans who had col onized Namibi
a weret hreateni
ng to colonize
Bechuanaland.
● Pressurefrom missionar
iesli
keJohnMackenzi ewhof eltthatbyprotecting
BechuanalandtheBrit
ishgover
nmentwoul dbeablet
opr otectmissi
onar
iesfrom
Boerswhower eliv
inginthecountry.
111
ThePer
iodofCol
oni
alRul
e
Dur
ingt
heper
iodoft
hecol
oni
alr
ule,
Bechuanal
andf
acedt
wot
hreat
s:

1.The t
hreatt
o att
emptt ot ransferofBechuanal
and To Br
it
ish Sout
h Af
ri
ca
Company.
2.Att
emptsToTransferBechuanalandToTheUnionOfSouthAfr
ica

1.At
tempt
sToTr
ansf
erBechuanal
andToBr
it
ishSout
hAf
ri
caCompany
(BSACO)

CecilJohnRhodeswhoownedtheBri
ti
shSout
hAf r
icaCompanywant
edt
otake
overBechuanal
andt
obet
ransf
err
edt
ohiscompanybecause:

● Hewantedt ojoinBechuanal andt oSout hAf

ri
casot hathecangetmor elandto
gi
vetotheBrit
ishpeoplef orgrowi ngcropsandrear
ingofli
vestock.
● Hewant edt ouseBechuanal andasabasei nordert oattacktheBoer sat
Tr
ansvaalandt akeoverthemi ner al
s..
● Hewantedtobui ldtherai
lwayl inefrom CapetoCai
ro( t
heroadtothenort
h).
● Wantedtotakeov ercontrolofgol dminingatTat
i.

The Brit
ish government agr
eed tothe t
ransfer because they bel
ieved that
Bechuanalandwasapoorcount ry.Mostofthel andwasnotsui tabl
ef orarable
far
ming.Br i
tai
ndidnotwanttospendmoneyr unning,pr
otect
inganddev el
opi
nga
poorcountry.

- Thi
satt
emptt otransf
erBechuanalandt otheBSACofail
edbecausethe
l
awsinBri
tai
ndidnotgiveBr
it
aintherighttodoso.
- Bat
swanachief
shadal r
eadygiventher i
ghtst
olookaf
terminer
als&far
m
l
andtoot
hercompanies.

React
ionsToTheTr
ansf
erOfBechuanal
andToBr
it
ishSout
hAf
ri
caCompany

Batswanachiefsresi
stedt
heideaoft ransferr
ingBechuanalandtothecompany .
KgamaI II
,Sebel
e,Li
nchweandBathoenIIprotestedagai
nstthetransf
erbysendi
ng
apetit
iontoJosephChamberl
ain(Br
iti
shCommi ssi
oner)

Khama,BathoenandSebeletr
avell
edtoEngl
andandmadepr ot
ests.Theyorgani
zed
anti
-al
coholgroups,
anti–sl
averygroupst
oint
ensi
fypr
otestsagainstt
heproposed
hand overoft heProt
ector
ate.Manypeoplesupport
ed them inEngl and & put
112
 pr
essur
eont
heBr
it
ishgov
ernmentnott
otr
ansf
erBechuanal
andt
otheBSACo.

ReasonswhyBat
swanadi
dnotwantt
obet
ransf
err
ed

● TheBriti
shhadnotconsul t
edthem whentheyagreedtothetr
ansfer
● Theyknewt hattheBSACohadt akenthelandoftheNdebele&theShonasothey
di
dnotwantt hesamet hi
ngtohappentothem.
● Thecompanywaswel lknownformistr
eatingAfri
canssotheydidn’
twantt
obe
i
llt
reated.
● Theythoughtthatthecompanywoul dmakeBat swanatodri
nkalcohol
.

2.At
tempt
sToTr
ansf
erBechuanal
andToTheUni
onOfSout
hAf
ri
ca

Between1899&1902, t
heBr i
ti
shandtheBoer sf oughtawarwhi chtheBr i
ti
shwon.
TheBriti
shthenwantedtocreateanewst atecalledtheUnionofSout hAfri
cawhi ch
wouldbemadeupoft heOr angeFreeState,Transvaal,Natal
,t heCapecol ony ,the
prot
ectorat
e & southern Rhodesi
a.Br
it
ain want ed tot ransfert he protectorate
becauseitwastoocostl
ytor unsoi
n1908Br i
tainstart
edtopr epareforthet ransfer
.

React
ionsToTheTr
ansf
erOfBechuanal
andToTheUni
onOfSout
hAf
ri
ca

● TheSout hAf r
icangov er
nmentwashappywi ththetr
ansferasi tmeantcheap
l
abourforthem andt heywoul dtakelandfrom thebl
acks..
● Batswanachi efsresist
edandwr ot
epet it
ionstoremainout sidetheunion.In
1909 Sebele& Bathoen wentt o London t otellt
he Bri
tish governmentthat
Batswanawer eagainsttheincorporati
on.
Reacti
onsoft heBoer stotheDikgosi ’
sprotests
● TheBoersi mposedeconomi csanctionsont heProt
ect
orate.e.g.Bat
swanawer e
nolongerall
owedt osellcatt
lethatwer ebelowacertai
nwei ght.
● They threatened to st op mi grant labour and to reduce i mport
s f r
om
Bechuanaland.

Thet
ransf
erev
ent
ual
l
yfai
l
edduet
oSout
hAf
ri
ca’
sraci
stpol
i
cies.

Pr
ocl
amat
ionsof1934

Pr
oclamati
onswerelawsmadebyt
heBr
it
ishadmi
nist
rat
iont
hatwer
eusedt
ogov
ern
Merafei
nBechuanal
and.

Reasonsf
ort
heBr
it
ishToFor
m Pr
ocl
amat
ions

113
 ● TheyfeltthatDi kgosiweredict
ators.
● Theywant edtost r
engt
hent headmi nistr
ati
onast heyfel
tthatthechief
swere
unabletodev elopBechuanaland.
● Theywant edt or educethepower softhechiefs
● I
ndirectrule– t heBrit
ishwant edtor ul
eAf r
icansthr
ought hei
rlocall
eader
s
(di
kgosi).

1.
TheNat
iveAdmi
nist
rat
ionPr
ocl
amat
ionof1934

Pr
ovi
sionsOfTheNat
iveAdmi
nist
rat
ionPr
ocl
amat
ionof1934

● TheBri
ti
shgovernmenthadt oapproveanyonewhowast obeakgosi.
● Theycouldsuspend,expel
orr emoveanyonefrom t
heposi
ti
onofchi
ef t
ainship.
● Theproclamati
oncreatedTribalCounci
lswhichrul
edthepeopl
e.Chiefshadt o
rul
ewit
htheapprovalofsuchacounci l
.
● Thechi
efneededtogetper missi
onfrom theResi
dentCommissi
onerinor derfor
himtocol
lectt
ax.

Ef
fect
soft
heNat
iveAdmi
nist
rat
ionpr
ocl
amat
ion

● Tribalcounci l
sdi dnotex i
sti nt het r
adit
ionalsociety.Tr
adit
ional
lythechief
consul t
edhi sadv i
sors.
● Itundermi nedBat swanaast r
adit
ionallyatkgotlameetingsever
ymal eadul
thad
ther i
ghttoexpr esstheiropini
on.
● Itreducedt hepower soft hechi efs.Tradi
tionall
yakgosiwasani ndependent
rul
erwhomadeal lt
hedecisions.
● TheBr iti
shhadt hepowert oexpelorsuspendachi ef
, t
hiswasagainstSet
swana
cultureasamongBat swanachi ef
tainshipi
sher edi
tar
y.

2.
TheNat
iveTr
ibunalPr
ocl
amat
ionof1934

Pur
posesOfTheNat
iveTr
ibunal
Procl
amat
ionof1934

● Tor
efor
mthewayj
ust
icewascar
ri
edoutbyt
hedi
kgosi
.

Provisi
onsOfTheNat i
veTri
bunalProclamati
on
● Dikgosinolongerwerechi
efjudges,theywerenotall
owedt otr
yseri
ouscases
l
ikemur derandrape.
● I
tcr eated tr
ibunal
s(law cour
ts)t hattri
ed cases & set
tl
ed di
sput
es.Only
114
 membersoft
het
ri
bunalwer
eal
l
owedt
opar
ti
cipat
eint
hedi
scussi
onsatt
he
kgot
la.

Ef
fect
soft
heOfTheNat
iveTr
ibunal
Procl
amat
ion

● Thetri
bunalcour
tsdeni
edmerafethei
rdemocrati
cright
stopart
ici
pat
eintr
ialof
cases.
● Chief
sl ostthei
rpowers as they wer
e undert he resi
dentcommissi
oner.
Tradi
ti
onall
yachieft
ri
ed&set
tledallt
hecases.

React
ionsoftheChief
st othe1934Proclamati
ons
● Chi
efsref
usedtobet r
eatedassubordinat
estothewhitesinthei
rownterr
it
ori
es.
● Chi
efsopposedtheBrit
ishgov er
nment’si
deatofir
e,suspendandappointchi
efs
aschi
efswerebornandnotappoi nt
ed.
● Chi
efsref
usedtopracti
cepr ocl
amati
onsatthei
rlands.

Chiefsopposedthepr
ocl
amat
ions&t
heywer
eabandoned&t
henewoneswer
edr
aft
ed
thatstat
edthat
:

● Mor af
ewouldbeconsultedbefor
etheirchi
efwasappoint
edorremov
edbyt he
Highcommissi
oner.
● Chiefswoul
dnolongerconsul
ttheTri
balcounci
lbutwi
l
lconsul
tatt
hekgot
la.

115
Thepur
pose,
for
mat
ionandcomposi
ti
onofAdv
isor
yCounci
ls

Af
ri
canAdv
isor
yCounci
l

Format
ion Composi
ti
on Pur
pose
1919 The Resident Commissi
oner
, ● Af r
icans used itt o adv i
ce
tworepr
esentat
ivesf
rom each r
esident commi ssioner on
moraf
eanddikgosi matterst
hataf
fectedthem e.
g.
all
ocat i
onoff unds.
● To enabl e t he r esi
dent
commi ssionert ogetv i
ewson
whatpeopl et houghtaboutt he
runningoft hegov ernment .
● To debat e mot ions e. g.
absence of educat ion and
raci
al discri
mi nation.
● Fort her esidentCommi ssi
oner
tomakeannouncement s&give
an annual r epor t about
development s in the
protectorate.

Eur
opeanAdv
isor
yCounci
l

Format
ion Composi ti
on Pur
pose
1920 ResidentCommi ssi
oner ● I twasformedtoall
owwhiteset
tl
ersto
&representat
ives of express t
hei
rv i
ews on matt
ersthat
whitesettl
ers aff
ectedthem.
● Toenabl ewhitesett
ler
stohaveasay
i
ntheadmi ni
str
ati
onofBechuanal
and.
To influence the t r
ansf
er of the
pr
otectoratetot he Union ofSouth
Afr
ica

Joi
ntAdv
isor
yCounci
l

116
Format
ion Composi tion Pur
pose
1951 Resident ● Gi ve member s a plat
for
m to debate
Commi ssi
oner, an i
ssuest hatconcer nedbothAfri
cans&
equal number of Whites.
representati
ves f
rom
● To cr eateaf or
um f orBatswana to
Afri
cans and
Europeans demand r unni
ng t he af
fai
rs of the
Prot
ectorate.
● Al l
owwhi tesandblackstoworktoget
her

TheLegi
slat
iveCounci
l

Format
ion Composi t
ion Pur
pose
1960 Itwas made up of10 ● I twasf ormedi nordertomakel aws
Afri
cans,10 Eur
opeans, forthewhol ecountry.
Protect
orate ● Af ri
cans used i tt o demand f or
Admi ni
str
ati
on off
ici
als
i
ndependenceandt oopposepl ansto
and1Asi an
make Bechuanal and part of Sout h
Afri
ca.
● I t crit
icized the administrat
ion for
fai
luret odevel
opt heProtector
at eand
suggest edimprovements.
● Obt ainedopi ni
onsf r
om Bat swanal i
ke
wher e t he capit
al cit
y shoul d be
l
ocat ed.

Nat
ional
ism andt
heRoadt
oIndependence

Nati
onal
i
sm isthedesi
ret
oachievepol
it
icali
ndependencebyacountr
yunderf
orei
gn
r
uleorbyacountr
yrul
edbypeopl
ewithaseparat
eidenti
tyandcul
tur
e.

Nationali
sm developedinBechuanal andbef or
ethe1960swhent ri
balleadersshowed
signs ofnat i
onalistfeeli
ngs.e. g.di kgosipressur
ized the coloni
alr uleforthe
establi
shmentofLEGCO.Nat ionalism cameaboutbecauseBat swanawer enothappy
withthewayt heywerer ul
edbyt heBr i
ti
sh,theyfel
tthattheBrit
ishgov ernmentwas
racist
,Batswanawer enotpromot edandt hecountrywasnotdeveloped.

117
Theyf el
tthatBechuanal
andhadtobedev el
opedt
owardspol i
ti
calandeconomicself–
suffi
ciency.Bat
swanawhower eworkingoutsi
dethecountryhadlear
ntnewi deasand
newf ormsofor gani
zati
onsi
nSouthAfri
ca.Whentheyarr
ivedinBotswanatheyformed
organizati
onssuchasthesonsofBechuanal
andandBechuanalandCultur
alClub.

Spor t
ingclubswer ealsof ormedt hr
oughoutthecountryandpol it
icali
ssueswer e
discussed.Theint
roductionoft heLegisl
ati
vecounci
lenabledBatswanat oparti
ci
pate
i
nt hewayt heyweregov erned.Batswanasawt hi
sasast eptothei
rindependence.The
Batswanawhower evotedi ntothecouncilwer
ewelleducatedmen,connectedtor oyal
famili
esandeconomi cal
lysecur e.

Somebegant
oor
gani
zepol
i
tical
mov
ement
se.
g.

BechuanalandFeder alPar
ty:Wasf ormedbyL. D.Radi
tl
adiin1959.Thiswasthefir
st
poli
ti
calpart
yi nBotswana.Itwasi ntendedtounit
eBatswana.Radit
ladiwant
edbogosi
tober ef
ormed.Heopposedt hecomposi t
ionoftheLegisl
ati
vecouncil
,hechal
lenged
thatmember sshoul dbeel ectedbyt hepeopleandthatthenumber sofBat swana
shouldbeincreased.Hewant edopenel ect
ionsbyall
adul
tBatswana.

Bechuanal
andPeopl e’
sParty
:KgalemangMotset
e,Phi
l
li
pMat ant
e&MotsamaiMpho
for
medt heBechuanal
andPeople’
sPar
tyMotset
ewrot
eBotswana’
snat
ionalant
hem.

● Theywereagainstbogosiastheybeli
evedt
hatl
eader
smustbeel
ect
edi
nto
power.
● TheywantedBotswanat
obeindependent
.
● Theyopposedraci
sm.

Ser
etseKhama&Ket
umi
l
eMasi
ref
ormedt
heBechuanal
andDemocr
ati
cPar
ty.

● Theywant edindependenceforBot
swana.
● Theysupportedmul ti
-raci
ali
sm.
● Theybelievedt hatdikgosishoul
dplayapar
tinacqui
ri
ngi
ndependencef
or
Botswana.
● Theysupporteddemocr acy.

Therewascompet it
ionamongt hepoli
ti
calmov ement sandal egi
slat
iveassembl
y
el
ectedbyadul t
swhohadt heri
ghttovoteinpubli
cel ecti
onswaspr oposedandthe
pri
ncipl
eofindependencewasaccept
edbyallpart
iesandf ol
lowingthenegoti
ati
onst
he
part
iesbegantocompet ewi
theachotherf
orelect
oralsupport.

The BDP was suppor

ted bythe Eur
opeans and Asi
an mi
nor
it
ies.Outofthe 31
const
it
uenci
esthatthepar
tiescompet
edf ori
n1965,theBDPwon28whi l
etheBPP
118
wononl
y3.

Aft
erthe1965elect
ionsinaneffor
ttounit
eoppositi
onagainstt
heBDP,theBNFwas
for
med.Thepartywasf or
medbyKennet hKoma.Hebel i
evedthatgov
ernmentshoul
d
contr
olt
heeconomy.Hi spar
tybecamethefi
rstopposi
ti
onpartyi
nparl
iament
.

TheEf
fect
sofNat
ional
i
sm i
nBot
swana

● I
tledtothecountr
y’sindependence.
● I
tunit
edBatswana.
● I
tputtoanendt oplanstotransferBechuanalandt
otheUnionofSout
hAf
ri
ca.
● I
tledtoemigrat
ionbysomeEur opeanstoneighbouri
ngcount
ri
es.
● I
tledthecountr
ytohav eamul ti
raci
alsociet
y.

Theriseofnational
ism inBotswanawasmi l
danddi dnotbri
ngpopularmobili
zati
onfor
rapi
dindependencel i
keinotherAfr
icancountri
eslikeSouthAfr
icaandZimbabwe.Thus
theroadtoindependencewasasmoot honeast herewerenoser i
ousconfl
ict
sleadi
ng
to bl
oodshed.Br it
ain negoti
ated the t
ransit
ion toindependence wi
th a group of
poli
ti
cianswhower esuppor t
edintheprocessbyt hemajorit
yofthepopulat
ionandthis
madet heprocessindisput
ableandpeaceful.

Preparati
onstogi
veBechuanal
andindependencebeganwit
haconferenceinLobat
se
todiscussthet
ermsonwhichBechaunal
andwouldbegivensel
f–government.

Ter
msoft
heLobat
seConf
erence

I
twasagr
eedt
hat
:

● Separat
erepr esent
ati
onsf orblacks,
whit
es&Asi answil
lbest
opped.
● Anewgov ernmentwi l
lbef ormedconsisti
ngofaCabi net
,Nati
onalAssembl
y&
HouseofChi efs.
● TheCabinetwoul dconsistofaPr imeMini
ster&5mi ni
ster
s.
● All
adultswillbeall
owedt ov ot
e.
● Bri
tai
nwi l
lcont i
nuetobeinchar geoffor
eignrel
ati
ons
● Bechaunalandwoul dbecomei ndependent
.

119
Ci
ti
zenshi
pinBot
swana

Rel
ati
onshi
pbet
weenr
ight
sandr
esponsi
bil
i
tiesi
nademocr
ati
csoci
ety

Ri
ghtsar
enat
uralt
hingswhichal
lhumanbeingsar
eent
it
ledt
oenj
oy.Bot
swanahas
ci
vi
lri
ght
swhi
chareforci
ti
zensi
nthecount
ry.

Civ
ilr
ightsarethi
ngsthatBotswanagov er
nmentent i
tl
estotheci
ti
zenstoenjoy.They
bel
ongt oallci
ti
zensandarewr i
tt
enintheconst i
tut
ionofacount
ryandarepr ot
ected
bythegov er
nment.Civ
ilr
ight
sandr esponsibi
l
iti
eshelpkeeplawandorderandpeace
amongpeopl ewit
hinacountr
y.

Civi
lri
ght
s& responsibil
it
iesmaynotbet hesamei ndiff
erentcount
ri
esbecause
soci
eti
eshav
edif
ferentideasofwhatr
ight
s&responsi
bil
i
tiesci
ti
zensshoul
dhav
e.

Ri
ght
sand r
esponsi
bil
i
tiesbegi
n wi
thi
ndi
vi
dual
satf
ami
l
ylev
elsi
n homeswher
e

120
parents pr
ov i
de the basi
c needs such as shelt
er,clothes,food,educati
on and
entert
ainmenttothei
rchil
dren.I
nret
urnchi
ldr
enar eexpectedtotakeresponsi
bil
i
tiesby
obeyingparents.

Rightsofcit
izensandr esponsibil
i
tiesinfl
uencet hepubli
ctotakeactionsindependentl
y
foll
owingtheirnatur
alresponset osituati
onswi thoutbei
ngtol
d.e.g.citi
zensupholdthe
constit
uti
on oft he countrybydef ending the countryagainstits enemies and by
contri
buti
ngt owardseconomi c,socialandpolit
icaldevel
opment s.

Bot
hr i
ght
sandr esponsi
bil
i
tiespr
ov edcodesofconductsforcit
izens.e.
g.theyst
ate
whatsoci
etycanorcannotdo.Cit
izensareresponsi
blet
ojoint
lyengageincommunity
devel
opmentproj
ects.

Thesociet
yshowstheirlovef
orthei
rcountrybycel
ebr
ati
ngdi
ff
erentnat
ionalcul
tur
es,
I
ndependenceDay
,displayi
ngnat
ionalf
lagsetc.

The ri
ghtto belong to one’
s count
ry.El
der
stake t
he responsi
bil
i
tytorevi
vethe
teachi
ngsoftradit
ionalbehav
iour
swhi chwer
einthepasttaughtt
hrought
aboosand
poems.

Cult
uralacti
vit
iesgiv
e Batswanafr
eedom ofexpressi
onandidenti
ty.Bot
hciv
ilr
ights
andresponsibi
lit
iest
akenbythesociet
ydispl
ayhumanbehavi
or( Bot
ho)touphol
dt he
ri
ghtforpeopletobeprot
ectedfr
om anyform ofi
nhumant
reat
ment .

Ri
ght
sandResponsi
bil
it
iesofCi
ti
zens

● Righttohavefood-Peopl eshouldnotl ivewi

thoutfoodnomat t
erhowpoorthey
are.TheGov ernmenthasv ari
ousf eedingschemesf ort
heneedy.
● Righttoshelter–Ci t
izensareent i
tl
edt ohav elandforresi
denceinanyplace
withi
nthecount r
y.
● Righttoli
fe.
● Protect
ionfr
om sl avery&forcedlabour .
● Righttocommuni cati
on–Noci ti
zenmustbedeni edaccesstocommunicat
ion
network.Thegov ernmentprov i
desser vi
cestothesocietysothatt
heycanmake
choicesofwhatf orm ofcommuni cationtouse.

Responsi
bil
i
ty

● Citi
zenshavearesponsi
bili
tytoregisterwit
hSoci alworker
sinthei
rlocat
ionsso
thattheyr
ecei
vefoodparcelsandfinancialassi
stancef r
om gov
ernment.
● Citi
zenshavet
heresponsibil
it
ytouphol dtheConst i
tut
ionofBotswana.
● Citi
zenshavet
heresponsibil
it
ytovot eduri
nggener alel
ecti
ons.
121
 ● Cit
izenshavetheresponsibi
li
tyt
oconser
vewaterandpaythei
rbi
l
ls.
● Thesocietyhasther esponsi
bil
i
tyt
opayf ort
hei
rservi
cessuchasli
censesand
toavoidacci
dents.

THERI
GHTANDRESPONSI
BILI
TIESOFPEOPLELI
VINGWI
THHI
VANDAI
DS

Peopl
eli
vingwit
hHI V/AIDsincl
udethosewhoar
einfect
edwit
hthev i
rusandthose
whohavet hedi
sease.I
tincl
udespeoplewhocar
etakersandaresupport
ersofthe
i
nfect
ed.

Thei
rri
ght
sar
e:

● Ther ighttopr i
v acyandconf i
dent i
ali
ty-Peopl elivi
ngwit hHI V/AI Dsar enott o
bef orcedt odisclosetheirstatust oanyper sonunlessiftheychooset o.
● Ther ightt oheal t
hcar efacili
ties,serv
icesandt r
eatment–Pat ientshav et he
ri
ghtt obemadeawar eoft hesideef f
ectsaccompany i
ngt reatmentprocedur es.
● Rightt olife-t heymustacceptcondi tionsoft heirhealthandt hinkposi ti
vely
aboutt heirstatussot hattheyr eali
zethatt heyareworthliving.
● Rightt oempl oy ment-t heyhav etheri
ghtt osecureempl oymentwi thoutbeing
gi
v encondi ti
onst otesttheirstatus.Empl oyershavenol egalrighttor equestfor
aper son’sHIVst atus.
● Rightt oeducat ion– Ev eryonewhohasav ir
usisent itl
edt or eceivef or
mal
educat i
on.

Thei
rresponsi
bil
i
tiesar
e:

● Todi scloset hei

rst at ust ot hei
rfamili
essot hatcaret akersdonotf allinther i
sk
ofbei ngi nfected.Thi shel pscaret akerscopewi tht heil
lness.Medi calcare
offi
cersandcar et aker sathomesar er esponsi
bleforkeepingt hestatusofHI V/
AIDspat ientsconf ident ial.
● Hav et he responsi bili
tyt o access i nsti
tuti
ons thatpr ovi
de care,t r
eatment ,
suppor tservicesandr eferralstocareandsuppor tprogrammes.
● Theyhav et he responsi bili
tyto accesst r
eatmentand t o enri
ch t heirsouls
rel
igi
ousl ythroughpr ayersi nordertohealemot i
onally,toaccepttheircondi t
ions
andhav ehopef orl i
f e.
● Theymustl ookf orempl oyment .
● Peopl elivi
ngwi tht hei nfectionareresponsibleforreadingaboutpr event i
on,the
techniquesandser vicest hatar eavail
ableinthei
rlocalit
y.

ConsumerPr
otect
ioni
nBot
swana

122
Consumersarepeopl
ewhobuyproduct
s&payf orservicesoff
eredbybusi
nessesf
or
thei
rownuse/t heyar
ecust
omer
ssuchasi ndi
vidualpeople,t
hegover
nmentandthe
pri
vatesect
orwho usegoodsandser vi
cesproducedf rom vari
oussect
orsofthe
economy.

Consumer
shav
ethef
oll
owi
ngr
ight
s

● Ther ightt ofreedom ofchoi ce–Consumer shav ether i

ghtt ochoosegoodsand
servicesf rom av ariet yofpr oduct sav ail
edbyr etail
ers.
● Rightt opr icecont rol–Consumer sareent i
tl
edt or easonabl eandf ai rpri
cesof
goodst heyneedandwant .Itisi l
legalforsupplierstoov erpricegoods.
● Ther i
ghtt oconsumereducat ion–Consumer shav ear i
ghtt or ecei vecor r
ect
i
nf ormat i
onaboutpr oduct sandser vicestheybuysot hatt heymakeappr opri
ate
decisionandr ightchoi ces.I nf ormat i
onshoul dbeeasyt ounder standabout
suitabil
ityofpr oduct sf oruseandhow t hepr oductshoul dbest or edsot hat
goodsr emai ningoodqual ityforl ongerper i
ods.
● Ther i
ghtt oI nfl
uencegov er nmentpol ici
es–t her ateatwhi chconsumer sbuy
goodsanduset hem gi v efeedbackt ogov ernmentt omakel aws.e. g.t hemor e
demand i n mai ze byl ocalconsumer s encour ages t he gov ernmentt o give
fi
nanci alsuppor tt oassi stthel ocal farmerstopr oducemor egoods.
● Ther ightt ofairt radi ngordeal s–Cust omershav ear i
ghtt obecompensat edt o
makeupf orlossofgoodsandt ocl aim moneyorexchangepr oductst hatfai
led
tomeetguar anteeper iodort hoset hatareboughtatexpi r
ydat es.
● Ther i
ghtt oheal thypr oduct s–Consumer shav et her i
ghtt obepr ot ectedf r
om
product sandser v icest hatar eaheal thhazardandl if
et hreateni ng.
● Ther i
ghtt oequalt r
eat ment–Al lcustomersshoul dbet reatedequal lywithout
anyf orm ofdi scr i
mi nation.
● Ther ightt opr otestorboy cott–I fconsumer sar enotsat isfiedwi t
hgoodsand
servicest heymayr ejectt hem oruni t
eandboy cottthem.

Way
sinConsumerr
ight
scanbepr
otect
ed

● Legi sl
ati
on– consumerright
sar eprotect
edbypassi nglawst hatpr
otectt he
i
nt erestsofconsumer
s.e.g.Consumerpr ot
ect
ionActNo.21of1998pr otects
thei nt
erest
sofconsumersbydisal
lowing&control
l
ingunfairbusi
nesspract
ices.
● Est abl
ishmentofmini
mum standards–goods&ser v
icesshouldmeetacer tain
standar di
nrel
ati
ontoquali
ty&perfor
mance.
123
 ● Educati
ngconsumers–consumersmustbeeducat edaboutthei
rri
ghts&howt o
makeinf or
medchoi
cesaboutgoods&ser vi
ces.
● Promotingcompeti
ti
onamongbusi nesses–t hi
swil
lhelpmot i
vatebusi
nesses
torespecttheri
ght
sofconsumer sast heyknow t
hatiftheyvi
olateconsumer
ri
ghtstheywil
ll
osebusi
ness.

Ri
ght
sandResponsi
bil
i
tiesofconsumer
sinanenv
ironment
alcont
ext

Consumershavethe responsi
bil
i
tyt ol
i
vei
n har
monywi
tht
he env
ironmentas i
t
pr
ovidest
hem wi
thvar
iousproducts.

● Consumer shavether i
ghttol
iveinanenvir
onmentthatisnothar mfult
othei
r
well–being.
● Consumer shavet heri
ghttohaveinfor
mati
onaboutt heirenv
ironment&how
besttoprotecti
t.
● The rightto be consult
ed aboutthe devel
opmentst hatwillimpactthei
r
envi
ronmentnegativel
y.

Env
ironment
alResponsi
bil
i
ties

● Consumershav et her esponsi bil

it
ytocont r
olt oxicchemi cal
sandgasest hat
negat
ivel
yaffectthel i
vingt hings.Eachper sonhast her esponsibil
ityt
odi spose
l
itt
erpr
operly.
● Consumershav ether esponsibili
tytotakecar eoft heirhealthbybei ngconscious
ofwhattheyeat.Theymustadher etoinformationgi venaboutpr oductsinorder
tomakebet t
erchoi ceoft hem.e. g.theyhav etocheckexpi rydatesofgoodsso
astoavoidconsumi ngpr oduct sthatmaycausehar mt otheirhealth.
● Theyhavedut i
est oraiseawar enesst othesoci etyaboutenv ir
onment alissues
andsolut
ionstoproblemst hroughpubl i
ct al
ks,televisi
onet c.
● Theresponsibi
li
tytounder standourenv ironmentandhow i taff
ect sussot hat
wecanadoptmeasur est hatwi ll
helpprotectit.

Thedescr
ipt
ionandsi
gni
fi
canceofNat
ional
Symbol
s

1.TheNat i
onalfl
ag–signif
iesindependencefr
om theBr
it
ishr
ule.I
tsymbol
izes
nat
ionalfr
eedom f
rom t
heBr i
ti
shcolonizer
s.I
tgi
vesBot
swanaauniquei
denti
ty

124
 asanat
ion.

Thet
hreecol
our
sint
hef
lag:

Bl
uer
epr
esent
stheskyandr
ainwat
erwhi
chi
sasour
ceofl
i
fe.

Whi
tebandr
epr
esent
sthewhi
temi
nor
it
ypeopl
eint
hecount
ry.

Theblackbandr ef
erstotheBatswana.Thewhi
teandbl
ackbandsal
sosy
mbol
i
ze
mixedraci
algr
oupsli
vi
ngtoget
herinhar
mony.

2.TheNat i
onalAnthem –Acknowl edgesthatthelandofBot swanawasi nheri
ted
from ourfore– f ather
s as a giftfr
om God.I tencour ages citi
zens to be
commi t
ted and t o wor k cooperati
vel
y t ogether towar ds t he countr
y ’
s
devel
opmentandci ti
zenstokeeppeacei nthecount ry
.I tattachesBatswanat o
thei
rcountr
y.
3.TheNat i
onalIdenti
tycard– Omangsy mbolizesone’ snat i
onalidenti
tytot he
countr
y.Itprovesone’sidenti
tyandnat i
onali
tyt othecount ry.Itprovesone’s
i
dentit
ytoaccessbankser vi
ces,heal
th,
immigr at
ionandlandser v
ices.

Theothersymbolofident
if
icat
ioni
sthePasspor
t.Thi
sisthelegalt
rav
ell
i
ng
documenti
ssuedi
norderforBat
swanatot
rav
eltof
orei
gncount
ri
es.

4.TheNati
onalcurrency–ThePul aist hemedi um ofexchange.
5.CoatofArms
- The3co–wheel srepresentindustri
es
- The3wav ybluelinesrepresentwat er
- Pularepresentsrain
- 2zebr as&anel ephantt uskrepresenttourism
- black&whi testri
pesr epresentraci
al harmony
- bullheadrepresentcat t
lefarming
- headofsor ghum r epr
esent sarabl
ef arming.

125
I
mpor
tanceofBot
swanaPubl
i
cHol
i
day
s

Si
rSer
etseKhamaday

Iscelebratedont he1stofJulyever
yy ear.I
tsignifi
est
hebi r
thofthefirstpresi
dent
ofthecount ry.ItisadaywhenBat swanareflectonthewayt heirpresidentbir
th
contri
butedt othefreedom ofthecountry,whathewentt hroughinhisent i
reli
feto
giv
e Bat swana f r
eedom and peace.The dayi s meantt orememberhi m and
appreciatethathesacr if
icedhisfreedom tof ightdi
scri
minati
oninor dertogive
Batswanapeace.

Thepr
esi
dentDay

Thef i
rstpresi
dentofthecountr
ySirSeretseKhamadiedont he13thofJuly1980and
th
wasbur iedont he17 ofJul y1980.Pr esi
dentdayisfixedaroundt he3rd weekof
everyJulyi nordertocommemor atethepresident
’sdeath.Ont hi
sdayBat swana
ref
lectonhi si
nteresti
nt hewel
lbeingofBatswanaandhi speacef
ul str
ategi
eswhen
deali
ngwi t
hconf l
ict.

DayofI
ndependence

The hol
i
day is celebrated ev
ery 30th ofSeptember.I
tsy mbol i
zes Botswana’s
fr
eedom.Itenabl
esev er
yonetocelebratetheachi
evementofindependence.Italso
enabl
espeopletoreflectonhowt hecountryhasdevel
opedpolit
icall
y,economicall
y
andsoci
all
ysinceindependence.

126
 TRADEANDI
NDUSTRY

Tr
ademeanst hebuyi
ng and sel
l
ing ofgoodsand ser
vices.An i
ndust
ryi
san
or
gani
zedact
ionofmaki
nggoodsandservi
cesforsal
e.

Localt
radeisaboutbuy
ing&sell
i
ngofgoods&ser vi
ceswit
hint
hecount
rye.
g.
growi
ngmaizei
nBotswana&sel
l
ingitt
opeopl
einBot
swana.

Int
ernati
onalt
radeisaboutbuy
ing&sel
li
nggoodst oothercountri
es.Count
ri
esbuy
&sel lt
oeachot herbecausenocount
rycanpr oduceev er
ythi
ngitneeds. Some
countri
esareablet
oproducegoodsmorecheaperthanother
s.

Demandi
swhenpeopl
ewantt
obuygoodsandhav
ethemoneyt
ospend.

Suppl
yiswhengoodsandser
vicesar
epr
oducedandsol
dtopeopl
e.

Inf
lat
ionisacontinuedri
seinpri
ces.Iti
smeasur
edbyst
udy
ingt
hepr
ices ofa
coll
ecti
onofdi
ff
erentgoodsandser
vices.

WHYI
NFLATI
ONHAPPENS

I
nfl
ati
onoccur
swhent hedemandf
orgoodsandser
vicesi
smor
ethant
hesuppl
yof
goodsandser
vices.

Forexampl eBMC sel l

si t
sbeeft ol
ocalbut cheri
esatP14 perki l
ogram.The
butcheriesthensellt
hemeatatP16perki l
ogr
am.I fmorepeopledemandf orthe
beef,thebutcheri
eswillbuymor ebeeffrom theabattoi
rtomeetthedemand.Ifthe
abattoircannotsupplyt hebutcheri
eswi t
henoughbeefandt hebutcher
iesreall
y
wantt hatmeat ,t
hebut cheri
eswi l
lbepreparedtopaymor etotheabatt
oirtoget
thatsupplyofthemeat .So,thepri
ceofthebeefatt heabat
toi
rwil
lgoup.

Itcanalsobesaidthati
nflat
ionisthedecli
neint
hevalueofmoneyinrel
ati
ont
ot he
goodsandser vi
cesitwi
llbuy.Forexample,i
nJanuar
y20061kgofsugarcostP7.In
January2007itcostP16.Thismeanst hati
n2007,P7coul
donlybuylesst
hanhal
fa
kil
ogram ofsugar
.

ThusI
nfl
ati
onaf
fect
st heval
ueofmoneybecauseaspr i
cesr
ise,theval
ueofmoney
goesdown.Whenpricesofgoodskeeponr i
sing,t
hismayr esulti
nfewerpeopl
e
127
 beingabletoaf
for
dtobuycert
aingoods&ser
vices.Abusi
nesswi
l
lenduphav
ing
fewercustomer
s&makelessprof
it
.

TERMSOFTRADE

Thisi
sther el
ati
onshi
pbetweenthepriceatwhichacountr
yimportsgoodsandthe
pri
ceatwhichitexport
sit
sgoods.Itcanalsobedescr
ibedastherat
ioofthepr
icea
count
ryreceiv
esforit
sexpor
tstothepriceitpay
sfori
tsimpor
ts.

Thefor
mulaforcal
culat
ingtermsoft
radei
spr
icer
ecei
vedf
rom expor
tsdi
vi
dedby
pri
cepai
dforimport
smul ti
pli
edby100.

e.
g.expor
tsP500*100 =200%
import
sP250

● Favourabl
ebalanceoftrade– Ifthepri
cesforthecount
ry’
sexport
sar ehi
gher
thanthepricesfori
mportedgoods,thecountr
yisspendi
ngl essmoneybuying
fori
mpor t
edgoodsfrom out
sideandgett
ingmoremoneyf orwhati
tsel
ls.

i
mpor
ts

Expor
ts

● Unfavour
ablebalanceoft
rade-Ifacountryspendsmoremoneyonimport
sand
recei
vesver
yli
ttl
emoneyf ori
tsexport
s,t
het er
msoftr
adearenotgoodbecause
thecount
ryisspendingmorethati
tisear
ning.

128
 Expor
ts

I
mpor
ts

● Bal anceoft r
ade– i st hedi fferencei nmonet aryv aluebet weenacount r
y ’
s
i
mpor ts&i t
sexpor t
s.I fBotswanaexpor tsgoodswi that otalval
ueofP200
mi ll
ionandi mpor t
st hegoodsi tneedsf orP800mi lli
on,t hemonet ar
ygapor
differencebet weenBot swana’ sexpor t
sandi mpor tsi scal l
edt hebalanceof
trade.Gi vent hesi t
uationabov eBot swana’ sbalanceoft radewi llbeP600mi l
l
ion.
● Tr adedef icit–i swhenacount ry’
sv alueofi mportsinmonet arytermsisgreater
thant hev al ueofexpor ts.Forexampl eBot swanai mpor tsabout80% ofi ts
goodsf rom Sout hAfri
caandexpor tsverylit
tl
etoSout hAf r
ica.
● Tr adesur pl us–t hemonet aryv alueofacount r
y’sexpor tsi sgreat
erthant he
monet aryv alueofacount ry’
simpor t
s.
● Exchanger at e–Thi si st hepriceatwhi choneuni tofcur rencyofacount ryis
exchangedf oroneuni tofcur rencyofanot hercount r
y .Itishow muchonecan
getofanot hercur r
encyusi nghis/herowncount ry’scur r
ency .

I
ftheexchangerat
ev al
ueoft
hel
ocalcur
rencyf
all
s,expor
tpr
icesf
allandt
he
pr
icesofi
mportsri
ses.

HOW EXCHANGERATESAFFECTTHEPRI
CESOFI
MPORTS&EXPORTS

Ar
isei
nthev
alueofl
ocal
cur
rencycompar
edt
oot
hercur
renci
esl
eadst
o:

● Import
sbecomi ngcheaper–t hisissobecause l
essofthelocalcur
rencyis
neededtopayforthesameamountofgoods.
● Export
sbecomi ngexpensive-t hi
sissobecauseot
hercount
ri
eswi l
lbuyfewer
goods&servi
cesf r
om thatcountry.

TYPESOFFI
NANCI
ALI
NSTI
TUTI
ONSI
NBOTSWANA

Financi
alinsti
tuti
ons are companies & or
gani
zati
ons thatprovi
de fi
nanci
al
servi
ces.Theseare
● Commer cialbanks.Thesebanksprovi
deservi
cesl
ikeopeningofbankaccount
s,

129
 l
endi ngmoneyt ocustomers,buy i
ng&sel l
ingforeigncurr
encies.e.g.Barclays,
Standar dCharter ed,
Capi
talbank,BankGabor one.
● Statut orybanks–Thesear ebankst hatwer ecreatedbyanactofpar li
amentt o
encour ageBat swanat oopensav ingsaccount s,sav emoney&t opr ovi
del oans
topeopl ewhowantt orunbusinesses.Exampl esar eBot
swanaSav i
ngsBank,
National Devel
opmentbank&Bot swanaBui ldi
ngSoci ety
.
● Offshor eBanks– Theseof fersinternati
onalbanki ngser
vices.e.g.BancABC,
Enterpr iseBanki ngGroup&Ki ngdom Bank.
● Centr albanks-Thi sisBotswana’smai norbiggestbank.Itkeepsgov er
nment
moneysaf e,lendsmoneyt ocommer cialbanks,or gani
zesprint
ing&suppl yof
money .Super visestheoperat
ionofot herbanksi nthecountr
y.

NONBANKI
NGFI
NANCI
ALI
NSTI
TUTI
ONS

● Metropol
it
anBot swana
● BotswanaInsuranceCompany
● BotswanaStockExchange
● Micro–lenderse.g.Let
shego&Al
exanderFor
bes

MAJORMULTI
-LATERALTRADEAGREEMENTSBETWEENBOTSWANAANDOTHER
COUNTRI
ES

Multil
ater
altradeistradebetweenBotswanaandmanycount r
ies.Bot
swana’st
rade
andindustr
yi sdependentonothercountr
ies.Goodsareexportedtoaswellasfr
om
othercount
ries.Thef oll
owingareexamplesofcountr
iesthatBotswanahassigned
multi
lat
eralagreementswi t
h:

a)TheSouthernAfr
icanCust
omsUni
on(
SACU) Sout
hAf
ri
ca,Lesot
ho,Nami
bia
andSwazil
and.

Obj
ect
ivesofSACU

- Topromot efr
eetradeamongt hememberstates-t
hisagr
eementenabl
es
Botswanatoenjoydutyfr
eetrade.
- Toincreasei
nvestmentopportunit
iesamongt
hememberstates.
- Ensurethatmemberssharerev enuefai
rl
y.

b)TheCot onouAgr eement– Thi

sagreementwassignedatt hecapi t
alci
tyof
Benin(
Cotonou)
.Itall
owsexportofproduct
sfr
om Afri
ca,Car
ribeanandPacifi
c
countr
iestoEuropeanmarketsfr
eeofcustomsdut
ies.Suchpr oduct
sarebeef,
130
 textilesandcl ot hi
ng.
c)AfricanGr owt handOppor t
unityAct( AGOA)– Thi sagr eementensur est hat
Bot swana enj oy s dutyf ree access t o USA mar kets and t hatgoods f r
om
Bot swanaar elimi t
edorr est r
ictedtocer tainamount s.
d)Economi cPar tnershipAgr eement–Thi sagr eementisi ntendedt ophaseout
tariffsand anynont ari
ffbar ri
erst o anyt radedonebet weent heEur opean
count ri
esandt heACPcount ries,standar dizeandcer tif
yt r
adeandl abourr i
ghts,
prot ectt heconsumer sf r
om bei ngexpl oitedandpr otecti nt
ell
ectualpr operty
ri
ght s.
e)Sout hernAfricanDev elopmentCommuni t
y( SADC)–i tstat esthattherewoul d
benot ari
ff
sonov er85%ofi ntra–SADCt rade.Theadv antagesoft her emov al
ofsuch t ari
ffs ar ei ncreased oppor tuni t
ies f ornew i nvestment ,increased
i
nt egr ati
onofr egionaltrade,r emov alofr egionaltradebar ri
ersandl ower ingof
exter naltari
ffst oincreasei ntegrati
onoft her egionint
ot hewor ldeconomy .

ATTEMPTSMADETOPROMOTEI
NDUSTRI
ALDEVELOPMENT

TheBotswanagov er
nmenthasdevel
opedpoli
cies,st
rat
egi
esandactstoguide
i
ndust
ri
al dev el
opment, ci
ti
zen economic empower ment and economic
di
ver
sif
icat
ion.Thesest
rat
egi
esareasf ol
l
ows:

a)I ndustr
ialDev el
opmentPol icyI
troleisto:
● Encouragehi ghlyproductiveandeffi
cientexpor
tindust
ri
est
hatmai
nlyusel
ocal
naturalr
esour ces.
● Promot e&expandmanuf actur
ersofproducts.
● Supportruralentrepreneurs.

b) TheSmal
l,
Medi
um andMi
croEnt
erpr
isesPol
icy(
SMME)
I
tsaimsar eto:
● Fosterorencouragecit
izenentrepr
eneurshi
p.
● Fosterci
ti
zenempower ment .
● PromotetheexportofSMMEpr oducts.
● Achieveeconomicdiv
ersifi
cati
on.
● EncouragetheSMMEpr oduct stobecompet i
ti
ve.

ATTEMPTSMADETOPROMOTEECONOMI
CDI
VERSI
FICATI
ONI
NBOTSWANA.

Economic di
ver
sif
icat
ion i
nvol
ves a country earning income & cr
eat
ing
employmentf
rom avar
iet
yofeconomi
cacti
vit
ies&r esources.
131
 Bot
swanaispromoti
ngeconomi
cdi
ver
sif
icat
ioni
nor
dert
oreducedependence
onmini
ng.Thi
sisdonebydoi
ngt
hef
oll
owing:

● Promot ingthetouri
sm sector.
● Promot ingthedevelopmentofcommer ci
alagri
cult
ure.
● Addi ngv al
uetor oughgem di amondsbycut t
ing&pol i
shi
ngthem andusi
ng
them tomakej ewell
ery(diamondbenefi
ci
ation)
● Attracti
ng Foreign Dir
ectI nvest
mentt hr
ough Botswana Devel
opmentand
I
nv estmentAuthorit
y(BEDIA).

BEDI
A

● Encour agesinvest
orstoopenupbusi nesseswhi
chaim atexpor
ti
nggoodsto
othercount ri
esandatt
ract
ingf
orei
gncurrency.
● Attractsi nvest
orsto come and i nvest invari
ous tr
ades and pr
omote
di
v ersi
ficat
ion.
● Campai gnsfori
nvest
orstouselocalavai
labl
erawmater
ial
ssuchastheuseof
l
eat hertoproduceshoes

ATTEMPTSMADETOPROMOTE CI
TIZENECONOMI
CEMPOWERMENTI
N
BOTSWANA

Ci
ti
zeneconomi
cempower
menti
sthei
deat
hatt
hegov
ernmentshoul
dhav
epol
i
cies&
pr
ogr
ammest
hatenabl
eBat
swanat
omeani
ngf
ull
ypar
ti
cipat
ein&benef
itf
rom ev
ery
aspectoft
hecount
ry’
seconomy
.

Thi
sisdonet
hrough:
● Localent
erpr
ises Aut
hor
it
y(LEA) -Bat
swana ar
etr
ained,suppor
ted and
ment
oredonhowt
orunbusi
nesses.
● Cit
izen Entrepreneurial Development Agency (CEDA) – The gov ernment
encouragesbusi nesscompet i
ti
onamongl ocalbusi
nesses&pr ovi
delowinter
est
l
oanst oindi
vidual swhoareinterest
edinst
arti
ngbusinesses.
● Locali
sati
onPol icy–t hegovernmentrepl
acesexpatri
ateworkerswit
hBatswana
to enable ci
tizens to assume gr eat
erresponsibi
li
tyint he devel
opment&
managementoft hecountr
y.

132
TRANSPORTANDCOMMUNI
CATI
ON

Thesearet hekeyway sthroughwhichv ari

ouseconomic,envir
onmentalandheal t
h
sectorsi
nBot swanagetlinkedtoeachot her
.TheMi ni
str
yofWor ksandTr ansporti
s
responsi
blefortheprov
isi
onofprimaryandsecondaryroadswhiletheMini
str
yofLocal
Gov er
nmentisresponsibl
eforthepr
ov i
sionofaccesstotert
iar
yroads.TheMi ni
str
yof
Communi cati
onScienceandTechnologyisresponsi
blef
ortheCommuni cat
ions.

I
MPORTANCEOFTRANSPORTANDCOMMUNI
CATI
ONI
NBOTSWANA

● Tr ansportl inks di f
fer entsect ors oft he economy .I tenabl es goods t o be
transpor t
edf rom producer stoconsumer s.
● Itenabl esBot swanat ocr eatemor ejobs.Peopl eli
vingi nr
emot ear easar eable
togetj obsf rom t ourism andwi l
dli
fecompani es.
● Tr anspor tensur eseasyaccesst or emotear eas.
● Const ruction ofr oads pr omotes citi
zen empower mente. g.ci tizen owned
const ructioncompani esar esub–cont ractedbybi gcompani est owor konr oad
const ructionandmai ntenance.
● Communi cation ensur es t hat Bot swana’ s soci ety is i nformed and
knowl edgeabl e.Wher et herei sgoodcommuni cat
ion,peopl ecancompet eas
theywi l
lbewel li
nformedofwhati sgoi ngonar oundt heworld.
● Pr omot eseconomi cdev elopment .
● Communi cationsav esal otofmoneyandt ime.Inst eadofusi ngt ransportto
del i
verinfor mat i
on,onecanuser adi
o,t el
evisionoremai l
.Whent hemeansof
communi cationar epoor ,busi
nessest hatdependoncommuni cat ioncansuf fer.

DI
FFERENTFORMSOFTRANSPORTI
NBOTSWANA

Thesear
eLandt
ranspor
t,Ai
rtr
anspor
tandWat
ert
ranspor
t.

133
 a)Landt
ranspor
tismadeupofr
oadandr
ail
transpor
t.
i
) RoadTransport–Thi
sincludescars,buses,v
ans,sl
edges,bi
cycl
es,
donkeycar
ts,mot
orbi
kes,
truckset
c.

CAUSESOFROADACCI
DENTSI
NBOTSWANA.

● Carelessdrivi
ngsuchasov erspeedi
ngandfai
l
uret
oobser
ver
oadsi
gns.
● Ani
mal sst
rayingontotheroads.
● Poorweat hercondit
ions.
● Vehicledefectsandun–l i
censeddri
ving.

EFFECTSOFROADACCI
DENTS

● Lossoftrainedhumanr esource.
● Lossofbreadwi nner
sbyf amili
es.
● Physi
caldef ects–somepeopl eenduphav ingpermanentdefect
sassome
l
osethei
rl egsandar ms.
● Lossofpr operty- vehiclesaredestr
oyed.Somet i
mesv ehicl
esinv
olv
edi
n
acci
dentscoul dbecarr
yingrefri
ger
ator
s,utensi
lsandtel
evi
sion.

VARI
OUSROADSAFETYMEASURESI
NBOTSWANA.

● Ongoingr oadsaf et
ypubliceducat i
on–Semi narsar econductedi
nschoolsto
makechi ldrenawar eoft heimpor tanceofr oadsaf ety.
● I
mpr oveddr ivertrai
ning–Bef oreaper soncangetadr i
ver’
sli
cense,heorshe
mustf i
rstpassawr i
ttentestonr oadsi gns.
● Regularr oadi nspecti
onandmoni tori
ng–Tr af
ficpol i
ceareusedt ocontrol
traf
fi
cdur i
ngpeakhour ssuchasi nthemor ningwhenpeopl egot oworkand
theafternoon.
● Useofmedi a–Radi oandt elev i
sionar eusedt ogiv eroadsafetyt
ips.
● Fencingof fofmai nroads–Themai nr oadsaref encedofftokeepl i
vest
ock
from crossingr oadsatanypoi ntandatanyt ime.

THEECONOMI
CVALUEOFUSI
NGBI
CYCLES

● Bicycl
escanbeusedi nthesmal l
estpat
hswhi chcannotbeusedbycar s.
Peopleusingt
hem canr eachareasnotaccessibl
ebecauseoflackofbig
roads.
● Bicycl
esarecheaptouseandcanbeaf for
dedbymostpeopl eev enthe
poorest.
● Theydonotusefuelt
hereforet
hosewhocannotaf f
ordt
obuypetr
olordiesel

134
 cansti
l
l af
fordtouset hem.
● Wherethereistraff
iccongesti
on,cycli
stscaneasi
lyfi
ndtheirwayar
oundand
reacht
heirdesti
nationsfaster
.
● Theydonotr equir
eal otofspaceforparki
ngorstorage.
● Theyhelpsav ethecount r
ymoneyt hroughreduceoil&v ehi
clei
mportcost
s
aswellaswor ktimelostduetotraff
ic.

HEALTHBENEFI
TSOFUSI
NGBI
CYCLES

● Therei s no pol
luti
on t
hatcoul d pol
lut
et he atmosphere as t
herei
s no
emissionofgases.
● Itreducest heri
skofsuf f
eringfrom chroni
cdi seasessuchashi ghbl
ood
pressure,st
roke&heartdi
seases.
● Helpr educeheal
thcarecostsbecausef it
ter&heal t
hierpeopl
edonotneed
medi calcar
easof t
enasunfitpeople.

ENVI
RONMENTALBENEFI
TSOFUSI
NGBI
CYCLES

● Cycl
ingproducesnogasemi ssi
onsthatar
ehar
mfult
otheenv
ironment&
humanhealth.
● Cycl
ingdoesnotcausenoisepoll
uti
on.
● Lesslandi
susedforparki
ng.

DI
SADVANTAGESOFUSI
NGBI
CYCLES

● Theycannotcarr
yasubstanti
alamountofload.e.
g.atmosttheycancarr
y
twopersons.
● Theycannotcov
erlongdi
stancesast
hepersoncycl
ingcaneasi
l
ygetti
red.

ECONOMI
CBENEFI
TSOFUSI
NGMOTORBI
KES

● Theyar echeaperto buyt hancars& r

equi
rel
essmai
ntenancecost
sin
oper
atingt
hem.
● Theyrequi
relessspaceforparki
ng.
135
 ● Theyhel
preducerel
ianceonimportedcar
s.
● Motorbi
kerider
scaneasi l
yfi
ndtheirwayar
oundcongest
edr
oadt
raf
fi
cand
canbefast
erinsuchcircumst
ances.

ENVI
RONMENTALBENEFI
TSOFUSI
NGMOTORBI
KES

● Theyemitfewergasestotheatmospher
east
heyusel
essf
uel
.
● Theyrequi
relessspaceforpar
king.

DI
SADVANTAGESOFUSI
NGMOTORBI
KES

● Theydonothavealar
gecarr
yingcapaci
ty.
● Theycannotbeusedt
otrav
ellongdist
ancesast
her
idercoul
dbeaf
fect
edby
weather
.

ECONOMI
CBENEFI
TSOFUSI
NGPUBLI
CTRANSPORT

● Itischeaperandt heref
orecanbeaf f
ordedbyt hemaj or
it
yofpeopl eas
compar edtoowni ngy ourownv ehi
cle
● Itcr
eat esempl oymente. g.dr
ivers&conduct or
s.
● Iti
ssaf erasitiscont roll
edbyitsownr uleswhichtakeintoconsider
ati
onthat
manypeopl ewi l
lbet r
ansport
edatt hesamet i
mei nthesamev ehicl
e.
● Reducest hedemandf ormoref uel–abuscar r
yingmanypeopl eismorefuel
effi
cientthanapr ivatecarcarr
y i
ngonlyoneper son.

ENVI
RONMENTALBENEFI
TSOFUSI
NGPUBLI
CTRANSPORT

● Sincemanypeopl euseonlyonev ehicl

e,emissionint
otheatmospherewillbe
reducedasemi ssionwi
llbefrom justonev ehicl
eascompar edto60peopl e
driv
ing60vehicl
es.
● Publict
ransportmeanst her
ewillbel esswast eproducedwhent hevehi
cles
cannol ongerbeusedbecausef ewerv ehi
clesareusedtot ranspor
tlarge
numbersofpeopl e.

HEALTHBENEFI
TSOFUSI
NGPUBLI
CTRANSPORT

● Usual
l
yonewal
kst
oabust
ogetont
oapubl
i
ctr
anspor
t.Wal
ki
ngi
sagood
136
 for
m ofexer cisewhi
chcanhelpimprov
et hefi
tnesslev
elsofpeopl
ewhouse
publi
ctranspor t
.
● Byreducingt henumberofv
ehicl
esont heroad,publ
i
ct r
anspor
thel
psreduce
pol
luti
oncausedbypr iv
atevehi
cles.

DI
SADVANTAGESOFUSI
NGPUBLI
CTRANSPORT

● I
fthereisanaccidentinv
olvi
ngabuscar ryi
ng30peoplet
her
ecouldbemor
e
i
njur
iesascompar edtoonev ehi
clecar
ryi
ngoneper
son.
● Publ
ictr
ansportdelay
sasi thasti
mesdur i
ngwhi
chitcanbeused.

i
i
) Rai
lTransport–t
hisincl
udest
heuseoft
hetrai
n,botht
hepassengerand
goodstrai
n.Themainrai
lwayl
i
nei
nBotswanais641km l
ong.

CHALLENGESFACI
NGRAI
LTRANSPORT.

● Compet i
ti
onfrom otherr
ail
wayr
outessuchast heBei
raCorr
idor.
● Poormar ket–Botswanadoesn’
thaveenoughcustomers.
● Iti
sexpensivetoadequatel
ymai
ntainequipment.
b)Ai
rTransport–Ai rt
ranspor
tisqui
ckorf ast
.Itcancoverl
argeareasi
nashor
t
per
iodoft
ime.I
tcaneasi
l
yreachscat
ter
edset
tl
ement
sandi
sabl
etor
eacht
he
mosti
naccessi
blear
eas.
c)AirBotswanaistheNat i
onalAi
rl
ineandthemai npr
oviderofai
rtranspor
twi
thi
n
Botswana.SouthAfri
canAi r
waysandKenyanAirwaysalsooperat
ei nBot
swana.
Anairstri
pisasmal ll
andingpl
aceforsmall
planesandheli
copt
ers.
Therear esixmai nairportsinBotswana:SirSeret
seKhama,Maun,Kasane,
Franci
stown,Sel
ibePhi
kweandGant siai
rport
s.

d)Watertranspor
t–i sl
imit
edtoboatsandcanoesbecauset hecountr
ydoesnot
havelargewatermasseswhi chcanaccommodateships.Apantoonisusedto
fer
ryvehicl
esbetweenBotswanaandZambiaatKasaneacrosstheri
verZambezi
.

Boatsar
emai nl
yusedf orf
ishi
ng,
tour
ism andl
ocalt
ransporti
nareaswher
epeople
needtocrossri
vers.SomeBatswanagetemployedastouri
stgui
des,t
hisi
mprov
es
thei
rst
andardofli
ving.

DI
FFERENTFORMSOFCOMMUNI
CATI
ON

Telecommunicati
onmeanst hetr
ansmi
ssionofmessages,data,sounds,pi
ctur
es&
otherinf
ormati
onelect
roni
call
yusi
ngei
therradi
osi
gnals,t
elephonewiresoroptical

137
f
ibr
es.

Peopleusecomput er
st hatareconnect ed t
ot heinternetto send and r
eceiv
e
i
nformati
oni nvari
ousway s.Thereisasi gni
fi
cantdev elopmentint heinf
ormati
on
Communi cat
ionsTechnology(ICT)sectorinBot swana.I CTrefer
st otheuseofa
var
iet
yofel ectr
onic,v
ideo,emails,cel
lul
arphones,comput er
sandf axmachines.
Thefoll
owingareformsofcommuni cat
ioninBotswana.

● Mobi lecel l
ul arphonesar eusedonal argescal ei
nal mostev erypartofthe
count r
y.
● Fixedtelephonef aci
l
iti
esareusedinbot hr uralandur banarears.
● Radio&t elevision–t heseareusedt hroughoutt hecount r
y.
● Printmedi a–Newspaper sbothpublicandpr iv
at e.
● Post alservices–Bot swanapost al
ser vi
cesar epr ovi
dedbyt heBotswanapost.
● Inter
net–pr ovidesservicessuchasemai l
andwebsi tes.
● Socialnet wor kingsitessuchasFaceBook, Myspace, t
witt
er,I
nstantgr
am et
c.

TOURI
SM

TOURI
STATTRACTI
ONSI
NBOTSWANA

138
 sour
ce:Soci
alst
udi
es
i
sfunbk2

THEI
MPORTANCEOFTOURI
SM I
NBOTSWANA

● Tourism bri
ngsincomef rom bothforeignandlocal
tour
ists.
● Itgeneratesemploymentmai nlyinruralar
eas.
● Itpromotesr ur
aldevelopmentbyat t
racti
ngtheprovi
sionofvar
iousser
vices
suchasaccommodat ionandel ectr
ici
ty.
139
 ● I
timpr oves the qual
it
y of nat
ionall
ife by pr
ovi
ding educat
ionaland
r
ecreat
ionalopport
uni
ti
es.
● I
tadvert
izesBotswanatotheout
sidewor
ld.

OPPORTUNI
TIESI
NTHETOURI
SM SECTOR

● Busi nessoppor tunit

ies–t herear eoppor t
unitiesf ori nvestmenti n hotel s,
transpor t,maki ng&sel l
ingofar ts&crafts.
● Encour agesl ocalsuppl yofgoods&ser vi
ces-si ncemostoft hegoodsi nt he
tourism i ndustryar ei mpor ted,t hereisanoppor t
unityt or educei mports&
i
ncr easesuppl iesobt ainedf rom localproducer s&suppl iers.
● Dev elopmentofnewt ouristattracti
ons–t her eisanoppor tunit
yt odevelop&
mar ketot hert our i
stattractionse. g.hi
storicalsi tes,spor tsfacil
it
ies&cul tur al
heritages.
● Dev elopmentofdomest i
ct ourism (citi
zens orr esidentsv i
sit
ing tour i
st
attracti
ons)–t hereisanoppor tunityt
odev elopt hedomest ictouri
sm mar ket
bymaki ng t ouri
stat tr
act i
ons mor e affordabl e & accessi blet ot he l
ocal
popul ation.
● Increasing t he numberofBat swana empl oy ed int ourism – t herei s an
oppor tunityt oi ncreaset henumberofBat swanaempl oyedi nt ouri
sm at
higherl evelsbyt raini
ngt hem int heskil
lsr equired.

CHALLENGESI
NTHETOURI
SM SECTOR

● Shortageofskil
ledmanpower .
● Seasonali
tyoftour i
sm –t ouristsonlyv isitinMay&Augustwhent hegrassis
short&animalsgat heratwat ersour ces.
● HIV&AI DS-t hedeat hofwor kersespeci all
yskill
edones,meansmor emoney
&t i
mehav etobespentt rainingnewwor kers.
● Lackofdirectfl
ightsfrom tour i
stcentr etoanot hersuchasMaunandKasane.
● Inadequatetouri
sm infor
mat i
onconsi der i
ngtheamountoft ouri
statt
ract
ions
i
nt hecountrye.g.therei
sn’tenoughi nfor mati
ononhot el
s,hospi
tal
setc.
● Inaccessi
bil
it
yofsomet ouristattracti
onsdur i
ngr ai
nyseasons.
● Regionalpoli
ti
calinstabi
l
itye.g.Zi mbabwe.

WAYSI
NWHI
CHTOURI
SM I
SENHANCEDI
NBOTSWANA

● Educati
ng t
our
istguides on bestpract
ices /devel
opi
ng a trai
ned l
ocal
workfor
ce.
● Promotedomesti
ctouri
sm –localsmustbeoffer
edspeci
alpr
ices.

140
 ● I
mpr ovet heaccessibi
li
tytoBotswana&t our i
stattract
ionsbypr ov
idi
ngdirect
fl
i
ght stoBotswana.
● Declari
ngsomeani malsasprotectedandpr ohibi
tingtheirhunti
ngandkil
li
ng.
● Developingfaci
li
tiesforthetouri
sm industr
ysuchasl odges,campsitesand
t
ouroper ati
ons.
● Market&pr omot eBotswanaasat ouristdesti
nation.

ECO–TOURI
SM I
NBOTSWANA

Ecotouri
sm istouri
sm t hati
sf r
iendl
ytotheenv i
ronmentandpeopl
e.Iti
sl ess
damagingt otheenv i
ronmentcompar edtolar
ge– scalecommerci
altour
ism.It
encourageslocalpeoplet oappreci
atetheenvi
ronmentandtoseet heneedt o
prot
ectit.

Pr
inci
plesofEco-t
our
ism

I
tisbasedont
hef
oll
owi
ng:

● Minimizingnegati
vesoci al,cult
uralandenv ironmental i
mpact .
● Maximi zi
ngtherev enuesf orre-
investmenti nconserv at
ion.
● Educatingbothv i
sitorsandl ocalpeopl eaboutt heimportanceofconser
ving
natur
al andcult
ural r
esour ces.
● Deli
veri
ngaqual it
yexper i
encef ortour
ists.
● I
nvesti
ngi nconserv i
ngt heenv i
ronment&t ouristatt
racti
ons.
● Ensuri
ngf ai
rdist
ributionofr esources.

ATTEMPTSMADETODEVELOPECOTOURI
SM I
NBOTSWANA

● Selecti
vet our i
sm pol i
cy–Bot swanaat tract
sf ew hi ghspendi ngt ouri
stsi n
ordertopr eventov erex ploitat
ionof&damageofwi ldlif
e&r esour ces.
● Educating peopl e aboutt he importance ofconser vi
ng nat ural& cul t ural
resources–t hisisdonet hroughenv ironmental educat i
on&cel ebratingWor ld
Tourism Day s.
● Promot ionofNon–Consumpt i
v etouri
sm –Bot swanapr omot esact iviti
es
l
ikephot ogr aphi cSafaris&Cul turalt
ourism assuchact ivi
ti
esar esust ai
nable.
● Establi
shi ngSt andards&gui deli
nesf orEco–t ouri
sm pr ojects–Ther ear e
guideli
nest ohel pentrepr eneur stodesi gn&oper atemor eenv ir
onment ally
responsibl etour i
sm busi nesses.
● Maxi misingmoneyear nedf r
om t our
ism –Ent rancef eest oGameReser ves&
NationalPar kswer eincr easedi nor dertoenabl egov ernmentt oear nmor e
141
 moneyf r
om tour
ism.Themoneyi
susedf
orconser
vat
ionofwi
l
dli
fe&t
he
env
ironment
.

CONFLI
CTSBETWEENHUMANS,
LIVESTOCKANDWI
LDLI
FE

● Humanbei ngsengagei nagricult

ureinordertocreateweal
th.Thisaffectsthe
mov ementofwi ldanimalsast heynow hav etochanget hei
rroutes.Some
animalsaredi
splacedast heirusualhabi
tatsaretakenawayf r
om them.
● Farmers keep li
vest
ock f ort heirown l i
vi
ng.Pr edat
ors who ar et ouri
st
att
racti
onskilltheli
vestockt huscreati
ngaconf li
ctbet
weenwi ldli
feand
far
mer s.
● Humanbei ngsaregivenlicensest ohuntanimals.Other
sespeciall
ypoacher s
kil
lwildl
if
ewi t
houtper missiont huscreati
ngconf li
ctbet
weent het ouri
sm
i
ndustryandthesehumanbei ngs.

ATTEMPTSMADETOPROMOTETOURI
SM I
NBOTSWANA

● Thegov ernmentofBot swanahasi mposedabanont hekil

li
ngofani mals
wit
houtper missi
onorl icense.
● Thegov ernmentcompensat esfarmersfort hel
ossoft
heircr
ops/l i
vest
ocki f
dest
royedbywi l
dani mal st
oav oi
dthem av engi
ngbyki
ll
ingani
mals..
● Fi
eldoff i
cersinv ol
vedi nnat ur
alresourcesmanagementmeetev eryt hr
ee
monthst odiscusswi l
dlifemanagementi ssuesandmapawayf or
ward.
● Non-government alorganizat
ionspromote,dev el
opandsupportconservati
on
andutil
i
zat i
onofwi ldl
if
e.

THEPOSI
TIVEEFFECTSOFTOURI
SM ONTHEENVI
RONMENT

● Generati
onoff oreignexchangeast our
istsvisi
tthecount
ryinlargenumber s.
● Useofgamepar ksandgamer eser
vescont r
ibutetoenvi
ronment alprotection
andconser vati
on.
● Itl
eadst osust ainabl
euseofnat uralresourcesassomear esetasi deas
worldnaturalherit
agee.g.Tsodil
ohill
s.
● Improvesinf r
astruct
ureasr oadsandbui l
dingsareconstruct
edf ortour i
sm
purposes.
● Iti
mpr ovestheeconomyasawhol east ourism hasbecomeoneoft het hree
l
eadinggener atorsofrevenueforBotswana.

THENEGATI
VEEFFECTSOFTOURI
SM ONTHEENVI
RONMENT

142
 ● Li
tter
inge. g.droppingofpaper s,bot
tl
esbytour i
sts.
● Traff
iccongest ionasmor epeoplevi
sitt
ouri
stsites.
● Noisepol l
utionfrom peoplemayscar eoffanimals.
● Constructi
onofbui l
dingsi nthemi ddl
eoft hebeaut i
fulnaturalsi
tesmay
changet henat ural
beaut ythathavebeenrealtouristatt
ract
ions.
● Touri
sm maybr i
ngdiseasest hatmayharmt heenv i
ronmentaleco-
system.

WORLDENVI
RONMENTALI
SSUES

a)Gl
obalwar
ming

Globalwarminghast odowi t
ht heear
th’
saveragetemper
aturesri
singfaster
thaneverbef
ore.I
tisbeli
evedt
hatpeopl
earethemaincauseofglobalwar
mi ng.
Therearesomegasesi ntheatmospheresuchascarbondioxi
deandmet hane
thattr
apheatandhelptokeeptheear
thwarm.

CausesofGl
obalwar
ming

● Globalwar ming iscaused byan i ncr eased concentrati

on ofgr eenhouse
gasesi nt heair. Gr eenhousegasesar egasest hatar egener atedf rom
burningf ossil
fuels.Whenf ossi l
fuelssuchascoal ,petroleum andnat ur
al gas
arebur ned,theypr oducecar bondi oxide,sot hemor ef ossilfuelsweuse,t he
mor e car bon dioxide i sreleased i ntot he atmospher el eading to global
warmi ng.
● Deforestat i
onalsocausesgl obalwar mi ngbecauseoncet reeshav ebeencut
therewi l
lbef ewert reesi ntheenv i
ronmentt oabsorbcar bondi oxideandt he
excessgaswi llr
emai nintheat mospher e.
● Met hanepr oducedbycat t
leaspar toft heirdi
gesti
veandexcr etoryprocesses
also leads t o globalwar mi ng.Thi st heref
ore means t hatas t he cat tl
e
populationandar ablel andusedf orgr owi ngri
ceincreases,soi st heamount
ofmet hanei ntotheat mospher e.

b)Pol
lut
ion

Pol
l
uti
onmeansaddi
ngsomet
hingt
otheenv
ironmentt
hathar
msordamagesi
t.

143
 Pol
luti
onisani ssueofconcernbecausei
thasmanynegat
iveef
fect
sont
he
env
ironmentandalll
iv
ingt
hingsini
t.

CausesofPolluti
on
● Itiscausedbyi mproperdisposalofwastesuchashumansewageand
householdandi ndust
rialgar
bage.
● Accident
alr el
easeofchemi cal
sandsubstancesi
ntot
heenv
ironmentt
hat
damagei te.g.oil
spil
l
s.

c)Def
orest
ati
on

Forestssupportbiodi
versi
tyandarehomestoalar
gevari
etyofpl
antandani
mal
species.Theyhelpprotectthesoi
lfr
om er
osi
on.
Theyal
sohelpensur
er ai
nwater
doesnotr unoffbutsinksintot
heground.

CAUSESOFDEFORESTATI
ON

● Peoplecutdownf orestsinordertohav elandf

orsett
lements,f
orgr
owing
cropsandr eari
nglivestock.
● Trees are a sour ce oft imber,fi
rewood,making f
urni
tur
e and bui
ldi
ng
mat er
ial
s.
● Forestsareclearedinor dertogrowcrops.
● Theyar eal
socl ear
edt obui l
droads.
1 nn

d)Depl
eti
onoft
heOzonel
ayer

Ozonei sabl uishgaswhi chisf oundintheupperl ayeroft heatmosphere

(str
atospher
e).Ozoneabsor bsthesun’sult
ravi
oletrayspr eventi
ngthem fr
om
reachingthesurfaceoftheearth.Ithasbeendiscov eredthattheozonelayer
aboveAnt arct
icahasahol eini tbecauseozonegaswasdepl et
ed.Thi
shas
resul
tedinthesun’sul
tr
aviol
etraysreachi
ngtheearth’
ssur f
ace.

Causesoft
hedepl
eti
onoft
heozonel
ayer

Theozonelayerisdest
royedbyachemicalcall
edchlorof
lur
ocarbons( CFCs).
CFCscontai
nchl or
inewhi
chdestr
oysozonegasmol ecul
es.Nitrogenoxides
whicharepr
oducedasaresul
toff
uelbur
ning,
e.g.ai
rcr
aftexhaust
sal sodestr
oy
ozone.

144
e)Aci
drai
n

Iscausedbyair-bor
neacidi
cpoll
utant
s,suchassulphurdi
oxi
deandni t
rogen
oxi
desr el
easedfrom i
ndust
riesaswellasf r
om v
olcani
cacti
vit
ies.Aci
dr ai
n
causesdestr
uct
ionofpl
antsasthewateri
stoxi
c.

f
) Deser
ti
fi
cat
ion

Thisist heprocesst hattransfor

msanar eai
ntoadesert.Itusual
l
yoccursin
areast hatexperienceeitherdryorsemi -
drycl
imati
ccondit
ions.I
tiscausedby
overgrazing,overstocki
ng,overcutt
ingoftr
ees,
over-cul
ti
vati
ngofsoil
sandover
harvestingoffuel woodandv el
dtproduct
s.

Consequencesofmi
smanagementoft
hewor
ldenv
ironment

● Lossofl and–t herisei nseal evelswi llr

esultinsomel ow-l
yingislandstates
beingdest r
oy ed.
● Environment alpr oblems,especi all
ygl obalwar mingmayl eadt ochangesi n
weat herpatter ns.e. g.t heweat hercoul dbecomeei t
herextremel yhotor
extremelycol d.
● Veryhotanddr ytemper aturesmayl eadt ot reesandani malsdy ingf r
om
drought .
● Deser tconditionsdev elopingi nar east hatarenotnor mall
ydesert smayl ead
toext i
ncti
onofsomeani mal andpl antspecies.
● Depl et
ionoft heozonel ayeri ncreasesheal thr i
skstopeopl eandt hr
eatens
thesur vi
valofsomepl antandani mal s.
● Scar ci
tyofcleanwat erduet opol l
ution.
● Increased pov erty and f ami ne l evels due t o land degradation and
deser t
ifi
cat
ioncausedbyt heuseofpoorf armingmet hodsanddef orestati
on.
● Increasedconf l
ictsandwar sov erlimitedresourcesespecial
lywat ersources.

Ef
for
tsbei
ngmadet
oaddr
essmi
smanagementofwor
ldenv
ironment
s

● The Nat ionalConser vati

on St rategy encour ages and assist
s Bot swana
societiest oconservethenat uralresources.Itensuresthatanyuseofnat ural
resour cesisecological
lysustainable.
● Manycount ri
esi
ncludingBot swanahav ecreatedforestreser
ves.
● Gov ernment ssignMul ti– lateralEnv ir
onment alAgreement ssuchast he
Kyot oPr otocolt
oreducegr eenhousegases.
● Count ries and non – gov ernmentor ganizat
ions educatet he publi
c and
chil
dr eninschoolsaboutt hei mpor tanceofconser v
ingthewor l
denv i
ronment.

145
 ● Somar elangTikol
ogoaimst opromotesustai
nableenvi
ronmentalprotect
ion
by educat i
ng people,demonstrat
ing and encour
agi
ng bestpr acti
ces in
envi
ronment al pl
anni
ng,r
esour
ceconservat
ionandwastemanagement .
● Carbon t r
ading schemes hav
e been setup byt he European Uni
on and
Austral
ia.

Way
sofConser
vingt
heWor
ldenv
ironment

● Educat et hepubl icaboutenv i

ronment alissues– Peopl emustbet aught
aboutwhatt heycoul ddot ohelpreduceemi ssi
onsofgr eenhousegases.
● Count r
ies shoul d sign and i mplementcl imate change agr eement s – To
successf ullyreduceemi ssionsofgr eenhousegasesal lcount r
iesneedt o
wor kt oget hertomaket henecessar ybehav iorandpol i
cychanges.
● Product i
onofsol arpoweruse–Count riesmustt urntosol arpower ,hydro-
electric power and geot hermal power as t hese hav e l ess known
env i
ronment alsideef f
ect sascompar edt ofossi
l fuels.
● Recy cling–Recy cl
ingofpaperonal argescal ecoul dhel pi nreduci ngt he
cut t
ingdownoff orestsf orpulp(sof tti
ssue)andpaperpr oduction.
● Uset owelnapki nsinsteadofdi apers–Towelnapki nscanber eusedov erand
ov eragai nandt hi
scoul dr educeenv i
ronment alpol l
uti
onascompar edt o
diaper swhi char eusedonceandt hendumpedi nl argequantiti
es.
● Repl acementofwast e gener ating commodi ties – Wi t
ht he adv entof
technol ogy ,itwoul dbeadv isabletodependononl i
nenewssour cesr ather
thanhar dcopynewspaper s.
● Lawst hatcont rolthedisposalofwast emustbepassedandt hoset hatbr eak
thel awmustbepuni shed.

Nat
uraldi
sast
ers
Anaturaldi
sasterisacat
astrophicordisast
roussit
uati
oncausedbyanatur
alevent
orhazardratherthanbyhumanact ionandwhi chresul
tsi
npeoplebei
ngsev er
ely
i
njur
edorki ll
ed,l osi
ngthei
rlivel
ihoodsandhomesaswel lasinfr
ast
ruct
ureand
ot
herbuildi
ngsbeingseri
ousl
ydamaged.

TheMaj
orNat
uralDi
sast
ersi
ntheWor
ld

a)Dr
ought

Dr
oughtisusual
lyaper
iodov
ermorethanoneseason,whenther
eisver
yli
tt
leor
norai
nfal
lresul
ti
nginashor
tageofwater
.Somepar t
soft heworl
dexper
ience
146
 droughtfr
equent
lybecauset
hesepar
tshaveasemi–ar
idorar
idcl
i
mat
eand
normall
yrecei
vever
ylowandunrel
i
abl
erai
nfal
l
.

Di
stri
but
ionofDroughts
Occuri
nAustr
ali
a,nort
hofChi
na,
Bot
swana,
Ethi
opi
a,Mal
awi
andNami
bia.

I
mpactofdr
ought

● Hungerandf ami ne–Dr oughtcausescr opfail

ur eandki l
lsli
vestockl eading
tohungerandf ami ne.
● Landdegr adation–Dr oughtkill
soffthenaturalv eget
ationwhi chdi esfrom
l
ackofwat er.Liv
est ockandwi l
dani
mal sovergrazeanyr emainingv egetati
on,
l
eav i
ngthel andbar e.
● Increaseinmi gration–Peopl emovetoot herar easinsear chofwat er,f
ood
andpast uref orthei rl
iv
est ock.
● Increasedconf li
cts– dr oughtcanleadt oconf li
ctsamongpeopl east hey
fightoverthel imitedresour cesavai
l
ableforsurv i
valsuchaswat erandf ood.
● Spr eadofi nfecti
ousdi seases–Shor t
ageofwat erleadst opeopl eobt ai
ning
wat erfordr i
nkingandper sonalhygi
enefrom unsaf esources.

Dr
oughtorFami
nepr
epar
edness

● Fami necenterswheredonat i
onscanbecol l
ect
edanddi str
ibut
edt ot hose
affectedshouldbeestabl
i
shed.
● Peopl emustbepr ov
idedwithinformati
ononweatherpr
edi
ct i
onssot hatthey
canpr epar
et hemsel
vesaccordingly.
● Gov ernmentsmustensurethataf f
ectedpeopl
ehavesuf
fi
cientbasicneeds.
● Farmer sand Gov er
nmentsmustaddr esskeyissueson cr op pest
sand
diseasesinti
me.

b)Fl
oods

Afl
oodisthet
emporar
yover
fl
owi
ngofalargeamountofwateront
oanar
eat
hat
i
snormall
ydry
.Themostcommoncauseoffl
oodsi
sheavyrainf
all
.

147
 Dist
ri
butionofFl
oods
Fl
oodsusual l
yoccurin Mozambi
que,Ghana,Ni
ger
ia,Li
ber
ia,Angol
a,Chi
na,
BangladeshandViet
nam.

I
mpactoff
loods

● Leadstol
ossoflif
e,peoplearesweptawaybyf astmovingwater.
● Damageanddest r
oypeople’
spropert
ysuchashousesandv ehi
cles.
● Damageinfr
astr
ucturesuchasroads,telephoneandelectr
ici
tyl
ines.
● Leadstoshor
tageoffoodandhunger .
● Lead t
ot hespread ofwat erbornei nfect
iousdiseasessuchaschol
era,
ty
phoidanddiar
rhoea.

Fl
ooddi
sast
erpr
epar
edness

● Studyweatherinordertof
orecastthenextrainsandtheiri
ntensi
t y
.
● Enoughmedi calexper
tsshoul
dbet r
ainedonhowt oattendtothosewhomay
besubject
edt ofloodi
ng.
● Peoplemustbeeducat edonflooding,it
scausesandhowt opr epareforthem.
● Emergencyser vi
cessuchashel icopterst
oev acuat
et hoseaf fectedshould
al
way sbeready.
c)Hur
ri
canes/Tor nados

Ahur r
icanei sasev eretropi
calstormt hatdevelopsoverwarmt r
opi
calwaters.
Foratropi calst
ormt obecalledahur ri
caneitshouldgener
atewi ndst
hatblowin
excessof118km perhour .Ahur r
icaneorat yphoonmaycov erlongdist
ances
andlastf orseveraldays.
At or
nadoi sav i
olent,rapidl
yrotat
ingwi ndstorm overl
and.Itisusual
lysmall
er
thanat yphoonorhur ri
canewi t
hashor terl
if
espan.

Di
str
ibut
ionofHur
ri
canes

Hurr
icanesoccurbetween l
ati
tudes5°and 30°nort
h and sout
h dur
ing t
he
summerseason.Theyusuall
yoccurov ert
heAtl
ant
icandPacif
icOceanandin
Austr
ali
a,Gul
fCoastofMexi
coandI ndi
anOcean.
ImpactofHurr
icanes

● Cause ext
ensi
ve damage to and dest
ruct
ion ofproper
tysuch asboat s,
housesandbui
ldi
ngs.
● Damage and destr
oy inf
rast
ruct
ure such as tel
ephone and powerli
nes
resul
ti
nginl
ossofserv
icessuchaselectr
ici
tyandtel
ecommunication.
148
 ● Leadt olossofl
ife.
● Disruptpeople’
sdailyl
i
vesast
heymaybeaskedt
ovacat
ethei
rpl
acest
o
saferareas.

Ty
phoon,
tor
nadoandhur
ri
canepr
epar
edness

● Establ
ishdisasterr
ecover
ycommi t
teestocoll
ectanddi
stri
but
edonationsto
thoseaffect
ed.
● Researchtoestabli
shwhenhurricanesarel
ikel
ytooccur
.
● Peoplemustbepr ovi
ded wit
h accurateand ti
melyinfor
mation on when
hurri
canesarelikel
ytooccur
.
● Peoplemustal waysbereadytobeev acuat
ed.

d.Ear
thquakes

Thisisthevibrati
onandshakingoft hegroundcausedbyamov ementofbl ocks
oftheearth’
scr ustthatar
estucktogetherandsuddenl
yslideagainsteachother
ormov eapar t
.Thepoi ntwherethesuddenmov ementtakesplacei scal
l
edt he
focus.Thepointdirectl
yabov
et hefocusabovethegroundiscall
edt heepi
centre.

Di
stri
buti
onofEart
hquakes
Occuratpl
acesl
ikeHai
ti
,China,
Iran,
Indi
a,Tur
keyandt
hePhi
l
ippi
nes.

I
mpactofEar
thquakes
● Fires-Ast heear thshakesf r
om anear t
hquake,bot
helect
ri
candgaspower
l
inesmaybedamagedandcausef i
re.Thisl
eadstolossofl
ifeanddamageto
propertyandpowerl i
nes.
● Lossofl if
e–Peopl einsi
debuildi
ngsdi e.
● Phy si
calinjuri
es– Peopl earei nj
uredandsomeendupwi t
hpermanent
disabi
li
ties.
● Theycauset sunamiswhi chki
llpeople.
● Theycant r
iggerlandsli
des

Ear
thquakepr
epar
edness

● Seismologi
stsmustst udyrockstodet er
minetheextentoft heforcetheyar
e
subject
edtosot hatt
heyi nf
orm peopl
et ogetr
eadyf orearthquakes.
● Buildveryst
rongr ei
nforceddam wal l
sandbr idgesaswel lasbuildi
ngsso
thatincaseofanear t
ht remor(vi
brati
on),t
heyremai nstandingwithminimal
damage.
● Enoughmedi cal
expertsshouldbet r
ainedonhowt oat t
endt othosewhomay
149
 besubj
ect
edtoeart
hquakes.
● Peopl
eshoul
dstayawayfrom ear
thquakepr
onear
eas.

d)
Tsunami
Atsunamiisahugev olumeofwatert
hatmov esver
yfastacr
osst heoceanunti
l
i
thitsacoast.Themostcommoncauseofat sunamiisanearthquakeunderthe
oceanthatcausesasuddenchangeintheheightoftheoceanfloor.Atsunami
cantrav
elatspeedsof800km /hr .AstheTsunamiapproachest hecoast
,the
hei
ghtofthewav ebecomeshi
gherandhigher
.

Di
str
ibut
ionofTsunami
s

Allcoastalareas can be af
fect
ed bya t
sunamihowev er
,lar
ge dest
ruct
ive
tsunamisoccurmostof teninthePaci
fi
cOcean.Theyal
sooccurinJapanand
I
ndonesia.

I
mpactofTsunami s
● Lossofli
feandphy si
cali
njur
ies.
● Damageanddest ruct
ionofpropert
yandinf
rast
ruct
ure.
● Peoplebecomehomel ess.
● Lossesofrevenueast our
ist
sav oi
dvisi
ti
ngplacesthathav
ebeendamaged
byatsunami.

Tsunamipr
epar
edness
● Peoplemustl ear
nt hefactsabouttsunami se.g.al
lcoastalar
eascanbe
str
uckbytsunamis.Theycanmov efastert
hanaper soncanrun.
● Peoplemustbeawar eofthesignsthatat sunamimaybecomi ngt
owar
ds
thecoast
.
● Peoplemustfoll
owsaf et
yadvi
cegivenbyaut hor
iti
esaboutwhatt
odo.

e)
Vol
cani
cEr
upt
ions
150
 Deepinsidet heearthishotmol tenrockcalledmagma.A v olcani
cerupti
on
happenswhenmol t
enmagmar isesupf r
om themant l
eandf lowsoutthrough
faul
tsintheearth’
scrustoralongplateboundari
esandr eachest hesur
faceof
theeart
h.Volcani
cerupti
onsoccuralongtect
onicplat
eboundar i
esandatplaces
wheretherearehotspotsunderthecrust
.
Dist
ri
butionofVolcanicEr
upti
ons
Theyoccuratt
hePhi
l
ippi
nes,
Mexi
co,
Ital
yandi
nJapan

Negat
iveI
mpact
sofVol
cani
cEr
upt
ions

● Lossofl
ife
● Destr
uct
ionofsett
lements.
● Destr
oytheozonelayer
● Lavadamageswoodlandandagr
icul
tur
all
and.

Posi
ti
veI
mpact
sofVol
cani
cEr
upt
ions
● Touristat
tracti
on–t hi
scr eat
esemploymentandbr i
ngsincome.
● Lavaandashcont ai
nmi neral
sthathav
efert
il
esoi l
ssopeoplepract
icearabl
e
far
mi ng.
● Theheatofmagmapr ovidesopport
uni
ti
esforgenerati
nggeother
mal ener
gy.
● Miningofdi amondsiscommonwher evol
canicerupti
onsoccur.

Vol
cani
cpr
epar
edness

● Peoplemustsettl
eawayfrom ar
east
hatarepr
onetovol
canicer
upti
ons.
● Stockpileenoughfood,waterandmedicalsuppl
i
estol astaslongasa
volcani
cerupt
ion.
● Everyoneshouldbeprovi
dedwithti
melyandaccur
atei
nformati
ononwhen
erupti
onsareli
kel
ytohappen.

f
)Epi
demi
csandpandemi
cs
Theterm epidemicisusedtor ef
ertoawi despreadout br
eakofani nfecti
ous
di
seaseamongacommuni t
yorar egi
onduri
ngagi venperi
odwhil
eapandemi c
i
sagl obaldisease.Theinf
ecti
ousdiseasesspreadf rom onei
ndivi
dualt othe
next
.Theyoccurwher emanyindivi
dual
sdonothav eimmunityt
othedi seaseor
i
nfect
ion,wheretherei
spoorsanit
ati
onandhygiene.

Di
str
ibut
ionofEpi
demi
cs

151
Mostoft
heepi
demi
csoccurwor
ldwi
dee.
g.i
nfl
uenza,
mal
ari
a,t
uber
cul
osi
sandHI
V
andAI
DS.

I
mpactofEpi
demi
cs

● Lossofl i
fe.
● Increasedabsent
eei
sm fr
om wor
kasworker
saresick.
● Stimulatemedicaldev
elopment
se.
g.vaccinesandt r
eat
mentf
orHI
V and
mal ari
a.

Epi
demi
candpandemi
cpr
epar
edness

● Stockessenti
alsuppl
ieswhichcouldbeusedi ncaset her
eisanoutbr
eak.
● Educatethecommuni tyaboutthepandemi corepidemic.
● Have wel linfor
med di saster pr
eparedness teams and centres i
n all
communi ti
essot hatifthereisanout breakitcanbear r
est
edassoonas
possibl
e.
● Peoplemustbemadeawar eaboutthei
rbloodgr oupswelli
nadvancesothat
theyhel
pdur i
ngbloodtransfusi
on.

152
POPULATI
ONDYNAMI
CSI
NBOTSWANA
Theter
m populat
ionmeansthet
otalnumberofpeopl
eli
v i
ngi
naspeci
fi
car
ea.
Popul
ati
ongrowthisani
ncr
easei
nthesizeoft
hepopulat
ionov
ert
ime.

Fact
orst
hati
nfl
uencepopul
ati
ongr
owt
h

● Birthr ate-t hisi st henumberofl i

vebabi esbor npert housandpeopl epery ear.
Ther easonsf orhi ghbi rthr atear e:
- Lack of access t o f ami l
y pl anning ser vices and educat ion about
cont racept i
v esaswel last hedeci sionani ndi vidualmakesnott o use
cont racept i
v es.Thi sr esul tsinmanybabi esbei ngbor n.
- Tr adi ti
onalcul tures– someet hnicgr oupsst il
lpr act icepol ygamy .This
resul t
si nmanychi ldrenbor nbymanywi v est ooneman.
- Theuncer taint yofnotknowi nghow manychi ldrenwi llsurvive–Fami li
es
hav el ar genumber sofchi l
drent oensur et hesur vivalofatl eastsome
childrenandt husensur et hecont i
nuityoft hef ami ly .
- Rel igiousbel iefs–Somechur chesf or bidt heirmember st ouseanyf orm of
moder nort raditional birthcont rolmeasur esandt echni ques.
- Ear l
ymar riage–somecul turesar rangemar ri
agesi nwhi chfemal echi l
dren
aremar riedatt het enderageofbet ween12and16.Thehi ghf erti
li
tyand
birthr ateoft hesecoupl esi ncreaset hepopul at i
on.
● Deat hr at e–i st henumberofpeopl ewhodi epert housandpeopl epery ear.
Fact orst hatcancont ribut et ot her educt ionoft hepopul ati
onar e:
- Peopl e mar ry when t hey ar e qui te ol d,t hisr educes t he numberof
childbear i
ngy ear sthatt hemot herhas.
- Useofcont racept ives.
- Educat ion–Educat edpeopl edonotwantt ohav emanychi l
drenbecause
theybel iev et hatchi ldr encanj eopar dizet hei rcar eer s.
- Di seasese. g.HI VandAI DSandbi rdf l
ucanr educeapopul at
ion.
- Lackofav ailabi l
ityoraccesst ogoodsani tation,heal thcar eandmedi cal
facili
tiesr esul ti
ngi nmanybabi esdy ingbef oret heageof5.
● Mi gration-t her elocat ionofpeopl ef r
om onear eat oanot her .Thiscanl eadt o
popul ationgr owt hi fmor epeopl emov et oapar ti
cul arar eat hanl eavet he
areaorpopul at iondecr easei fmor epeopl el eav eanar eaandmov eelsewher e
thancomet oset tleint hear ea.

153
Popul
ati
onDi
str
ibut
ioni
nBot
swana

Thedi
stri
buti
onofpopulati
onisthespreadofpopulati
oninanyplace.Populat
ion
maybedescribedasdenselyconcentrat
edort hi
nlyorspar
sel
yspr ead.Adense
popul
ati
onmeanst hatther
ei sal ar
genumberofpeopl einasmal lar
ea.A
popul
ati
onthatisscatt
eredorspar
selyspreadhasfewpeopleinanar ea.

Thepopulati
onofBot swanaisunev enlyorunequal
lydistr
ibuted.Theareaint he
south–east ernregionhasthemostpopul ati
on.Peopleareat tr
actedespeciall
y
tothesoutheastr egionbytherai
lwayl ineandthemaj orr
oadsr unningfrom the
southtonor thoft hecountry.Ther egionhasf er
til
esoilsandgoodpast ures.
Employmenti sav ail
ablewit
hbusi nessoppor t
unit
iesalsot here.Avail
abil
i
tyof
servi
ces such as t ranspor
t,school s,medicalf aci
li
ti
es,shops,banks and
recr
eati
onfacili
ti
es.

TheNor th– wester

nr egionisthesecondmostpopul at
edr egi
on.Thear ea
cov
ersChobe,Ngami l
andandOkav ango.Itattr
actsmanypeopl ebecausei thas
per
ennialri
ver
sandof fer
sf i
shi
ng,canoeingorboating,f
orest
ry,wil
dli
feaswel l
as t
ourism.Towns i nt he ar
ea,such as Kasane and Maun of ferf ormal
employ
mentandsel f–empl oy
mentoppor tuni
ti
es.ThereisalsotheBot swana
Def
enceFor cetr
aini
ngcamp,agr i
cul
turaldevelopmentatPandamat engaand
hot
elsandcampingsites.

Thewest ernpar tofthecount rywhichcoversGhant siandKgal agadidi

str
ict
si s
thi
nlyorscar celypopulated.Thisisbecauseofal kali
neandsandysoi l
sandi ts
i
nsuffici
entandsal t
yunder groundandsur f
acewat ersupply.Theareaisgoodf or
reari
ngofl i
vestockasi thaspal at
ablevegetat
ion.Nowaday stheareahasgood
roadst hatli
nkBot swanawi thNami biaandSout hAf r
ica.Thet ouri
sm inthe
regi
oni sdev elopi
ng,attracti
ngot herdevel
opment slikegr owthofpr i
vat
eand
governmentinf r
astr
ucture.

Themai
npopul
ati
onpr
obl
emsi
nBot
swana

● Wastedisposal–Ani ncreaseinpopulationcausesblocki
ngofsewer agein
urbanareas.Thi
sleadstoairpol
luti
oncausi ngheal
thprobl
emsandai rborne
di
seases.
● Expensesonut il
it
ies– populationincreaseresul
tsinani ncreasei nthe
demandf oruti
li
ti
ese.g.water
,electr
ici
ty.Thisput
saf i
nancialburdenont he
154
 governmentwhi chendsupf ai
li
ngtopr ovideessent i
alser vices.
● Inequal i
tyi
naccessofser vi
ces–I ncreasedpopul ati
ongr owt hcancauset he
governmentt ofailtoprov idecertainser vi
cese. g.educat ion.Thi
sr esultsin
ther i
chpay ingf orthei
rowneducat i
onandbei ngmor eeducat edt hant he
poor .
● Mor aldecay–Themov ementoft hey outhf rom ruralar east ourbanar eas
contributestoabandoni ngoft r
aditi
onalact i
viti
esandt hef ormati
onofi l
l
egal
settl
ement s.Oncet hey outhar efarf rom t heirparent s,t heyarel ikel
yt o
parti
cipateincriminalactiviti
es.
● Deplet i
on ofr esources -demand f oragr icult
urall and,f ood and wood
becomesv eryhigh.Economi candsoci aldev elopment sfai lassourcesofr aw
mat erial
sarescar ce.

Rel
ati
onshi
pbet
weenpopul
ati
onanddev
elopment

● Bot swanausesl andf orhabitati

onaspeopl eputupr esident
ialst
ruct
ures.
● Becauseofi t
ssmal lpopul ati
onsi zeand adequat enat uraland fi
nancial
resources,Bot swanacanpr ovideser v icesandpayf ordev elopmentproject
s
thatimpr ovethepeopl e’
sstandar dofliv i
ngandqual i
tyoflif
e.
● Ov erpopulat
ionput spressureont hel i
mi t
edfinanci
alresourcesavai
labl
eand
strainsthegov ernment ’
sabil
itytoachi evedev el
opment .
● Ov erpopulat
ionl eadst ocrowdi nginhospi t
alsandschool sandadecl inein
thequal i
tyofser vicethatthesef aci
li
tiescanof f
er.
● Ov erpopulat
ioncr eatesshor tageofl and.

Rel
ati
onshi
pbet
weenpopul
ati
onandenv
ironment

● Peopl eli
veintheenv i
ronmentandt heirsurv
ivaldependsoni t.e.g.theymi ne,
grow cr ops,manuf actur
eanduset henat uralresourcest hatarei ntheir
environment .
● Agr owingpopul at
ionincreasest hedemandf ornat ur
alresources.
● Theunav ai
labil
i
tyandhi ghcostofenv ir
onment alfri
endlytechnologi ese.g.
el
ect ri
cit
yforcespeopl einr uralareast odependonwoodf uel,thi
sl eadsto
deforestati
on.
● Mostpeopl el
iveintheeast ernpartbecauseofr el
iabl
er ai
nfal
l.

St
rat
egi
esusedt
omanagePopul
ati
ongr
owt
h

● Publ
ic Educati
on – The gov er
nmentuses publi
c educat
ion t
o provi
de
knowledgeonway st o cont
rolpopul
ati
ongr owt
handt headvantagesof
cont
roll
ingpopulat
ion.Theknowledgethatpeopl
egainhel
psthem todeci
de
155
 whent ohavechi ldrenandt henumbert ohav e.
● Laws– Thegov ernment ’
seducat ionpol icyofmaki ngt eny earsofbasi c
educat i
oncompul soryisani nter
vent i
ont hatcandel aylearnersf r
om having
chil
drendur i
ngadol escence.
● Policyonmat ernityleave– Thi sismeantt omot ivateempl oy eest ohave
fewerchi l
dren.e. g.mat ernityleavepol icypay safullsal
ar ytowomendur ing
thef i
rst5mat ernityleaveconf i
nement s.
● Forcedchi l
dsuppor tpoli
cy-i saimedatmenwhohav echildrenanddonot
i
ntendt omar r
ymot hersofsuchchi ldren.Childsupportispai dunt i
lthechil
d
reaches18y ears.Thi spolicyencour agesment ousecont r
acept i
ves.
● Usesofcont racept ives– Cont raceptivesr educet her ate off ert
il
it
yand
pregnancy .

ThecausesandconsequencesofI
nter
nal
andI
nter
nat
ional
migr
ati
on

Int
ernalmi
grat
ioni
sthemov
ementofpeopl
efr
om onet
own,
vil
l
ageordi
str
ictt
o
another
.

I
nter
nat
ionalmigr
ati
oni
sthemov
ementofpeopl
efr
om t
hei
rhomecount
ryt
oa
f
orei
gnhostcount
ry.

Emi
grat
ioni
swhensomeonel
eav
esacount
ryt
oli
veandwor
kel
sewher
e.

I
mmi
grat
ioni
swhensomeoneent
ersanot
hercount
ryt
oli
veandwor
kther
e.

Ther easonsforpeoplel
eavi
ngthei
rhomesar ecal
l
edpushfact
orswhil
ethe
reasonsthatat
tractt
hem t
ogotoapart
icul
arpl
acear
ecal
l
edpullf
act
ors.

Pushf actor
s Pullf
actors
Lackofempl oyment Avail
abil
it
yofempl oyment
Lackofbusi nessoppor tunit
ies Manybusi nessoppor tunit
ies
Lowst andardofl ivi
ng Highstandardofl ivi
ng
Highcr i
mer ate Lowcr i
mer ate
Lack of per sonalsaf ety and High levels of per sonal safet
y and
securi
ty securi
ty
Wars Peaceandsecur i
ty
Highlevelsofcor rupti
on Lowlevelsofcor rupti
on
Viol
ati
onofhumanr i
ghts Respectofhumanr i
ghts
Highriskofdi sasters Lowr i
skofdi sasters
Lackofwat ersuppl y Adequateandr el
iabl
ewat ersupply
Harshcl i
mate Goodclimat e
Lackofdemocr acy Democr at
icsoci etyandr espectforrul
e
oflaw
156
Consequencesofi
nter
nalandi
nter
nat
ionalmi
grat
ion

● Discriminat i
on –i mmi grantsf ace di ffer entki nds ofdi scri
mi nati
on when
l
ooki ngf orjobs.Somet imest hei
rqual ificationsarenotr ecogni zed.
● Lossofski l
ledmanpower– Count ri
eswher ei mmi grantscomef rom lose
humanr esour ceswhohav eskill
sandknowl edge.
● Infl
uenceoncul tur e–Theyi nfl
uencet hev al
uesandcul tureofsoci et
yby
i
ncr easingcr i
me, violenceandcor ruption.
● Infl
uencei nsal arydi fference–i nt ernat i
onali mmi grantsar ewi ll
ingt owork
forlowerwagest hanl ocals.Thisi ncr easest heunempl oymentr at
eamong
thelocal s.
● Reduct i
onofr ev enuei nhomecount ri
es–Thecount ri
est heycomef rom lose
revenuef r
om t heski ll
edl abourasl abourt hatmi gratesist heonet hatpays
gover nmentt ax.
● Impr ovementi nst andardsofl i
ving- I mmi grantsf i
ndbet t
erj obst hatpay
them goodsal aries.
● Technol ogyandski ll
s– Localpeopl egai nski ll
sf rom immi grantsast hey
exchangei deas.

YOUTHEMPOWERMENTI
NBOTSWANA

Empower mentmeanshelpi
ngpeopl
egaincontrolofthei
rli
vesbygiv
ingt
hem the
power,knowledge,ski
l
ls and r
esour
ces thatt hey need to make i
nfor
med
deci
sionsandtoreal
i
zethei
rful
lpot
ent
ialasindiv
idualsorasagroup.

Thewordy outhdescr
ibest
hestat eofbeingyoung.Iti
st hest
ageofhuman
devel
opmentthatcomesaft
erchildhood.TheyouthinBotswanacompr
isesof
peopl
ewhoar eint
heagecategor
yof12t o29years.

Yout
hempowermenti nvol
vescreat
ingcondi
tionsthatenabl
ey oungpeopl
eto
makeinf
ormeddeci
sions,gai
ncontr
olofthei
rliv
esandreali
zethei
rful
lpot
enti
al
157
asi
ndi
vi
dual
sorasagr
oup.

Behav
iour
alpr
obl
emsexhi
bit
edbyt
hey
out
h

● Substanceabuse– They outhdrinkalcohol

,smokeci garettes,usei l
legal
drugsandabusegl ue.
● Juvenil
e deli
nquency – Young peopl e areinv ol
ved i
n diff
er entcri
mi nal
acti
vit
iessuchasshoplif
ti
ng, v
andalism andvi
olence.
● Earl
ySexualbehav i
or–Younggi rlsdropoutofschoolasar esultofteenage
pregnancy.Youngpeoplear einvolvedinunprotect
edsexandar eatriskof
becomi ngi
nfect
edwi t
hHI V.

Fact
orst
hatcont
ri
but
etot
hedev
elopmentofunaccept
abl
ebehav
ioramongt
he
yout
h

● Adolescence– Someoft hechangesi nt eenager s’bodi esast heybecome

olderresulti nbehav i
ort hatt heynev erdisplay edbef oree.g.rebel
li
ousness
againstpar entsandt eacher s.
● Poorpar ent i
ng–Somepar ent sall
owt heirchildrentodoast heypleaseasa
resultt
heirchi l
drendonotunder standaccept ableway sofbehav i
ng.
● Domest icv iol
ence – when t herei sviolence i nthe f amily,chi
ldr
en are
sociali
zedt oacceptv i
olenceasanaccept abl ewayofsol vi
ngc1onf l
ict
s
betweenpeopl e.
● Academi cf act
ors– somest udentswhoar est r
ugglingtocopewi ththeir
studiesmaybegi ntododgel essonsandev entuall
ydropoutofschool .
● Globali
zation–Technol ogi essuchast elevisi
onandt hei nt
ernetmeany oung
peoplear eawar eofhowot hersinot hercount ri
esbehav e.Whattheyseemay
i
nf l
uencet hem t obehavei nt hesameway .

Ther
oleofdi
ff
erentst
akehol
der
sint
hewel
far
eoft
hey
out
h

Par
ent
s

- Provi
degoodparental
caree.g.meet i
ngthebasi
cneedsoftheirchi
ldr
en.
- Teachtheirchi
ldr
engoodmor alsandpr omotepositi
veandaccept abl
e
behavi
or.
- Prot
ectthei
rchi
l
drenfrom exploi
tati
onandotherfor
msofabuse.
- Tober olemodelssot hattheychildr
encopyt heproperv
alues,att
it
udes
158
 andbehav
iorf
rom t
hem.

Communi
ty

- Protectthey out
hfrom exploi
tat
ion,di
scr
iminati
onandall
formsofabuse.
- Createandsuppor tser
v i
ceswhi chcat
erfortheneedsofyout
h.
- Supporty outhbusi
nessiniti
ati
ves.
- All
ow t hey outhtoparti
cipateincommuni tyaffai
rsanddecisi
onmaking
processes.
- Tober olemodel s.

Non–gov
ernment
alor
gani
zat
ions(
NGOs)

- Educatethey outhaboutt hei

rhumanr i
ghts.
- Protectt
hey outh’
sr i
ghts.
- Createandsuppor ttr
ainingopportuni
ti
esfory out
hinvari
ousskil
l
s.
- I
nfluencethegov ernmentt oincl
udeyouthissueswhenmakingdecisi
ons.
- Educatethey outhonissuesofsexual andreproduct
iveheal
th.

Ci
vi
lSoci
ety(t
radeuni
ons,
Redcr
oss,
chur
ches)

- Prot
ecttheyout
hfrom exploit
ati
onanddi scr
iminati
on.
- Supportt
heyouthf
inanciall
y,emoti
onall
y,mor al
lyandment
all
y.
- Encour
agey oungpeoplet opar ti
cipat
eandcont ri
but
etotheeconomi
c,
soci
alandpoli
ti
cal
lif
eint hesociet
y.

Thegov
ernment

- Makelawsandpol i
ciest
hatprotecttheyouth.
- Prov
idetheyouthwitheducat
ionandt rai
ning.
- Prov
idefaci
li
ti
esforsport
sandl ei
sure.
- Prov
idetheyouthwi tht
heknowl edgeandski ll
stheyneedt
oear
nal
i
ving
andfunct
ionwelli
nthesociet
y .

Pr
ivat
eSect
or

- Provi
det r
ainingopport
uniti
es.
- Creat
eempl oyment
- Encouragey outhent
repreneur
shi
p.
159
Themaj
orchal
l
engesf
aci
ngt
hey
out
hinBot
swana

a)Unempl
oyment

Thi
sleadstopr
obl
emssuchaspov
ert
y,poorheal
thandi
nvol
vementi
ncr
imi
nal
act
ivi
ti
es.

b)Educat
ionandTr
aini
ng

Youngpeoplewhodr opoutofschoolorarenottrainedinanypar
ti
cularski
l
lar
e
l
ikel
ytogetlow pay i
ngjobs.Thecurr
entchall
engei st
oensurethattheyout
h
complet
etheirsecondar
yeducati
onandrecei
vetraining.

c)HI
VandAI
DS

Amajorchall
engefaci
ngyoungpeopleistoensur
et heyr
emainf
reef
rom HI
V
andAI
DSthroughbehavi
our
alchangeandtheuseofcondoms.

d)Teenagepr
egnancy

Ther
eisal
argenumberoft
eenager
swhodr
opoutofschool
duet
opr
egnancy
.

e)Sexual
,phy
sical
andemot
ional
abuse

Youngpeopl
ear
ethemai
nvi
cti
msofsexual
,phy
sicalandemot
ionalabuseby
ol
derpeopl
e.

f
) Cr
ime

Rape,
vandal
i
sm ofpr
oper
tyandt
hef
tismost
lycommi
tt
edbyy
oungpeopl
e.

Economi
cpr
oject
sthatcoul
dber
unbyt
hey
out
h

● Youngpeopl ecanr unagr i

cult
urebusi nessproj
ect
se. g.beekeepi ngand
chi
ckenfarming.
● Theycan r un busi
nesses t hatpr ovi
de servi
ces t
ot he publ
ic and other
busi
nessese.g.sell
ingfood, r
uncarwashesandsel lagr
icult
ureproduce.
● Youngpeoplecanr unmanuf actur
ingproject
sli
kemakingartsandcr aft
sand
sel
ltothepubli
c.
● Theycan run information technologycentresand provi
deaccesst ot he
i
nter
net,pr
inti
ngandphot ocopyingservi
ces.

Assessi
ngef
for
tsbei
ngmadet
oempowert
hey
out
h

160
● Allpol i
ti
calpar tiesinBot swanahav ey outhwi ngs.
● They outhar epr ovidedwi thequal accesst obasi ceducat
ion.
● GuidanceandCounsel li
nghasbeeni ncludedwi thintheeducati
onsystem so
thaty oungpeopl ehavei mpor tantl i
feskill
s
● Children’srightsar epr omot edandpr otected.
● Thegov er
nmenthasest abl
ishedt heCEDAYoungFar mer sFundtopr ovi
de
l
oansandt rainingi nent r
epreneur ialskill
si nor dertoencourageyoungpeople
tost artandr unagr i
culturalbusi nesses.
● Thegov er
nmentest ablishedt heYout hDev elopmentGr anttocaterforthe
welfar eandi ncomegener atingact i
vit
iesf oroutofschoolunempl oyedand
disadv antagedy outh.
● Thegov ernmenti ntroducedt hegr aduateint ernshipprogr
ammesot hatyoung
graduat escanwor kandobt ainsomewor kexper i
ence.

ThepostCol
oni
aler
a

Majordomesti
cchal
lengesl
eader
soft
henewr
epubl
icofBot
swanaf
acedaf
ter
i
ndependence

● Drought – A sev ere dr ought t hat st arted in 1961 and l asted af ter
i
ndependenceki lledcr opsandl argeher dsofcat t
le.
● Lackofmoney-t heincomet hecount ryear nedfrom beefwasnotenought o
payf orall t
hedev el
opment srequiredint hecount ry.
● Limitedi ndustr i
alandcommer ci
albusi nesses–Thenew gov ernmentf aced
thechal l
engeofpr omot ingandsuppor tingt heest abli
shmentofdi ff
erent
kindsofbusi nessesbyBat swana.
● Pov ert
y–mostpeopl eint hecount rywer epoorandwer emai nlysubsi st
ence
farmer s.Manypeopl ehadt oseekwor ki nSout hAf ricainordertoear nmoney
tosuppor tthei
rf amilies.
● Inadequat e and pooreducat ion serv i
ces – Poorand l i
mited educat ion
facil
iti
esmeantt hatmostpeopl ewer eill
iterate.Theycoul dnotr eadorwr ite.
Thenewgov ernmenthadt oempl oyexpat riatecivilserv
ants(foreigner s).
● Limitedheal t
hf acil
iti
es–Ver yfewpeopl ehadaccesst osani t
ationf acil
it
ies
andcl eanwat er .Thenew gov ernmenthadt ospendmoneybui ldingheal th
facil
iti
esandi mpr ovingaccesst osanitationf acil
i
tiesandcl eanwat er.

Bot
swana’s maj
or soci
o – economi
c and pol
it
icalachi
evement
s si
nce
i
ndependence

161
● Risei nincomel ev els–Bot swanai snol ongeroneoft hepoor estcount r
ies
andhasmov edf rom bei ngal eastdev elopedcount rytoami ddl
ei ncome
count ry
.
● Educat i
on–Li t
er acyl evelsandt henumberofhi ghl
yeducat edandski l
led
Batswana hav er isen.Ther e are now t ert
iaryi nst
it
uti
ons and t echnical
collegesi nthecount ry.
● Heal th– Cur rentlyov er90% oft hepopul ationhasaccesst oheal t
hcar e
serv i
cesav ail
ablet hroughf acil
iti
essuchasmobi l
ehealthpost s,cl
inicsand
hospi t
als.
● Accesst osaf edr i
nkingwat er–Mostoft hev i
llagesandt ownsnow hav e
accesst ocleanpi pedort appedwat er.
● Reduct i
onofpov er t
y–Thegov ernmenthascomeupwi t
hpr ogrammest hat
helpv ulnerablegr oupsofpeopl ei nordert oreducet heimpactofpov ert
ye. g.
shepr ov i
desbasi cf oodi temst odest i
tutepeopl eandpayt heol dapensi on
mont hly.
● Impr ovementi ni nf r
ast r
ucture–t r
ansportandcommuni cati
onhasi mpr oved
al ot.Bot swananow hast arr
edr oadsandmostoft hev i
l
lageshav ebeen
electri
fi
ed.
● Rule ofl aw – t he gov ernmentdoes notmake l aws thatv i
olatet he
Const it
utionorpeopl e’srights.

Bot
swana’
slongt
ermv
isi
on

Thelongt
ermvisi
onal
soknownasVi si
on2016descr
ibeswhatki
ndofnat
ion
Bot
swanashoul
dbein2016.I
tincl
udesthef
oll
owi
ngpil
l
arsorgoal
s:

1.Aneducat edandi nfor

mednat i
on.
2.Aprosperous,product i
veandinnovati
venati
on.
3.Acompassi onate,justandcari
ngnation.
4.Asafeandsecur enat ion.
5.Anopen, democr ati
candaccount abl
enati
on.
6.Amor alandtolerantnat i
on.
7.Aunit
edandpr oudnat ion.

Thesi
gni
fi
cance(
Impor
tance)oft
heLongTer
m Vi
sionf
orBot
swana

● Itdescr
ibesthehopesofBat swanaregardingthekindofnati
ont heywould
l
ikethei
rcountrytobeby2016.
● EnsuresthatBotswanaconti
nuestomaket heri
ghtchoicesint
ermsofsocial
,
economi candpoli
ti
calv
aluesanddecisi
ons.
● Itprovides Botswana wit
h clearand measur abl
e goals.Batswana can
162
 therefor ealwayscheckpr ogr essandseehow f art hecount ryhasgonei n
achievingt hegoalsof2016.
● Itcreat escommonandshar ednat ionalgoal
swhi chhel ppr omotenational
unitywhi lerecogni
zingandr espect i
ngt hedi
versi
tyinculturesandlanguages
i
nt hecount r
y.
● Itguidesci ti
zensinthei
rinteractionswi thf
ell
owci t
izensaswel lasoutsider
s
bydescr i
bingexpectedstandar dsofbehav i
orandv alues.
● ItmakesBat swanaawar et hatwhi letheymustadaptt othechallengesof
globalizati
onandchangi ngv alues,theyshouldsti
llretai
nthepositi
veaspects
oftheircul t
uralval
uesthatdist i
nguishthem fr
om othernat i
ons.

For
eignr
elat
ions/I
nter
nat
ionalr
elat
ions

Forei
gnrel
ati
onsi
st heint
eract
ionbet
weencount
ri
es.Iti
sal sodef
inedast
he
str
ategi
est
hatacountr
ychoosesoremploy
stodealwi
thothercount
ri
es.

Hownat ionsi nteractwi t

honeanot her
● Trade–Count ri
esbuygoodsf r
om oneanot here.g.Bot swanaexpor tsgoods
toot hercount r
iesandbuyori mpor tgoodsf rom ot hercount r
ies.
● Labourexchange–Bot swanaget sexper tsf r
om ot hercount ri
est ocomeand
wor kinBot swanawhi l
eBat swanaal sogoandseekj obsinothercount r
ies.
● Tour i
sm – For ei
gn v isi
torscomet o Botswanaand Bat swana v isitother
count ri
esf orbusi ness,studyandl eisur
e.
● Elections–Bot swanaal lowsot hercount ri
est oobser veitselecti
onswhi l
eit
alsopar ti
cipat esinobser vi
ngelectionsofot hercount r
ies.
● Celebr ati
ons – Bot swana at tends i ndependence cel ebrations of ot her
count ri
est oshowr ecogni t
ionandsuppor tfortheirpoliti
calsystems.
● Peace keepi ng – Bot swana sends sol dierst hrough t he Uni t
ed Nat ions
peacekeepi ngf or
cest ocount ri
est hatarenotpol i
ticall
ystablet okeeppeace
e.g.Somal ia, Sudanet c.
● Educat ion–Bat swanaex changesst udentswi thot hercount r
iese. g.teachers
anddoct ors.

Fact
orst
hatdet
ermi
neBot
swana’
sFor
eignpol
icy

● Botswana’smallpopulat
ion– Becauseofhersmal lpopulati
on,Botswana
needsexter
nalmarketstosel
li
tsgoodsinor
derforit
seconomyt ogr
ow.
● Reali
sm orpragmat i
sm –thisinvol
vesbei
ng awar e ofherown pol i
ti
cal
,
economic and pol
it
icalstr
engt
hs and weaknesses also bei
ng honestin

163
 assessi ng herown power ,influenceand abi li
ti
est o prot
ect ,defend and
promot ehernat ionalint erest.
● Geogr aphi callocati
on–Asal andlockedcount ry
,Bot swana’ f
oreignpol i
cyhas
toensur et hecount ryr emai nsongoodt er
mswi t
ht hecount r
iest hatsurr
ound
her.
● Thecommongood -t hi
sr eferst othatheract ionsandway sofbehav i
ng
mustbef ort hebenef itand i nt heinterestoft hemaj orit
yand nott he
i
ndividual .e. g.itisf ort hecommon good t hatcount r
iesshoul dr esol
ve
disputespeacef ull
yandmai ntainpeaceandsecur ityinthewor ld.
● Member ship ofdi f
fer entor ganizat
ions – Bot swana’ sf oreign policy i
s
determi nedbyt heagr eement sshehassi gnedwi thorganizati
onssuchas
SADC, AUet c.

Themaj
orpr
inci
plest
hatgui
deBot
swana’
sfor
eignPol
icy

● Botswana’ snat i
onali nterest–Bot swana’ sf or eignpol icydoesnotsuppor t
agreement s,deci sionsorpol ici
est hatwoul ddamageherpr i
nciplesofbot ho,
democr acyet c.
● Peacef ulco – exi st ence and good nei ghbour li
ness – Bot swana has
demonst rated herbel ieff orpeacebypar ti
ci pating int heUni t
edNat i
ons
peacekeepi ng mi ssions and shown good nei ghbour l
iness by expr essing
concer nf orsuf feringcausedbynat ur aldi saster sinot hercount ri
es.
● Respectf ori nternationall aw–Bot swanar espect sr ulesandr egul ati
onst hat
gov ernt heconduct ,right sandr esponsi bil
iti
esofnat ionsandgov er
nment s.
e.g.lawsont reatmentofpr isoner s, caringf ort heenv i
ronmentet c.
● Respectf orhumanr i
ght s–Bot swanar ecogni zesandaccept st heimpor t
ance
ofrespect i
nghumanr i
ght sandcondemnsv iolat i
onsoft heser i
ght s.
● Non– i nterferencei nt hei nternalaf fai rsofot hercount r
ies– Bot swana
beli
ev est hatev eryindependentcount ryhasar i
ghtt omanagei tsownaf f
air s
withouti nterferencef orot hercount ries.
● Respectf ort het er r
itorialintegri
tyofot herst ates–Bot swanawi llnotclaim
l
andbel ongi ngt oanot hercount r
yorencour agegr oupswi thi
not hercount ries
tobr eakawayandest ablishnewcount r
ies.
● Non – al ignment– Bot swana r emai ns neut ralin civilwars orconf li
cts
betweenot hercount riesandwi l
lnott akesi desi nsituati
onswher etherei s
conf l
ict
.

Maj
orFor
eignPol
icyChal
lengesf
rom 1966t
othePr
esent

● TheSout
hAf
ri
canl
i
ber
ati
onst
ruggl
e– Bot
swanahadt
oacceptr
efugees

164
 from Sout hAf ri
cabutatt hesamet i
mecoul dnotaf f
or dstrainedr elati
ons
wi t
hSout hAfricaf ort rader easons.
● Mi l
itaryinvasionsf rom Rhodesi a–Rhodesi ausedt oinv adeBot swanaunder
thepr etextoff oll
owi ngt her efugeeswhof ledintoBot swana.Thi sthreatened
Bot swana’ spolit
ical st abil
ity
● Thecur rentpol i
ticalandeconomi cstabilit
yinZi mbabwe–Becauseal otof
Zimbabweanscomei ntoBot swanai l
legally
,t hiscost sBot swanaal otof
moneywhent heyhav etor eturntheill
egal i
mmi grants
● Relocat i
onofBasar waf rom t heCKGR–Thi sat tractedt heat tenti
onofnon–
gov ernment alor gani zationswhi chcrit
icizedt her el
ocat i
onasav iolationof
thel andandcul tur alrightsofBasar wa.Thi schal lenget hreatenedt odamage
Bot swana’ sdiamondexpor tsandheri nternationali mageasacount ryt hat
respect shumanr ights.
● The2008gl obalr ecessi on–Thi ssloweddowneconomi cgr owt haspr icesof
goodswentupanddi amondswer enotbought .
● Smal lpopulation– Bot swanadependsonext ernalmar ketsandi mpor ted
goods, t
hehi ghcostofi mpor t
sandexpor tsmakemanuf acturingdiff
icultand
soi tisnoteasyf ort heeconomyt odi versif
y,gr ow andachi ev esust ainable
dev elopment .

Maj
orf
orei
gnPol
i
cySuccessesf
rom 1966t
othepr
esent

● Botswanai samemberoft heUni t

edNat ions.Thi sisgoodbecauset he
organi
zati
onaimsatpr omot i
ngpeaceandpr ovidi nghumani t
arianaidt othe
wholewor l
d.
● Batswanahasmanagedt omai ntaincordialrelationshipswi t
hhernei ghbors.
Thishasencouragedpeacef ul t
radebetweenBot swanaandhernei ghbours.
● Shehasbeenabl et oatt
r actlargeamount soff oreigninvestment s.
● Through hermember shi p oft he Frontl
ine St at es Botswana managed t o
l
iberat
eMozambi que,Angol a,Zimbabwe, Nami biaandSout hAfrica.
● Managedt opeacef ulset t
letheSeduduI slanddi sputewi t
hNami biathrough
theint
ernati
onalcourtofj usti
ce.
● Haspr ot
ectedhumanr ightsbygr ant
ingref uget opeopl er unningawayf r
om
ZimbabweandNami bi
a.

Bot
swana’
sinv
olv
ementi
nPeacekeepi
ngMi
ssi
ons

Peacekeepi
ng inv ol
ves put
ti
ng inter
mediari
es (
mediator
s)bet ween f
ighting
fact
ionstophysicall
ykeepthem apartandstopt
hem from at
tacki
ngeachot her
andinnocentci
vil
ians.e.
g.sol
dier
sfrom nat
ionst
hatar
enotpar toft
heconfl
ict.

165
● Somal i
a,Mogadi shu–I n1992Bot swanasentsomesol di
erstoSomaliaas
partofapeacekeepi ngmi ssion.
● Mozambi que– Bet ween 1993 and 1994 700 BDF sol di
erswer esentto
Mozambi quet okeepRENAMOandFRELI MOf rom fi
ghti
ng.
● Rwanda–At eam ofBDFof ficer
sparti
cipatedinaUNpeacekeepi ngmissi
on
i
nRwandaasobser vers,t
hiswasaf tert
heHut ukil
ledtheTutsi.
● Sudan,Darfur–I n2004Bot swanasent10BDFsol dier
stot akeparti
nanAU
peacekeepingmi ssi
oni nSudan.
● Lesotho– i n1998380BDFsol di
ersar r
ivedinLesothot ostopr i
otsand
establ
ishandmai nt
ainorder.

Bot
swana’
sinv
olv
ementi
npeacemaki
ngi
nit
iat
ives

Peacemaki
ngi
stheprocessofnegot
iat
inganagr
eementbyf
ight
ingf
act
ionsor
si
destoendadi
sput
eorf i
ght
ingi
nordertohav
epeace.

● Democrati
cRepubl
icofCongo – Thef or
merpr
esi
dentofBot
swana,Si
r
Ketumi
leMasi
re,was i
nvol
ved as a confl
i
ctmedi
atori
nthe Democr
ati
c
Republ
i
cofCongoin1999.

Way
sinwhi
chf
orei
gnr
elat
ionsaf
fectt
hel
iv
esofCi
ti
zens

● Trav el–f oreignr el

ationscanaf fectt heeasewi thwhi chpeopl ecant rav el
from onecount r ytoanot here. g.bef oret heyar eallowedi ntoacount ry,
visitor smusthav eav ali
dpasspor tandav i
sa.
● For ei gnaid–goodandf ri
endlyrelat i
onscanr esulti
ncitizensbenef it
ingf rom
aidgi v enbyonecount r
yt otheot here.g.Cubahaspr ov i
dedBot swanawi th
doct orsandnur seswhohav ebeenwor ki
ngi ngov ernmenthospi t
als.Thi s
hel pst hegov ernmentt odel i
verheal thservi
cest oallwhoneedi t
.
● Trade–Ci tizensar eabl etost ar
tandoper atebusinessest hatimpor tgoods
from orexpor tgoodst oothercount ri
es.
● Cr eat ion ofbusi ness and empl oy mentoppor tunit
ies – f r
iendlyr elations
enabl ecr eationofempl oymentwhi chhel ppeopl eearnsal ari
esandpayf or
thei rchi l
dren’seducat ion.
● Dev elopmentofeducat ion– t hef orei
gnexchangeear nedt hroughex ports
hasbeenusedi nthedev el
opmentofeducat i
on.
● Shar ednat uralresour ces-Count r i
essharewat erandwi ldl
ifet hatmi grates

166
 acrossbor
ders.TheOkav
angoriv
eri
sshar
edbyAngol
aandBot
swana,t
his
benefi
tsci
ti
zensofbot
hcount
ri
es.

REGI
ONALANDI
NTERNATI
ONALORGANI
SATI
ONS

TheFor
mat
ionofSout
her
nAf
ri
canCust
omsUni
on(
SACU)

SACU was f ormed on 29 June 1910 bySout h Afr

ica,Lesotho,Botswana,
SwazilandandZi mbabwe.Zi mbabwel eftin1923.TheheadquartersofSACUis
Windhoek.I twasf or
medt o:
● allowf reetr
adeamongmember s.
● Char geacommonext er
naltarif
fonal lgoodsimpor tedint
ot heCustoms
Unionf or
m nonmembercount r
ies.
NBat ar
ifforcustomsdut yi
sat axchargedoni mport
edorexpor t
edgoods
● Cr eateacommonpoolofr ev
enuef orcustomsduti
est hatwouldbecoll
ect
ed
andt osharetherevenueamongmember s.
● Al l
owf reemov ementofgoodsbet weenmemberst ates.

Or
gani
sat
ionofSACU

Counci
lofMi
nist
er-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-Tr
ibunal
w

Cust
omsuni
oncommi
ssi
on Tar
if
fBoar
d--
--
--
--
-Nat
ional
Bodi
es

167
Secr
etar
iat Techni
cal
Liai
sonCommi
tt
ees

▪ Agricult
ure
▪ Transport
▪ Cust oms
▪ Fi
nance
▪ TradeandI ndust
ry

Responsi
bil
it
ies

● TheSACUCounci lofMi nistersi sthemai ndeci sionmakingbodymadeupof

onemi ni
sterfrom eachoft heSACUmemberst ates.
● TheSACUTr i
bunali sabodyr esponsi bl
ef orset t
ingtari
ff
s.Itensuresthat
ther
eisnodumpi ngofenv i
ronment all
yunf r
iendlytoxi
nsintheSACUmember
stat
es.
● TheCust omsUni onCommi ssionsuper v
isesandov erseesthewor koft he
SACUsecr etari
at.
● Tari
ffBoar disr esponsiblef ormaki ngr ecommendat i
onst otheCouncilof
Minist
ersont hel evelandchangesofdut iesongoodsi mportedfr
om outside
theCustomsAr eaandot herr evenuemat t
ers.
● Secret
ari
atisresponsi blef ort hedailyrunningofSACU.

Responsi
bil
it
iesoft
heTechni
calLi
aisonCommi
tt
ees

● Agricult
ur e commi t
tee pr ov ides t echni caladv i
ce on matters af f
ecti
ng
production, consumpt i
onandt radei nagr icul
tural
product
s.
● Tradeandi ndustryCommi tteeadv i
cest heCust omsUnionCommi ssion.
● Cust oms Commi tt
ee assi stsi nt he dev el
opmentand i mpl
ement ati
on of
commonandsi mplifi
edCust omspol icies, i
nstr
umentsandprocedures.
● Transpor tCommi tt
eef aci
litatest hemov ementofgoodsandpassenger swi t
h
av i
ewt or educingt r
anspor tationcost sandt ransi
tti
mes.
● Fi
nanceCommi tteefacili
tatest hecol l
ect i
onandanal ysi
sofeconomi c,tr
ade
andr evenuedat athatisusedt odeci dehowmuchmoneyeachmemberget s
fr
om t heCommonRev enuepool .

For
mat
ionoft
heSout
her
nAf
ri
canDev
elopmentCommuni
ty(
SADC)

Leadersofagroupcall
edtheFrontl
i
neStatesf
eltthattheyneededtoworktoget
her
topromoteeconomicandsocialdevel
opmenti
nt heregion,
andtoreduceeconomic
dependenceonothercount
ri
es.
168
 Aregionalconf
erencewasheldinLusaka,ZambiainApr i
l1980.Asar esul
toft he
conf
erence,anorgani
zat
ioncall
edtheSouthernAfricanDevel
opmentCoor di
nation
Conf
er ence(
SADCC)wasestabli
shedwithSirSer
etseKhamaasi t
sfi
rstchair
person.

In1989atameet inginHarar
emember
sagreedt
otr
ansfor
mtheor
gani
zat
ionfr
om
coordi
nat
ionconferencet
oadevel
opmentcommuni
ty.I
n1992SADCCchangedto
SADC.Current
lyi
thas15members.

I
tsobj
ect
ivesar
e:

● Topr omot esustai

nableeconomi candsoci aldevel
opmentthroughregi
onal
entegration.
● Todev elopcommonpol iti
calvalues,
systemsandi nst
it
uti
ons.
● Topr omot eanddef endpeaceandsecur ity
.
● Tocoor dinatenati
onal andregionalstr
ategiesandprogr
ammes.
● Tost rengt henhist
orical,soci
alandcul turalli
nksamongt hepeopleoft he
regi
on

TheOr
gani
zat
ionofSADC

Summi
tofHeadsofSt
ateandGov
ernment-
--
--
--
--
--Tr
oika

Counci
lofMi
nist
ers-
--
--Tr
oika Tr
ibunal OrganonPolit
ics,-
--
-Tr
oika
Defence&Securi
tycooperat
ion

St
andngCommi
tt
ee-
--
--
-Tr
oika

OfSeni
orOf
fi
cial
s

I
ntegr
atedCommi
tt
eeofMi
nist
ers

SADCSecr
etar
iat

Execut
iveSecr
etar
y

Suppor
tSer
vices DeptofSt
rat
egi
cPl
anni
ng Deptf
orPol
i
tics,
Def
enceandSecur
it
y

169
● Admi str
at i
on Gender&Pol
i
cyhar
moni
zat
ion
● Finance
● Legal Affair
s
● Inter
nal Audit
● Knowl edge& Di
rect
orat
e5
Director
at e6
I
nformation Pol
i
tics&di
plomacy Def
ence&
secur
it
y

Di
rect
orat
e1 Di
rect
orat
e2 Di
rect
orat
e3 di
rect
orat
e4
Tr
ade,Indust
ry Food,Agri
cand I
nfr
astruct
ure& Soci
al&HumanDev el
opment&
Fi
nance,mini
ng Natur
alresour
ces Ser
vices Speci
alPr
ogrammes
&inv
estment

Nat
ional
Commi
tt
ees

SADCusesaTr oi
kaleadershipsystem meani ngagroupconsistingoft hree.
Thesear ethecurrentChair,
incomingChai randtheoutgoi
ngChai r.TheTr oi
ka
system operatesattheleveloftheSummi t,theorganonPol i
ti
cs, Def enceand
Securi
ty,CouncilofMinist
ersandSt andingCommi t
teeofSeniorOf ficials.Thi
s
system enablesSADCt otakequi ckdeci
sionsi nbetweenregularmeet ingsof
theseorgans.

Responsi
bil
it
ies
● TheSummi
tofHeadsofSt
ateandGov
ernmenti
sresponsi
blef
ort
heov
eral
l
policydi rectionandcont roloff unct ionsoft heCommuni ty.Itelect st
he
chair per sonanddeput ychai rper sonofSADC.
● TheCounci l ofMi nistersov erseest hef unct i
oni nganddev elopmentofSADC
andensur i
ngt hatpol i
ciesar epr oper lyi mpl ement ed.
● Int
egr atedCommi tteeofMi ni ster sov erseest hewor koftheSecr etari
at.It
repor tsdi rect l
yt otheCounci lofMi nister s.
● Standi ngCommi tt
eeofSeni orOf fi
cialspr eparest heagendaf orcouncil of
Mini ster smeet ings.
● OrganonPol it
ics,Def ence&Secur i
tyi sr esponsi bl
ef orpr
omot i
ngpeaceand
secur ityi nt heregi on.
● Tribunal isr esponsi blef orset tlingdi sput esr eferredt oi
tconcer ningthe
adher encet oandi nterpretationoft heSADCTr eatyandagr eement s.
● SADCSecr etari
ati sresponsi bl ef orst rategicpl anningandmanagementof
SADCpr ogr ammes, i
mpl ement at i
onofdeci sionsofSADCpol i
cyor gansand
i
nst itut i
onssuchast heSummi tandCounci l
.
● SADCNat i
onal Commi tteespr ov idei nput satt henat i
onallev elinthe
formul ationofr egional policies, str
at egi es,theSADCPr ogr ammeofAct i
onas
170
 wel
lascoor
dinat
eandov
erseet
hei
mpl
ement
ati
onoft
hesepr
ogr
ammes.
Thef
ormat
ionoft
heAf
ri
canUni
on
TheOr ganizati
onAf ri
canUni
tywasf or
medin1963.I t
sheadquart
ersar einAddis
Ababai nEthiopi
a.Member smeti n1999andagreedthatinst
eadofbei ngonlya
pol
iti
cal or
ganization,OAUshouldal
soconcent
rateoneconomi cissues.Itwasat
ameet inginDur banSouthAfri
ca2002thatt
heor gani
zati
onoffi
cial
lylaunched
Afr
icanUni on.It
sai mswere:
● Toaccelerat
ethepolit
icalandsoci
o–economi cintegr
ationoftheconti
nent
.
● Topr omoteanddefendcommonposi ti
onsoni ssuesofinter
esttoAfri
ca.
● Topr omoteandprotecthumanr i
ghts.
● Towor ktowardstheeradi
cationofprevent
ablediseasesandt hepr
omot i
on
ofgoodhealth.
● Topr omotesustai
nabledevel
opmentatt heeconomi c,soci
alandcult
ural
l
evels.
Theor
gani
zat
ionoft
heAf
ri
canUni
on
Assembl
yofHeadsofSt
ateandGov
ernment

Pan–Afri
can Courtof TheExecut
ive Economic,Soci
al Peace
Par
li
ament Just
ice Counci
lofminist
ers &cultur
alcounci
l Secur
it
yCouncil

TheCommi
ssi
on Speci
ali
sedTechni
cal Permanent Fi
nanci
al
Commi t
tees Represent
ati
veCounci
lInsti
tut
ion
Responsi
bil
it
ies

● The Assembl yi st he supr eme deci si

on maki ng or gan.They el ect a
chai
rpersonoftheAUwhohol dsof ficefor12mont hs.
● TheExecut i
veCounci ladv i
sestheAssembl y.
● The Per manentRepr esentat
ives’Commi ttee prepar es t he wor k oft he
Executi
veCounci l
.
● PeaceandSecur it
yCounci lprevents, managesandr esolvesconf lict
s.
● Pan-Af r
icanPar l
iamentensur est hef ul
lpar ti
cipationofAf r
icanpeopl ein
governance,devel
opmentandeconomi cintegrati
on.
● TheEconomi c,Social andCul t
ural Counciladv i
sest heor ganization.
● TheCour tofJust i
ceset tl
esdi sputesconcer ni
ngt hei nterpretati
onoft he
Constit
uti
veActoft heUni onandmat t
ersrelatedtot hewor koft heUnion.

171
 For
mat
ionoft
heUni
tedNat
ions

TheUNwasf ormedi n1945aft

erthesecondWor l
dWar .I
tsheadquarter
sarein
NewYork,USA.Itsmai nobj
ect
ivesar e:
● Tobringallnati
onsoft hewor l
dt oget
hert oworkforwor l
dpeace.
● Topromot efri
endshi pandinternati
onalco–oper ati
on amongal lnati
onsof
theworld.
● Encouragenationst oworktogethertost openvi
ronment aldest
ruct
ion.
● Toencourager espectforeachot her’
srightsandfreedom.
● Topromot edev elopmentsothatt hestandardofli
v i
ngandqual i
tyofli
feofal
l
peopl
ei si
mpr ov ed.

Theor
gani
zat
ionoft
heUni
tedNat
ions

TheUni
tedNat
ionsOr
gani
zat
ion
Gener
al Economic& Secur
it
y Secr
etari
at I
nter
nati
onal Tr
ust
eeshi
p
Assembl
y Soci
al Counci
l Cour
tof Counci
l
Counci
l Just
ice

*Subsidiar
y *Commi ssi
ons*Subsidi
ary Depar
tment
s Regi
str
y
Bodies *Speci
ali
sed Bodies &Offi
ces
*Progremmes Agencies *Commi ttees
*Funds *Committees
*Resear ch& *Forums
Trai
ning
I
nstitut
es.

Responsi
bil
it
ies

● TheGener alAssemblyi st heonl yor gani nwhi chal lmember sar eall
owedt o
parti
cipat eindiscussionsandmaker ecommendat i
onsonanyi ssueofgl obal
concer n.
● TheSecur i
tyCouncilmai nt ainspeacei nthewor ld.Itcondemnsact i
onst hat
thr
eat enwor l
dpeace, author i
zeUNpeacekeepi ngandpeacemaki ngmi ssions.
Callforsanct ionsoraut hor izecount ri
est ousemi li
taryacti
oninor dertodeal
wit
ht hr eatstowor l
dpeace.
● TheEconomi candSoci alCounci lcoor di
natest heeconomi candsoci alwor k
oftheUNspeci al
izedagenci es.Itinit
iatesresear choni nter
nati
onal economi c
andsoci alissues.Identifi
essol utionst ointernationaleconomi c,socialand
healt
h pr obl
ems. I tf acilit
ates i nternat
ional cul tural and educat ional
cooper ation.
● The int ernati
onalcour tofj usti
ce set tl
esl egaldi sputesbr oughtt oi tby
172
 memberst atesaccordingtointer
nati
onallaw.Italsogiv
eslegaladvi
cet
o
otherUNor gans.
● TheSecretari
atcarr
iesouttheadmini
str
ativeworkoftheUN.
● TheTr ust
eeshipCounci lnolongerexistsbutusedt oadmini
stercol
oni
al
terr
it
ori
esthathadbeenputunderUNcar eandcontr
ol.

BOTSWANA’
SELECTORALSYSTEM

Anelect
oralsystem orvoti
ngsy st
em isasetofr ul
esthatareusedtodet
ermine
how acandidat
eorpol i
ti
calpart
ywi nsanelecti
onand,how par
li
amentorcounci
l
seat
sareall
ocatedtowinningcandidat
esorpoli
ti
calpar
ti
es.

Ther
ear
e3mai
nvot
ingsy
stems:

● Pl
ural
i
tysy
stem

173
 ● Maj orit
ysy st em
● Pr opor ti
onal represent ati
onsy stem
a)Pluralitysy stem : hasgott wot y peswhi char eFir
stPasst hepostandbl ockv ote
alsocal ledmul tiplememberpl urali
ty. Underpl urali
tysy stem,acandi dateor
electedbypl ur alit
y( notmaj ority)ofv otescast .Towi nacandi dateorpar ty
needst osi mplygetmor ev otest hant heot herstowin.
b)Maj oritysy stem:acandi dat eorapol i
ti
calpar tyiselectedbywi nni
ngamaj or
ity,
thatis,mor et han50%ofv otescast .Exampl esofmaj or i
tysy stem ofv otesar e:
twor oundv oteandal ternativev ote
c)Propor t
ionalr epr esent ati
onsy stem:pol i
ticalparti
esr eceiveseat sinpr opor t
ion
tothei rshar eoft het otalv otescast .
inthecaseofel ectionf orpar l
i
ament, i
tisin
propor tiont othenat ionalv ote.Exampl esofpr oporti
onalr epr esentati
onsy stems
ofv otingar e: par tyli
st,mi xedmemberpr opor ti
onalsy stem, si
ngletransferable
vote,si nglenont ransferabl ev oteandpar all
elsystem.

COMPARING BOTSWANA ‘
S ELECTORAL SYSTEM WI
TH OTHER TYPES OF
ELECTORALSYSTEMS

Fi
rstPastThePost Bl
ockVot
e 2RoundVot
e Par
tyLi
stRepr
ese

174
-Const it
uency/ Ward -Const it
uencyhassev eral -Foracandi datetowi n -Eachpol i
ti
cal Par
represent edbyasi ngl
e seats i
nt hef i
rstr oundhe/ she present salistofit
electedmember -Av oterelectsasmany hast owi n50%oft he candidat eswhow
-Candi dateswi t
hthe seatsav ai
lable vot e. representi t
.The
mostv oteswi ns -Candi datesar eranked -I ftherei snocandi date candidat esar eran
-Poli
ticalpartywi t
hthe accor dingtot henumber wi thmor et han50%oft he -Candi datesv ote
mostseat sinpar l
iament ofv oteseachone vot e,asecondr oundi s partyr at
hert hana
nd
winsandr ul
est he receives hel d.Fort he2 r ound i
ndiv i
dual
count ryeg.Bot swana -Thet opt hreecandi dates onl yselect edcandi dates -Seat sinpar li
ame
st
i
.e.ifther earet hr
eeseat s from t he1 r oundar e all
ocat edaccor din
thatar ebeing allowedt opar ti
cipate propor ti
onoft hen
cont ested(withhi ghest -Thewi nneri sthe votet hateachpar
votes)wi l
lbet hewinner s candi datewhoget smor e receives
than50%oft hev otese.g -Electedr epresen
Cuba, Chad aretakenf r
om t he
l
istint heor derof
rankingont helist
Sout hAf ri
ca

a)Fi
rstPastThePost(
FPTP)

Thi
sisthe el
ector
alsystem Bot
swana uses dur
ing gener
alel
ect
ions t
o el
ect
member
sofparl
iamentandcounci
l
ors.

- Eachconst i
tuencyorwar dhasoneseatandi srepresentedbyasi ngl
e
electedmember .
- Thecandi datewhor ecei
vesthemostv ot
eswinsandbecomest heelect
ed
representati
ve,thatis,
memberofPar l
iamentorCounci
llor.
- Thepol it
icalpartythathasmostr epresent
ati
veselect
edandt heref
orehas
themaj orit
yofseat sinparl
iamentalsowinstheri
ghttor ul
ethecount
ry.

Foraex
ampl
einaconst
it
uency
,100peopl
evot
efor3candi
dat
es.Candi
dat
eAget
s

175
40vot
es,candidat
eBgets35v otesandcandi
dat
eCget s25v ot
es.Candi
dat
eA
wi
nseventhoughthemaj
ori
tyofvoter
s(60)di
dnotvot
eforhi
m orher
.

b)Bl
ockVot e(BV)
- Eachconst i
tuencyhassev er
alseat s.Theconst it
uencyelectsasmany
representati
vesast henumberofseat sav ai
lableintheconsti
tuencyorward.
- Each v oterhas as many v otes as there ar e seatsto be fil
l
ed ina
const i
tuencye.g.ifaconst
it
uencyhas3seat s,
eachv oterget
s3v otes.
- Voterscanv oteforany3candidates.Theycanv oteforcandidat
esf r
om 3
diff
erentpar ti
es.Thecandidatesar er ankedaccor dingtot henumberof
voteseachoner eceiv
es.
- Thet op3candi dateswitht
hehi ghestnumberofv oteswin.

Forexampl eaconst
it
uencyhas3seat s,100peoplevote.Candi
dat
eAgets30
votes,candi
dat
eB25v otes,candi
dateC20v otes,candidat
eD15v ot
esand
candidat
eE10v ot
es.Candidat
eA, BandCwin.

c)TheTwo–RoundVot e( TRV)
- Ifacandi dater eceivesmor ethan50%oft hev oteinthefir
stround,heor
shewi nstheel ection.
- Ifnocandi dateget smor ethan50%oft hev ot
ei nthefir
stround,asecond
roundofv oti
ngi shel dusuall
ywi thi
nfewweeksoft hefi
rstball
ot.I
nsome
countri
esonl yt het optwocandi datesi
nthefir
stroundmov etothesecond
round whi lein ot hercount r
ies,allcandi
dates with a cert
ain mini
mum
percentageofv otesmov etothesecondr ound.

Forexample 100peopl
evoteinaconst
it
uency,ifcandi
dat
eAgets51v otes,
candidat
eB29v ot
esandcandi
dat
eC20votes,candi
dateAwinst
heel
ect
ion.

Ifinthefi
rstr
ound candidat
e A gets49 votes,candi
dateB 31 votesand
candi
dat
eC 20v ot
es.A secondr oundofv ot
ingisconductedinvol
vi
ngonly
candi
dat
esAandB.Thewi nnerwi
ll
bet heonewhoget smorethan50%v ot
es.

d)Thealternat
iveVote(AV)
- Vot ersrankcandidatesinorderof(
pref
erence)choiceont hebal l
otpaper
,
mar ki
ng“1”fortheirf
ir
stchoi
ceand“2”f
ortheirsecondchoi ce.
- Towi nacandi datemustgetmor et
han50%oft hev otesasf i
rst–choice
votes.
- Ifnocandi datewi nsmorethan50%t hefir
stchoicev otes,thelastpl
aced

176
 candi
dateisr
emoved.
- Thev oti
ngpr
ocessisrepeat
edunt
ilonecandi
dat
ehasmor
ethan50%of
thevotesasf
ir
stchoi
ce.

Forexampleifcandi
dat
eAget s40v ot
es,candidat
eB30v otes,candi
dateC20
votesandcandidat
eD10v otes.Candi
dat
eDi sremovedandv ot
ingisrepeat
ed
fortheremaini
ngcandidat
esunt i
loneoft hem getsmoret han50% off i
rst
choicevot
es.

e)Par
tyLi stPropor ti
onalRepr esent ation
- Eachpol iti
cal partypresentsal istofi t
scandidateswhowi l
l r
epresentit.
- Thel i
stshoul dbeequal t
ot het otalnumberofseat s.
- Vot er
sv otef orapar tyratherthanacandi date.
- The candi dates ar er anked /v otes are added up and a per centage
calculat
ed.
e.g.ifapar tyreceives55%oft henat ionalvote,i
twouldreceive55%oft he
seat sinpar l
iament .
- El ectedr epresentativesaret akenf rom thepar t
yli
stinor
deroft heirranking
ont helist.Fori nstanceifapar tyhaswon20seat s,t
hefirst20candi dates
ont heli
star et aken.

Forexamplethereare100seatsi
nparli
ament.I
fpart
yAwi ns40%oft hev otes,
i
tget s40seats.Thetop40candidat
esonitspart
ylistgett
heseats.Ifpart
yB
wins30%oft hev ot
es,i
tgets30seat
sandthetop30candidatesonit
spartylist
gettheseat
s.Ifpart
yCwi ns20%ofthevot
e,i
tgets20seats.

f
) Si
ngl
eTr ansferableVote
- Vot ersvoteforindi
v i
dualsnotparties.
- Vot ersindicatean or derofpr ef er
enceon t hebal l
otpaperf orsev eral
candi datesbyrankingthem 1st,
2ndandsoon.
- Af ormul aisusedt odet er
minet hemi nimum numberofv ot
es( quota)that
ani ndivi
dualcandidatemustgeti nor dertobeawar dedaseat.
- Ifthef i
rstchoicecandidategetst herequiredminimum numberofv otes,he
orshe wi ns a seatand any addi tionalvotes forthis candidate are
transferredtothesecondchoi cecandi date.
- Ifthesecondchoi cecandi datereachest her
equiredminimum numberof
votes,heorsheal sowinsaseatandanyaddi ti
onalvotesfort hesecond
177
 candidatearet r
ansferr
edt othet hir
dchoi ce.Thisprocesscont inuesunt i
l
theseatsint heconst i
tuencyarefill
ed.
- I fnosi nglecandi dateget sthemi ni
mum numberofv otesr equired,the
candidatewi tht helowestnumberoff i
rstchoicev otesi seliminated.The
votesheorshegotar et r
ansferr
edt othecandi datewithhi ghestnumberof
fi
rstchoicev otes.
Forexampl eaconst i
tuencyhast hreeseat sand5candi dates.Av ot
err anks
thecandi datesfrom 1( f
ir
stchoice)to5( l
astchoice).Ift
hequot aiscalculated
tobe300.Thepr ocessofdet er
mi ni
ngt hewi nnerisasexplainedabov e.

g)Mi
xedmemberpr opor ti
onalsy st
em.(NewZeal and)
- Thel egisl
atureconsi stsofabl ockofseat sthatareelectedbyplur al
i
tyor
maj ori
tyforsi nglememberdi stri
ctsandanot herblockofseat st hatar e
electedinmul ti–memberdi stri
ctsunderaproporti
onal sy
stem.
- Thepr oportionalseat sar eawar dedinsuchawayast ocompensat ef or
disproport
ional effectsint hesinglememberdi stri
ctoutcomes.
- Insomecount ries, votersgett wochoices,onev ot
eforapar tyandtheot her
foracandi date;i not hers,votersmaymakeonl yonechoi ce,andvot efora
candidate.Thet otalnumberofseat sapar tygetsareder i
vedfrom thetotal
votescastf orthei ndividualdistri
ctcandi
dates.

Forexampl e,ifonepart
ywi
ns10%oft hev otenational
lybutnodist
ri
ctseat
s,it
wil
lbeawar dedenoughseat
sfrom thepr oporti
onalrepresent
ati
onli
sttobri
ng
i
tsrepresentationupto10%ofseat
sint helegisl
ature.

h)Si
ngl
eNon–Tr ansf
erableVote(SNTV)
- Eachconstit
uencyhassev er
al seat
s.
- Eachvotercanvoteonceonly.
- Thecandidatewit
ht hehi
ghestnumberofv ot
eswinst
heseatsav
ail
abl
e.
- Votescannotbetransfer
redfrom onecandi
datet
oanother
.

Forexampl
e,aconst
it
uencyhas4seatsand7candidat
es.Eachvoterv
otesf
or
oncandi
dat
e.Thetop4candi
dateswi
ththemostv
otesareelect
ed.

i
) Par
allelSy stems
- Thel egi sl
atur
econsi stsofabl ockofseat sthatareelect edbyplural
ityor
maj orit
yf rom singl
e–memberdi str
ict
sandanot herblockofseat sthatare
electedi nmul ti– memberdi strict
sunderapr opor
tionalrepresentat
ion
system.Thepr opor
tionalseat
sar eawar dedi
ndependent lyoftheoutcomes
i
nsi nglememberdi str
ict
s.Thepr oporti
onalr
epresentationcomponentofa

178
 par
all
elsy
stem doesnotcompensat
eforanydi
spr
opor
ti
onal
i
tywi
thi
nthe
pl
ural
i
ty/major
itydi
str
ict
s.

Forexample Russi
a has450 seat
s,225 seat
sar ef
il
led using pr
oport
ional
repr
esent
ati
onsy st
em,whi
letheother225arefil
l
edusi
ngFi rstPastthePost
Syst
em.

Canadahas125seat
s,25seatsarefi
ll
edusingpr
opor
ti
onalr
epr
esent
ati
on
syst
em,whi
l
e100aref
il
ledusi
ngTwoRoundSy
stem.

TheEst
abl
ishmentoft
heI
ndependentEl
ect
oralCommi
ssi
oni
nBot
swana(
IEC)

Itwasest abl
ishedin1997byanactofpar li
amentt ooverseetherunni
ngof
elect
ions.I
tensuresthatel
ect
ionsi
nBotswanaar et
ranspar
entandconductedin
accordancewithint
ernati
onal
l
yaccept
edprinci
plesandstandardsofdemocrat
ic
elect
ions.It
sfuncti
onsareto:

● Conductandsuper v
iseel ections
● Encourageciti
zenst or egist
ert ov ote.
● Ensureelect
ionsar econduct edf ai
randf reel
y .
● Ensurethesecr etar
yoft hecommi ssionper for
mshi s/herdutiesaccordi
ng
totheconstit
uti
onandel ectorallaw.
● Educatepeopleaboutv otingt hroughoutthecount ry
.
● Arr
angeandconductt henat ional r
eferenda.
● Regist
erallpoli
ticalparti
eswi shingtopar ti
cipat
einanygeneralelect
ion.
● Regist
erciti
zenswhoqual if
yt ov oteandpr eparethevot
ersrol
l.

Pr
ocessesandpr
ocedur
esr
egar
dingdel
imi
tat
ionofConst
it
uencyBoundar
ies
179
 andPol
li
ngdi
str
ict
s/t
owns

Bef
oret heact ualvot
ingprocesscant akeplace,consti
tuencyboundar
iesar e
establ
i
shed t hr
oughoutt hecountry.Thisiscalled del
imit
ation ofconst
it
uency
boundaries.
Botswana i s divided int
o v ot
ing or el ect
oral dist
ri
cts called
consti
tuenci
es f orelect
ing member s ofparli
ament .hen setti
ng const
ituency
boundariesthefoll
owingprocessesaref
oll
owed:

The judici
ary serv
ice commi ssi
on appoints a Delimit
ation Commi ssi
on as
provi
dedi nsecti
on64oft heconst i
tut
ionofBotswana.Thi shappensaf t
erevery
populati
on and housing census. The commi ssion dr
aws t he consti
tuency
boundariesont hebasisofthecensuspopul at
ion.TheI ECdividesdeli
mi t
ated
consti
tuenci
esi nt
opol l
ingdistri
ctsandest abl
ishpolli
ngst at
ionswi t
hineach
di
stri
ct.OutsideBot swana,polli
ng stati
onsmaybet heEmbassi esorot her
pl
acesi dent
if
iedbyIEC.Theythenav ai
l t
heresources.

Atthelastdel
i
mit
ati
onofboundar
iesin2001,Bot
swanawasdi v
idedinto57
const
it
uenci
es,
228inter
nal
pol
li
ngstat
ionsand25ext
ernal
pol
l
ingstat
ions.

I
dent
if
yingofanddemar
cat
ionofPol
li
ngst
ati
ons

Demarcationandidenti
ficat
ionofpoll
ingdist
rictboundari
esiscarri
edoutbya
commi t
teemadeupofr epresent
ati
onfrom di
fferentst
akehol
ders.e.
g.secr
etary
of Independent Elect
or al Commission, t
raditi
onal l
eaders and politi
cal
repr
esentati
on.

Basi
cEl
ement
soft
hev
oti
ngpr
ocess

● Votersgot othepoll
ingstationi nt
heareawher etheyhav eregisteredtovot
e.
● Theyshowt hei
rregi
strati
oncar dsandomangt othepolli
ngof fi
cer .
● Polli
ngof f
icercheckst henameoft hev oteront hev oter’
sr olltoconfi
rm
personal detail
s.
● Polli
ngof f
icerthengi vest hev ot
erabal lotpaperandmar ksagai nsti
tto
provet hebal l
otpaperwasgi v
enout .
● Thev ot erthengoest oapol l
ingboothandsecr etlymar kshi s/herpaper ,
fol
dsi tupandput si
tinabal l
otboxandleav est hepoll
ingst at
ion.
● Whenv ot
ingends,t heballotboxesar eseal edandsentt oonepl acewhere
votesar ecount edint hepr esenceofr epr esentati
vesf rom al lcompeti
ng
parti
es.
● Thecandi datewho wi nst hemostv ot
esi naconst ituencybecomest he
180
 MemberofPar
li
amentf
ort
hatconst
it
uency
.

TheI
mpor
tanceofv
oti
ng

● Promot edemocr acy-Vot ershav easayi nt heway

● Itist hemeansbywhi chci t
izensexpr esst heirchoi ce.
● Vot ing i st he l awf uland peacef ulway ofchoosi ng and changi ng the
gov er nmentandpol iticall eader s.Forexampl ev oterscanr emov eweakor
badl eader sbyv ot i
ngt hem outdur ingel ect i
ons.
● Itenabl esv oter st ocommuni cat et ot hegov ernmentandpol i
ticalleaders
whati si mpor tantt ot hem byv otingf orcandi datesandpol i
ticalpar t
iesthat
hav epol i
ci est hatbestmat cht hei ri nterests, valuesandv i
ews.
● Vot ingf or cesel ectedl eader st ot ryasmuchaspossi bletopr omot eand
prot ectt hei nterest soft hepeopl e, sot hatt heyr e–el ectthem.
Rol esofEl ect edRepr esent ati
v es
a)ThePr esi dent
● Issuesr ul es,andr egul at i
onsandi nst r
uct i
onswhi chdonotnecessar il
yneed
par li
ament ar yappr ov al.
● Dissol v espar li
amentandcal lsf orgener al electionsev ery5y ears.
● Leadsandgui dest hecount ry.
● Isthecommander–i n–chi efoft hear medf orces.
● Headst hej udici ary.
b)Member sofpar liament
● Makel aws.
● Maket hegov er nmentawar eoft heneedsofpeopl eint hei
rconst i
tuenci es.
● Electt hepr esidentaf tergener al elect i
ons.
● Seet oi tt hatt heel ect orat egetser v i
cesi nt heirar eas.
● Encour agepeopl et or egi sterandv ot e.
● Promot ef reedom ofspeech byal l
owi ng peopl et o openl ydi scuss t hei
r
opini on.
c)Counci ll
or s
● Rai seawar enessaboutav ailablepr ogr ammes, suchaspov er
tyalleviat
ionand
droughtr eliefpr ogr ammes.
● Faci li
tat edev elopment si nt heirwar ds.
● Wor khandi nhandwi thmember sofpar liamentoni ssuesofcommuni t
y
i
nt erest .
● Ensur et hatwat er ,clinicsandel ect ricityreachl ocal communi ti
es.
● Debat ei ssuesconcer ningt hei rel ect oratei ncounci lmeet inginor dertocome
upwi thsol ut i
ons.

181
Way
sofhol
dingel
ect
edr
epr
esent
ati
vesaccount
abl
e

● Ref usingt ovoteforabadorweakl eaderinthenextelections.

● Hol ding an inter
nalori ndependenti nqui
ryinr esponse t o al
l
egat i
onsof
mi sconductorcor rupti
on.
● Passi ngamot i
onofnoconf idencet oaweakl eader.
● The el ector
ate can arrange meet i
ngs wi t
ht heirrepresentati
v es on any
par t
icularissuetheywoul dli
ket hegov ernmenttoattendt o.
● Keepar ecordofcampai gnpr omisesandmoni t
ortheirimpl ementati
on.
● Const i
tuentsshouldbeawar eoft heirleader’
scont r
ibutiontodebat esand
discussi onsinpar l
iamentandcounci lmeeti
ngsandaskhi mtoexplainwhy
theyv otedfororagainstapar ti
cularissue,l
aworpol i
cy .

SELFEMPLOYMENT

Sel
femploy
edpeopl
estar
tandownt
hei
rbusi
nessesandwor
kfort
hemsel
ves.
Theyar
eknownasent
repr
eneur
s.

Ent
repr
eneurshipistheact
ionandski
l
lofst
art
ingandr
unni
ngabusi
nessoran
ent
erpr
isei
nor dertomakeaprofi
t.

Fact
orsofPr
oduct
ion

Ent
repreneursneedt ohavecer
tai
nresour
cesi
nor
dert
opr
oducegoodsor
ser
vicesforsal
e.Thesear
e:

● Land–Thesear eal lther esourcest hatar erequir

edt oproducegoodsand
services.e.
gwat er,oi
l,fi
sh, veget
ation.
● Labour - Thesear epeopl ewhopr ovideknowl edgeandski ll
st oproduce
goodsandpr ovideser vices.( workers).
● Capi t
al–Thesear egoodsmadebypeopl ethatareusedt opr oduceother
goodsand ser v i
cese. g.i ncl
udet ools,equi pment,machiner y,computers,
vehiclesandf act orybuildings.Capitalalsomeansmoneyt hatisusedbyan
entrepreneurtost artabusi nessort oincr easeproduct
ion.
● Enterprise/Ent repreneur ship–t heact ionandski l
lofstar
tingandr unni
nga
business.The ent r
epreneurcomes up wi th a busi
ness i dea and takes

182
 r
esponsi
bil
i
tyf
oral
lther
isksi
nthebusi
ness.

TheEf
fectofSuppl
yandDemandonPr
ices

Businessessuppl
ygoodsandserv
icespeopl
ewantandneedatapri
ce.Pr
icei
s
whatpeoplepaywhent heybuyagoodoraserv
iceandwhattheyr
ecei
vewhen
theysellagoodorser
vice.

Thepricesatwhi
chgoodsandser vi
cesareboughtandsol
dareaff
ect
edby
suppl
yanddemand.Ani
ncreaseordecr
easei
nthesuppl
yanddemandf
orgoods
andservi
cesr
esul
tsi
npr
icesgoingupordown.

Thel
awofsuppl
y

Supplyi
sthequantit
yofgoodsandser
vicesav
ail
ablef
orsal
eatagivenpr
ice.
Supplyaff
ect
spricesofgoodsandservi
cesbecausei
fsupplyi
shighert
han
demand,thepri
cewi l
ldecr
easeandi
fsupplyi
slowerthandemand,t
hepri
ce
wil
lincr
ease.

Itisimportanttonotethatthepr i
cesofgoodsandservi
cescanalsoaf f
ect
supply.Thusifthereisal argedr opint hepri
ceofagoodorser v
ice,the
producti
onoft hatgood orpr ovisi
onoft hatser
vicemaybet emporar
il
yor
permanentl
ystoppedleadi
ngtor educedsuppl
y.

Fewergoodsandserv
iceswil
lbeof
fer
edforsalebecauseent
repr
eneur
scannot
car
ryonproduci
ngandsell
i
nggoodsandser
vicesataloss.

Entr
epr
eneur
strytosel
lthei
rgoodsandser
vicesatt
hehi
ghestpossi
blepr
ice,
thi
smayincr
easesuppl
y.

Thel
awofdemand.

Demandi st hequanti
tyofgoodsorservi
cest
hatpeoplewantorneedand
actuall
ybuy.Quanti
tydemandedist
heamountpeoplearewil
l
ingt
obuyata
certai
npri
ce.Therel
ati
onshi
pbet
weenpri
ceandquant
it
ydemandedi
sknownas
thedemandr el
ati
onshi
p.

Demandaf f
ectspri
ceofgoodsandser vi
cesbecauseifdemandishi
ghert
han
supply,thepricewi
lli
ncrease. I
fdemandi slowert hansuppl
y,t
hepri
cewil
l
decrease.Lowdemandf orparti
culargoodsorservi
cesmeansfewpeopl
ewant
tobuyt hem andar
eactuall
ybuyi
ngt hem.

Pr
icesatwhi
chgoodsorser
vicesar
esol
dcanal
soaf
fectdemand.Thust
he

183
 l
owerthepr i
ceofgoodsandserv
icesthehighert
hedemand.Thehi
ghert
he
pr
iceofgoodsandser
vicest
hel
owerthedemand.

Whenpr icesofgoodsandservi
cesfall
,demandi ncr
eases.Adecreaseinpr
ices
enablesmor epeopl
etobuythegoods.Theincreaseindemandofgoodscomes
from peoplewhocouldnotaf
fordt
obuyt hegoodsandser vi
cesbutarenowable
tobuyt hem becauseofthelowerpri
cesandt hosewhowoul dnotbuyevenif
theyhadmoneybuthav echangedtheirmindsbecauset helowerpri
cesmake
goodsandser vi
cesmoreworthwhi
letobuy.

Whenpr icesincr
ease,demand decr
eases.Thi
sisbecauseapricei
ncrease
meansonl yhighincomeear ner
swil
lsti
llaf
for
dtobuyt hesamegoodsand
ser
vicesafterapr
icei
ncrease.

Theequi
li
bri
um pr
ice

Whent hequanti
tyofgoodsandser vi
cesdemandedi sequalt
ot hequant
it
y
suppli
edwehav etheequil
ibri
um pri
ce.e.
g.whenthepr i
ceofa10kgbagof
maize–meali sP20andt hereisdemandof50bagsofmai ze–mealand50
bagsofmaize–mealar esuppliedt
othemarketatthatpar
ti
cul
arti
me,thenwe
saytheequi
l
ibr
ium pr
iceatthatti
meisP20.

TheConceptofBor
rowi
ngandbudget
ing

Borr
owi
ngisanyar r
angementbywhichoneobtai
nssomet
hing,e.g.get
ti
ng
moneyfr
om someoneelseandagr
eei
ngtoret
urnitwi
thi
naspecif
icperi
odof
ti
me.

Borr
owingall
owsi ndi
vidual
sandbusinessestoobtai
nmoneytopayforgoods
andservi
cesthatareexpensiv
eorrequi
reimmediat
epayment
,whi
l
eall
owingthe
costt
obespreadov erseveralmont
hsoryears.

Beforeanindi
vidualborr
owsmoney ,theymustt
hinkcareful
l
yaboutwhetheror
notitisnecessarytoborrow themoney.Thi
sisbecausei fonefai
lstomake
repayment
swhent heyaredue,thel
endermaysel
lallborr
ower’
sproper
tytoget
thei
rmoneyback.

TheConceptofSpendi
ng

Spendi
ngistheactofusi
ngmoneytobuygoodsandpayforserv
ices.Moneyis
pai
douti nexchangeforgoodsandservi
ces.e.
g.payi
ngf orraw materi
als,
equi
pment,r
entorsal
ari
es.Agoodr
ulet
ofoll
owwhenspendingisspendmoney
onessent
ial
sfi
rst
.
184
 TheConceptofSav
ing

Savi
ngist
heactofconser
vingmoneybynotspendi
ngi
t.Thi
smoneymaybeput
asi
deandaccumul
atedoverti
me.Accumul
atedmoneyi
srefer
redt
oassav
ings.

I
mpor
tanceofSav
ing

● Sot
hatonehasmoneyduringemergenci
esorunf
oreseenev
ent
s.
● Tor
aisecapi
tal
forbuy
inggoods.

TheConceptofI
nvest
ing

I
nvesti
ngisusi
ngmoneyi nor
dertoearnmor eortoincr
easeoutputov
eralongperiod
ofti
mesuchast hr
eey earsormor e.I
tinvol
vesbecomingtheownerorpar townerof
whateveronei
sinvest
ingin,forexampl
e,wheny oubuysharesinabanky oubecome
par
townerofthebank.Whenabusi nesspersonbuysmachiner
ytoincr
easeproduct
ion
heorsheownsthemachi ner
y.

I
mpor
tanceofI
nvest
ing

● Toear
nalotofmoneyorearnprofi
t.
● Moneysavedcanbeusedtopayforadv
er t
isi
ngcampai
gns.
● Moneycanbeusedtoexpandorbuyequipment.

TheConceptofBudget
ing

Budget
ingi
sthepr ocessofplanni
ngandmaki ngabudget.Abudgetl
ist
sallexpected
i
ncomeandpl annedexpensesf oragivenperiode.g.aday,week,monthoray ear
.
Whenbudgeti
ng,theincomeandexpenseslist
edshouldbeaccurat
eandcompl et
e.Do
notpl
antospendmor ethanyouearn.Pr
ior
it
iseneedsoverwant
s.

I
mpor
tanceofbudget
ing

● I
thel
psonestayincont
roloftheirmoney.
● Hel
psoneplanandensurethattheyal
wayshavemoney
.
● Hel
pident
if
yandreduceunnecessaryspendi
ng

Way
sofSav
ing.

● Openasav ingsaccount–bankspayinter
estonmoneyinsavi
ngaccounts.
● Startapiggybank–acont ai
nersuchasat inorboxthati
susedtost ore
coinsornotes.
● Beasmar tborrower–borr
owmoneyf rom lender
soff
eri
ngthel
owestint
erest
rates.
185
 ● Cont r
ibutetopensionfund–peopl eshouldprepareforl
ifeafterr
eti
rementby
payingmoneyi ntoapensionf und.
● Joi
nabur i
alsociety– Thiswi llenableonet osavef orthecostsoft hei
r
rel
atives’funer
alsbecausewhenamemberdi esthesoci etypaysoutan
agreedamountofmoneyt otheber eavedfamil
y.
● Peopleshoul dspendlit
tl
ethant heyear n–theyshouldcutdownonspendi ng
onnon–essent ialandunnecessaryi t
ems.

Way
sofi
nvest
ing

● Propert
y–onecanr entoutori nvestonlandandbui l
dingssuchashouses,
offi
cesandwar ehouses.
● Bonds–bondsar et radedonst ockexchangeandtheirv al
uecanr i
seorf al
l
.
Afteraspecif
icperiod,theinit
ialamountinvestedpl
ust hefi
nalint
erestdueis
paidbacktotheinv estor.
● Buy i
ngshares–ashar eisauni tofownershipinacompany .Theyar ealso
knownasst ocksorequi t
ies.Shar ehol
dersearnmoneyt hroughdi v
idend
paymentsorsaleofshar es.
-
-di
videndpaymenti swhent hecompanymakesapr of
itanddistr
ibutedsomeof
t
hemoneyt otheshar eholdersinpropor t
iontothenumberofsharestheyhold

*collectiv
einv estment–thisisasingl
efundmadeupofmoneydeposi tedby
manypeopl e.
Themoneyi sinvestedontheirbehal
fbyafundmanager.I
nvestor
sshar
einthe
prof
it
st hefundmakes.Thef undmanagerusual
l
ychargesaf eeformanagi
ng
thei
nv estment.e.g.uni
tTr
usts.

Oppor
tuni
ti
esofsel
fempl
oyment

● Thereisanaoppor tunit
yforsel
fempl oy
ment .
● Thegov er
nmentofBot swanahassetupv ariousschemest ohelpci
ti
zens
whowantt ostartt
heirownbusinessesandbesel f–empl
oyed.
● Trai
ningi nentrepr
eneurshi
pandment orshi
pthr oughor
ganizat
ionsl
i
keLEA
andCEDA.
● Agri
culturalsuppor
tschemes.

186
 ● Therei st hepotenti
altoearnmor emoneyt hroughtheprof i
tst
hebusi ness
makest hanifyouwer eemployedbysomeoneel se.
● Itgivesani ndiv
idualexperi
enceonst art
ingandr unni
ngabusi ness.This
gives i ndiv
idual
s t he opportuni
ty to dev el
op business management
knowledgeandski l
lsthatonemaynotlearnwhenwor ki
ngf orsomeoneel se.
● Itprovidesar outeoutofpov er
tyandanal ternati
vetounempl oy
mentduet o
factorssuchasl ackofjobsandwor kexperi
ence.

Chal
lengesofsel
fempl
oyment

● Lackofbusi nessmanagementandent repr

eneurshipskil
ls.
● Inadequat ecapitalasar esul
toflackofcollat
eral(guaranteed)secur
it
yto
raiseloans.
● Inadequat erawmat eri
als.
● Shor t
ageofski l
ledlabour.
● Poormar ketforsomepr oducts.
● Nobusi nessi sri
skfree.Ifthebusi
nessfai
l
s,theinvestorlosesalotofmoney
.

GOVERNMENTPOLI
CIESTHATPROMOTEI
NVESTMENT

● Citi
zenEconomi cEmpower ment–agenci esl ikeCEDApr ovi
deBot swanawi t
hl oans
atlowi nterest.
● Encour agingl ongt erm sav ing– Let loleNat ionalSav ingsCer t
ifi
cat eencour ages
cit
izenst oi nvestinl ong–t erm sav ings.Thecer tificatesear nahi gheri nt
erestrate
thant hoseof feredbycommer cial banks.
● Taxpol i
cies–Bot swanahasl owt axr ates.Peopl ewhoear nlesst hanP36000per
annum donotpayt ax.
● Forei gnexchangepol i
cies– I nor dert o attractf or
eigncompani est oinvesti n
Botswana, thecount rydoesnothav eanyf oreignexchangecont r
ols.
● Busi nessf ri
endlyl aws–Bot swanal awsr espectt her i
ghtt oownpr opert
yandr un
pri
v atebusinesses.Busi nessr egi strati
onandl icensi ngl awshav ebeensi mplif
iedso
thatitiseasi erandqui ckert ost artandr unabusi nessi nBot swana.
● Encour agingf oreigndi r
ecti nv est ment–I nternat ionalFi nancialServ i
cesCent rehas
attr
act edbankssuchasKi ngdom bank,Ent er priseBanki ngGroupandBancABCt o
sesetupi nBot swanaandof feri nternat i
onal banki ngser v i
ces.

SUSTAI
NABLEDEVELOPMENT

Sustainabl
e developmentmeans dev
elopmentthatmeetsthe needs ofthe
presentwithoutcompromisi
ngt
heabil
it
yoffutur
egener
ati
onstomeettheirown
needs.

Way
sofachi
evi
ngsust
ainabl
edev
elopment
187
● Propermanagementoft heenv ir
onment–conser vewi l
dani malsandpl ants
inpr ot ect edar eassuchasnat ionalparks,t eachf ar merst ousef ar
mi ng
met hods&pr acticest hathel pconser vethesoi l.
● Cont rollingpopul ationgr owth–t hiscanal low acount r
yt omeetpeopl e’
s
needsandi mpr ov et heirstandardofl iv
ingwhi leusingr esourcesav ail
abl
eina
sust ainabl eway .
● Increasi ngr esour cepr oduct ivi
ty– Resour cepr oduct ivit
ymeansusi ngt he
sameamountofr esour cest o producemor e.Thi scanbedonet hr
ough
recy clingandr eusi ngr esour ces.
I
nventingneworusi ngt echnol ogywhi chusef ewernat ur
alr esources,causeless
damaget ot heenv ironmentoruser enewabl eener gysour ces(sol ar&wi nd
power).
● Shar ingweal thandr esourcesf airl
yandj ustly– Thepoormustbegi ven
somet hingsot hatt heyhav esomet hingtomeett heirneedwi th.
● Mai nt ai ningpeace–Forpeopl etogot owor kandi nvestmoneyf orthefuture,
theyneedt of eelsaf eandsecur e.Warandconf li
ctdi vertresourcesand
attent ionf rom dev elopment .

BENEFI
TSOFGOODENVI
RONMENTALMANAGEMENT

Good or sound envir

onmentalmanagement i nv
olves taking care of the
envi
ronmentandli
miti
ngthenegati
veimpactofhumansoni t.e.g.pl
ant
ingt
rees,
prot
ecti
ngandconservi
ngwil
danimalsandthei
rhabit
ats,
recy cl
ingpaper&cans,
makingfir
ebreaksandconducti
ngenv i
ronmentali
mpactassessment sbefore
anyconstr
uct
ion,mi
ningandotherdev
elopmentproj
ectworkst art
s.

Thebenef
it
sofgoodenv
ironment
almanagement

● Itconser vesnat ur
alresourcesonwhi chhumandev el
opmentdependsupon.
e.g.r esources such as t he soil
,wildli
fe and vegetat
ion do notbecome
depletedordamaged.
● Itpr omot es sust ai
nable use ofr esour ces which ensures thatpr esent
gener ati
onscanmeett heirneedsandf utur
egener at
ionscanmeett hei
r
needst oo.
● Savesmoneybyr educingenvironmentaldamagecausedbyhumanact iviti
es
thus i tis cheaperand easi ert o protect,conserve and pr eser
vet he
environmentt hantofixprobl
emscausedbymi smanagement .
● Itpreservest heaestheticval
ueorbeaut yoft henatur
alenvir
onment .
● Ithelpsmai ntaindefencesagai nstnaturalhazardssuchasf l
oods,drought
andwi l
dfi
res.

188
● Itcr
eatesandmai nt
ainsaheal t
hyenv i
ronmentwhi chcanhelpensurethe
surv
ivalofal
lli
vi
ngthingse.g.di
seasest hatspreadthr
oughpoorsani
tati
on
oril
l
nesswhicharearesultofpol
lut
ionarelikel
ytobecontr
oll
edandli
mited.

ANALYSETHERELATI
ONSHI
PBETWEENENVI
RONMENTANDDEVELOPMENT

Theenv i
ronmentcanpr omoteorhinderdev el
opment.Devel
opmentt
akesplace
wit
hintheenv i
ronmentanddependsonr esour
cesfrom t
heenvir
onment
.Thisis
whyfordev el
opmentt obesust
ainable,
itisimpor
tanttoprot
ectt
heenvi
ronment
andtousenat ural
resourceswi
sely.

● Theenv i
ronmentcont ribut
est odevelopmentbypr ov
idingnatur
alresources
thatenabl e peopleto undertake various economic acti
vi
ti
es which help
i
mpr ovet hei
rl i
ves.Manuf acturi
ng industri
esusenat ur
alresour
cesasa
sourceofr awmat eri
alstoproducedifferentki
ndsofgoods.

Agri
cult
urer equi
resresourcessuchassoil
,waterandpast
ures.Forexampl
e
fer
ti
lesoil
s,adequatewatersuppl
yandpast
uresl
eadtohi
ghproduct
ion.

● Somenat uralhazar dscausenat uraldisast

erst hatcanhi nderdev elopment
effor t
s.Forexampl ef l
oods,ear thquakes,hurricanescancauseext ensiv e
damageanddest r
uctionofl if
e,property,cr
opsandi nfrastr
uct ur
e.Moneyi s
spentr ebuil
dingdamagedi nfr
astructur
eandpr ovidi
ngemer gencyai drather
thanonnewdev elopmentpr oject
s.
● Lowr ainfalll
i
mi t
sagr i
cultureproductionandmakesi tdiffi
cultforcountri
est o
achi evef oodsel f–suf fici
ency.Int i
mesofdr oughtpeopl ehav eli
ttl
eorno
food and gov er
nment sspend moneyi mporti
ng f ood and l essmoneyi s
availablef ordevelopment .
● Diseasesandpest saf f
ectt heheal thofpeopl eandani mal s,anddamage
crops.
● Inhospi table physicalenv ironment – some env i
ronment s hav el imited
dev elopmentoppor tunit
iesduet opoorsoi l
sandext remet emper aturese. g.
deser ts.

Dif
ferenteconomi
cacti
vit
iest
hatpeopl
eunder
takeaspar
tofdev
elopmentaf
fect
theenvir
onment.Forexample

● Therawmat erial
sforproduci
ngvehicles,cel
lphonesandbuildi
ngmater
ial
s
comefrom t
heenv i
ronment
.
● Veget
ati
onisr emov edwhendamsorr oadsareconstr
ucted.
● Thelackfel ectr
ici
t yi
nhomesf orcesmanypeopl einr ur
alareast
ouse

189
 fi
rewoodasf
uel.Thi
sleadstot
hedeplet
ionofwoodresour
ces.
● Wastefr
om ourhomesi fnodi
sposedpr
operl
ycanpoll
utetheenv
ironment
.
● EDUCATIONANDHUMANRESOURCEDEVELOPMENT

Thepur
poseofEducat
ion

● To equi p peopl ewi thknowl edgeandski l

ls– Educat ionhel pspeopl et o
producegoodsandser v i
ces,acqui r
eempl oy mentandi mpr ov
et hei rli
ves.
● Todev elopposi ti
vevaluesandat t
itudes–I thel pspeopl eacquirev al
uessuch
as tolerance,honest y,kindness and compassi on thatar e desi r
able and
necessar yinor dertohav eaf air,j
ustandpeacef ul soci
ety.
● Todev elopt heabil
ityt oreasonandt hinkcr iti
cally– Itdevel opspeopl e’
s
abil
itytor easonandt hinkcrit
icall
yaboutt heydo, see,hearandr ead.Ithelps
peopl et ot hinkf orthemsel ves;ev aluat ei nformat i
onandmakei nfor
med
decisionsandj udgement s.
● Toawakent hedesi r
et ol earn- I tpr oducespeopl eandsoci etiest hatare
al
way saski ngquest i
onsandar ewi l
lingt ol earnnew t hingsallt het imeand
i
mpr ov et hei rli
ves.
● Tot ransmi tt hecult
ureofsoci et
y–Thr ougheducat ion,peoplear esoci al
ized
aboutt hingssuchast hehi story,language,cust omsandnor msoft hei
r
society.
Educationandhumanr esour cedev elopment

Humanr esourcesarethepeopl
ewhohav eacqui
redknowledgeandski l
lswhich
theycanusetoear nal i
vi
ngandcontr
ibut
etotheeconomi c,poli
ti
cal,soci
alli
fe
ofthesociet
y.Forexampl eski
l
ledworker
sareahumanr esour cebecauset hey
haveacquir
edspecialski
ll
sorexper
tknowledgei
nspecif
ict ypesofjobs.

Humanr esour
cedevelopmentistheplanned,syst
ematicandorganizedpr
ocess
andact ivi
ti
esunder
takentoequi ppeoplewithnecessaryknowledgeandski l
l
s
thattheyneed t o meetcur r
entand f ut
urejob demands and to cont
ribut
e
effect
ivel
ytotheeconomic,social
,i
ntel
lect
ualandpoli
ti
call
if
eofthesociet
y.

Ther
elat
ionshi
pbet
weeneducat
ionandhumanr
esour
cedev
elopment

Educati
onisthebasis(st
art
ingpoi
nt)ofhumanresour
cedevelopment.Itis
thr
ough educat
ion t
hathuman resour
ces ofan or
gani
zat
ion,inst
it
uti
on or
countr
yareimpr
oved.

Mostoft
hemoder
njobsr
equi
repeopl
ewhohav
especi
ali
zedknowl
edgeand
190
skil
l
s,e. g.ICT skil
l
s,t echni
calknowl edgeand anunder
standingofscience.
Indi
vidualsacquiretheknowl edgeandski l
l
stheyneedtodosuchj obsthr
ough
educationandt rai
ning.Educationcreatesapoolofpeopl
ewi t
ht heknowl
edge
andskillsthatt
heycanuset ocontr
ibutetoeconomi
cdevel
opment .

Educati
onisapr
e–condi
ti
onforadmi
ssiont
omostt
ert
iar
yinst
itut
ionse.
g.one
needstohaveaBGCSEcerti
fi
cat
einordert
obeadmit
ted totheUniver
sit
yof
Botswana.

Educat
ionpl
aysani
mport
antr
olei
ndev
elopi
ngat
ti
tudesl
i
ket
oler
ance,
empat
hy
andcompassi
onamongpeopl
e.

I
thel
psdev
eloppeopl
ewhocant
hinkcr
it
ical
l
yandsol
vepr
obl
emsef
fi
cient
ly.

Way
sofi
mpr
ovi
nghumanr
esour
cesi
nBot
swana.

● Prov i
dingbasi ceducat iont oallchildren-Thegov ernmentshoul densur ethat
allciti
zensrecei ve7y ear spr i
mar yand5y earsofsecondar yeducat i
on.Thi s
willhelpciti
zenst oacqui r
et hebasi cknowl edgeandski ll
srequiredforf urt
her
educat i
onandt rai
ning.
● Creat i
nglif
e–l ongl ear ningoppor tuniti
es–Peopl ewhodi dnotcompl etet heir
formaleducat i
onort hosewhowantt oi mprov et hei rknowl edge,skillsand
qualifi
cati
onswhi leatt hesamet imebei ngempl oy edmustbeal l
owedt o
continuewi t
heducat ion.
● Prov i
dingrelevantcur riculum atschoolandt ertiaryl evel-Whatl earner sare
taughtandt rainedi nmustequi pt hem wi tht her elevantknowl edge,ski l
ls,
valuesandat ti
tudest hatar erequiredf orpersonalsur vivalandf ul
fil
mentby
empl oyersandsoci ety.
● Trainingpeopl et obecomeski l
ledwor kers–Lear ner smustbet r
ainedi n
formali nsti
tuti
onssuchast echnicalcol l
egesorbyl earningont hej obas
apprent i
ces.
● Prov i
ding car eer gui dance – School s should pr ov ide effecti
v e career
guidancet oal llearner ssot hattheyar eabl et oi dent i
f yandchoosecar eers
thatnotonl ymat cht hei rinter
estsbutal soof f
erski l
lst hatar eindemandby
empl oyers.
● Regul ati
ngandmoni toringeducat ionandt rainingst andards– Educat i
on
offered to peopl emustbeofhi gh quality.Tr aining i nsti
tuti
onsmustbe
moni toredtoensur et hatt heymaint ainhighstandar ds.

191
Car
eerOppor
tuni
ti
esi
nthef
ormalsect
or

Theformalsect orref
erstogovernment,pr
ivat
eandnon–gov ernmentsect
ors
whichhav elegalri
ght
stooperateintradeofgoodsandprovi
sionofservi
cesto
thepubl
ic.Thef ormalsect
oroperatesinpremisest
hroughl
i
censes.Employees
arepai
dr egularsal
ari
esonmont hl
yorweeklyterms.

● Professi onalCar eer s–t heser equi reaper sont ohaveatl eastadi ploma,
degree,mast ersoradoct orat
e.Peopl eher ehav etoabidebyethicalcodeof
conductoft hepr of essionandbel ongt oassoci ati
ons.Theyusuallyapplyf or
tr
ainingi nstituti
onsandar eissuedwi thlicensesbef or
et heyareallowedt o
practicet heirpr ofessi on.Theyi ncludet eacher s,lawyer
s,doctors,engineers,
economi sts,nur seset c.
● Vocat ionalcar eer s–I nvolveski ll
st hathav ebeenacqui redthr
oughpr actical
tr
ainingatt echni calcol legesorappr enticeshi ppr ogr
ammes.A cer t
ifi
cat e
maybeawar dedatt heendoft het rai
ningper iod.Examplesaremechani cs,
carpent ers,builder s,comput ertechni ci
ans, chefs.
● Someoft hef ormalsect orjobsi ncludewor kingi nmanagemente. g.dir
ector s
andchi efexecut i
v es.Peopl eal so dogener aldut i
esl i
kecleaning,clerks,
secretar i
es,of f
iceassi stants.

Car
eerOppor
tuni
ti
esi
nthei
nfor
malsect
or

Thisinvol
vesoperat
ionofsmal l–scal
ebusi nesses.Peopl
edonothavetr
ade
l
icenseswhileothersmayusehawker slicensesissued byt
hecitycouncil
.
Tradersusetheskilltheylear
ntfrom theirexperi
encesandnatur
altal
ents.
Peopleherear
eselfemployed.

Someofthebusi
nessesinv
olver
enti
ngexi
sti
ngst al
ls.Tr
ader
srequi
reski
ll
sli
ke
basi
cli
ter
acy,numeracy
,techni
cal
,market
ing and managementskil
ls.Thei
r
192
qual
it
ies i
nvol
ve sel
f– discipli
ne,deter
minati
on,self– mot
ivat
ion,good
cust
omerservi
ce,
goodpubl
i
cr elati
onsandpersev
erance.

Careeropportunit
iesinthi
ssect
orinvol
vetradi
tionalpot
ter
y,hai
rdr essi
ng,
brewingt r
adi
tionalbeer
,dress– maki
ng,t
radit
ionaldoct
orsandt r
aditi
onal
musicians.

Car
eer
srel
atedt
othecar
efort
heenv
ironment

● Teachi ngi naneducat ionali nstit

ution–onecanbecomeanenv ir
onment al
educat iont eacherorl ecturer.
● Environment aleducat i
onof fi
cer–Thi swor ki nv
ol vesmaki ngpeopl eawar e
ofenv ironment ali ssues,pr omot ing conser vat
ion and sust ainabi
lity and
enhanci ngt hepubl ic’
senj oymentoft heenv ir
onmentt hrought eachingt hem
aboutt henat ur
al world.
● Environment alengi neer-Thi sistheappl i
cat i
onofsci enceandengi neer i
ng
knowl edge,ski llsandpr i
nciplest ocar eforandi mpr ov etheenv ir
onment .
Environment alengi neersi denti
f yand desi gn sol utions f orenv ir
onment al
problemssuchaspol l
ut i
onandi mpr operdi sposalofwast e.Theypr ov i
de
safedr inkingwat er,treat&pr operl
ydi sposeofwast e.
● Wast emanagementof fi
cer– Ov erseet hesaf edi sposalofwast e.They
managewast edisposal ,collecti
onandr ecyclingfaci l
ities.
● Wi l
dlif
eof ficers–r esponsi blef orenf orcementoft hel awst hatpr otectwi l
d
animal s.
● Recr eationalpar ks officers– r esponsi bl
ef ordev el oping and car i
ng for
recreational par ksandopenspaces.
● Conser v ati
onsci ent i
sts–manage,i mpr ove,andpr otectnat uralresources.
They dev elop way st o use and i mpr ovet he land whi l
e pr otecting the
environment .

193
194