Lecture 13
Lecture 13
1. GENERAL
a. The Tenderer shall read and be fully conversant with the description of relevant items of work and the
requirements stated in the following General Specifications, and Particular Specifications prior to preparation
of the Tender; Information given in the Particular Specification shall prevail over that given in the General
Specification or Drawings.
b. The Tenderer shall read and be fully conversant with the description of workmanship and materials as
described in the above Specification, of works prior to preparation of the Tender.
c.
The Tenderer shall refer to the relevant Clauses of Pricing Preamble when pricing composite items of works.
d. Where the word "Allow" occurs the cost of such works and or items shall be at the risk of the Contractor and
the payments will be made to the Contractor for such works and or items in accordance with Contract,
provided such works and or items have been actually executed to the satisfaction of the Engineer.
e. The rate for each item must be comprehensive and must include for complying in all respects with the
requirements of the aforesaid Specifications, these Pricing Preambles, and cover all obligations under the
Contract, and all matters and things necessary for the proper construction, completion and maintenance of the
Works. No claim for additional payment will be entertained due to any error or misunderstanding by the
Contractor of the work involved.
f. The rate for each item shall also include for all the following -
iv. Complying with current building regulations etc.of the Urban Development Authority and/or any other
relevant authority and which particular item of work is to be executed unless otherwise included in the
Preliminaries ;
v. Fitting and fixing materials and goods in position, including hoisting to any height or lowering to any depth
and all temporary work, equipment and small tools ;
vii. Handling of materials and working in situation where there is very restricted working space or no working
space ;
ix. Forming of ends, angles, mitres and junctions between straight and raking or curved work ;
xi. Clearing site of debris arising from breaking of piles testing and construction of pile caps.
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xii.All other incidental works and necessary works which are not described in the B.O.Q. but described in the
aforesaid specifications and or shown in the drawings for the proper completion of the relevant items of work ;
a. All works under this section are measured net and unless otherwise stated no working space is allowed.
b. The Contractor shall be responsible for the design and execution of the excavation and earthwork support
methods which is subject to scrutiny by the Engineer. However, scrutiny by the Engineer shall not in any
relieve the Contractor of his responsibilities and duty regarding care of work.
c. Earthwork support shall deemed to be in providing everything to uphold the sides of excavation including
'interlocking sheet piles. The tenderer's price for earthwork supports shall allow for a system which facilitate
erecting & dismantling form work to lift over-run pits, sumps and the like, protective brick work etc., with
least hindrance to such work.
Earth work support, are measured to the net flat area of retained earth not taken in to consideration of profile of
the earthwork support system.
d. Depths of all excavations are taken from the immediate filled ground level.
e. Where compacted earth fill is specified or indicated in drawings it shall mean approved granular fill of
'imported material, or selected excavated material.
f. Dewatering shall mean disposal of surface water & ground water collected or found in excavated areas which
adversely affects substructure work.
g. Disposal of ground or surface water shall be done by any accepted method, with the least inconvenience to the
public & in accordance with relevant local government regulations.
h. Excess excavated material shall be the property of the contractor, who is responsible for disposal of such
material from site as quickly as possible.
j. Demolition of existing buildings and other structures within the site is not included in this contract.
k. However the contractor is obliged to remove any remaining debris and or small parts of foundations, slabs and
the like remaining under ground which would interfere with the proposed works.
i. Accepting site as found and preparing site to a condition suitable for proper execution of the Works ;
ii. Excavating by whatever means are necessary manually or by machine, in any type of ground excepting in
rock requiring blasting ;
iii. Trimming sides, keeping clean and consolidating bottom of basement, sumps, pits and trenches ;
iv. Backfilling with selected excavated material as directed and disposal of surplus excavated materials as
directed ;
v. Any necessary additional work including additional excavation required due to;
a. Working space required by the Contractor
b. Earthwork supports
c. Formwork
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d. Dewatering.The Tender shall submit a detailed method statement describing dewatering system, disposal
of water or sludge. Procedure for disposal of water or sludge shall in conformity with the Municipal Council
requirements.
vi. Any additional trimming or filling in small quantities required to accommodate floor sumps, recesses, slab
thicknessing etc., provided, specified or approved unless otherwise measured separately ;
m. Rates for compacted earth fill, granular fill and gravel and sand beds shall include for finishing sub-grade to
slopes and falls, depositing in layers, leveling, blinding, and machine or hand-packing to form vertical or
battered or level faces, and for forming sinking where required under floor slabs or sub-floor layers.
3 CONCRETE WORK
a. The concrete used throughout this construction shall confirm to the requirements stated in the Specifications.
Particular Specifications and/ or Drawings, Unless otherwise stated only ready mix concrete from an approved
manufacturer shall be used in the construction.
c. Refer General Specification of Work and Particular Specification for Structure for tolerances of hardened
concrete members & particulars of formed finishes to concrete surfaces.
i. Obtaining Ready Mix Concrete as per specification, and obtaining test report from the manufacturer;
ii. Transporting, admixtures, handling, pumping/hoisting and placing at any height or depth ;
iv. Contractor’s designed kickers, construction joints and sealants and all necessary water bars (size & type of
the water bars shall be approved by the Engineer);
v.Finishing to slopes and falls, and preparing surface ready for screeds or paving, where necessary, including
cutting to sizes and temporary supports to form necessary grooves ;
vii.Preparation of ground surface, grading to slope and falls, if any, and machine or hand packing to form
vertical or battered or level surface and all necessary formwork to edges of blinding concrete in case of pile
caps ground slab/ramps/beams
viii. Preparing samples for testing, submitting samples for testing as directed by the Engineer, obtaining test
reports and submitting same to the Engineer.
3.1 FORMWORK
a. Formwork for similar concrete members are measured together irrespective of the height or depth and the
shape or form.
b. Refer ICTAD specification section 5.4.8.1 for the full description of formed finishes.
c. Formwork shall be properly designed and strictly as described in the specifications for the particular type of
concrete surface finish and it should be sufficiently strong and grout tight.
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d. Rate for formwork shall include for -
ii. Strutting, supporting through lower floors and supporting at any level, including additional propping,
strutting and supporting decks ;
Note:- Contractor shall obtain within approval of the method of treating the contact face of form work with
concrete prior to erection of formwork.
vii. Props, stays, struts, wedges, bolts, incidental items and materials such as nails, screws anchors hooks etc.;
x. Rubbing down and making concrete surface good after removal of formwork ;
xi. All fillets, to form grooves, rebates and throats, splays or chamfers, raking and circular cutting, and cutting
around all pipes, sleeves, conduits, ducting, metal sections and fittings ;
xii. Providing samples as required by the Engineer of the different formed finishes specified.
3.2 REINFORCEMENT
a. i. Standard length of reinforcing bar for the purpose of measurement shall be 6.0 m.
ii. Payment for bar reinforcement shall be to the nearest second decimal places of a tonne (t).
i. Rolling margin ;
Note :- Rolling margin is the difference in weight between the theoretical and actual weights of bar
reinforcement of respective diameter . The quantities of steel stated in the BOQ are computed based on the
minimum weight of steel which is considered as the theoretical weight.
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ix. Laps other than designed laps
a. Rates for precast concrete work where specified shall include for -
i. Moulds and for formwork with the required finish to all exposed surfaces in accordance with the
specifications, hacking surfaces to form key for rendering etc, and hoisting to any height or depth including
providing any lifting holes or other devices to the approval of the Engineer, building in, including bedding and
jointing in mortar as required, and any necessary strutting and supporting.
ii. Complying with requirements of the Pricing Preamble clauses on Concrete Work, Reinforcement and
Formwork.
v. High tensile wires, wedges, spacers, grill plates, etc. in case of pre-stressed concrete units and labour in
connection therewith.
4 MASONRY WORK
i. Plumbing, angles, straight cutting, forming rebates, reveals and raking out joints for plastering ;
ii. Splay cutting, rough cutting, fair cutting, forming chases or grooves for slabs, partitions, staircases, roofs
and the like, bonding ends of walls, building in or cutting and pinning in and making goods on lintels, timber
and steel works ;
iv. Building at any level or height of slabs or beams, additional labour in Kerbs, isolated and attached piers, all
cutting, bonding at angles and intersections, building into or against adjacent work, wedging and pinning up to
soffit;
v. Necessary cutting required in walls which are not multiples of brick size ;
vi. Bonding walls to concrete faces where necessary, and materials to be used for such bonding.
vii.Sampling and testing of bricks and brick work as stipulated in SLS 39/1978 (Amendment No 1/1981).
viii. Sampling and testing Cement Sand Hollow blocks and block work as stipulated in SLS 855.
ix. Filling cavities with cement sand mortar in blocks at door, windows & arch openings.
5 WATER PROOFING
a. Refer particular specification for waterproofing of ground floor slab, roof terraces, toilet floors, balconies and
other structures. The Tenderer shall submit with the Tender complete specification and other technical
information regarding products intended for water proofing purposes.
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b. The Contractor is obliged to furnish the Employer with a warranty valid for a period of ten (10) years after
handing over the Works in the form required by the Employer.
i. Executing water proofing work strictly as per manufacturer's instructions and for carrying out work through
manufacturer's accredited agents or licensed specialist contractors.
ii. Fair edges, rounded edges, drips, arises, angle fillets etc., forming internal and external angles additional
layers of reinforcing fabric and or flexible membrane at expansion joints and at junctions between horizontal
and vertical surfaces.
iv. Working around parapets and other vertical surfaces rising from the roof slab, rain water outlets etc.,
v. Complying with industrial regulations, requirements of National Environmental Authorities and any other
Authorities having jurisdiction over the works.
vi. For submitting a guarantee/ warranty valid for ten(10) years jointly by the Contractor and the Manufacturer
of water proofing system , guaranteeing its effectiveness, material and workmanship.
vii Furnishing with the Tender all technical information detail Specification issued by the manufacturer for
water proofing system at different locations.
6 METAL WORK
a. The Contractor shall submit detailed shop drawings of metal work components to the Engineer prior to
'fabrication of same.
b. The Contractor must ensure that all necessary inserts lugs etc, required for fixing metal work units, are
embedded in accordance with the approved Shop Drawings.
c. The inserts etc., already placed in position shall not be shifted or removed without the written approval of the
Engineer.
i. Supplying samples of materials & composite units to the engineer for the approval ;
ii. Fixing to floor slabs, landings, steps or walls with approved fixing methods ;
iii. All inserts, lugs, brackets, anchors, screws etc. compatible with the material & finish of the fabricated
units;
iv. Preparation of surfaces of ferrous metal components to receive paint and treating exposed surface with anti-
corrosive paint & finishing coats as specified ;
vi. Making good, all work disturbed due to fixing of metal work units to the satisfaction of the Engineer.
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i. Complying with the requirements in Specification and Standards pertaining to manufacturer and finish of
extrusions, fabrication, fixing and general performance of completed installation.
vii. Ironmongery including locking devices as per detail drawing, schedule and specification.
ix. Providing joint guarantees as per specification valid for the stipulated period
7 WOOD WORK
General
a. All Carpentry & Joinery Work shall be accurately setout in strict accordance with the drawings & shall be
framed together and securely fixed in the best possible manner to the satisfaction of the Engineer.
b. Door frames shall be once rebated and shall be assembled at the commencement of work and carefully
mortised and tenoned together but no wedging, pinning or gluing shall be done until the framing is prepared in
readiness for immediate fixing.
c. Door frames and doors shall be properly stored on site. Method of framing and assembling together of all work
shall be approved by the Engineer before being executed.
d. Type and species of timber for carpentry and joinery work shall generally conform to the requirements of the
Specifications, but the Tenderer shall clearly states in his Tender the types of timber he intends using for
various wood work item has priced in Tender
The Tenderer shall give all relevant particulars of the manufacture and other technical details of the Fire doors
to intends using in the works.
e. Fire rated doors shall confirm in all respects to the latest British Standards.
7.1 JOINERY
b All timber shall be well seasoned and treated against insect and termite attack before fixing.
c. Timber used for joinery works shall be well seasoned well treated and in one species of timber recommended
for the particular class of Joinery works .
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ii. Any type of cutting required, sawing, notching, drilling, trimming, planning, forming and jointing and the
like, fixing in position complete with nails, spikes, plugs, screws and gluing and priming to joints and ends;
iii. Forming splayed and tongued edges, rebates mortises, grooves, chamfers, scribed and rounded edges,
molding, margin and the like and rounded corners, sinkings ;
iv. Working to stated sizes, for all short lengths making miters, joints and ends ;
v. Necessary bolts, dowels metal clips, anchors, grips and fixing joinery ;
vii. Punching heads and filling with approved filler if nails or pins are used for fixing ;
viii. Countersinking and filling heads with approved filler, if brass screws are used for fixing ;
7.2 CARPENTRY
b. All timber shall be well seasoned and treated against insect and termite attack before fixing in position
i. Any type of cutting required, sawing, notching, drilling, trimming, framing, jointing, splayed edges and the
like, hoisting and fixing in position with nails, spikes, plugs, screws, and gluing and priming to joints and ends;
ii. Forming splayed edge, grooves, chamfers, scribed and rounded edge, beveling, moulding and the like ;
iii. Plugging, wedging, nuts and washers with bolts, sprockets and pins and the like ;
iv. Noggin or solid bridging, cut between studs or joints for structural timber.
vii. Protection and keeping clean for staining, polishing or painting where applicable ;
d. Rates for floor decking or boarding shall include for machine sanding, protecting and preparing surface to
receive finish.
7.3 IRONMONGERY
a. Ironmongery items are not measured separately in BOQ cost of same including installation cost shall be
included in respective joinery items.
b. Refer Specifications and the schedule of ironmongery for type, make, sizes and finish.
8 PARTITIONS
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a. Partitions described under section H shall be fabricated by using framing materials and linings of proprietary
brands.
b. The tenderer shall furnish detailed information and technical literature of partition forming and lining along
with his tender.
c. The Contractor is required to furnish a complete list of materials including all necessary accessories & fixings
to the Engineer well in advanced of the programmed time of installation of partitions.
i. Setting out as per the general arrangement of drawings furnished by the Engineer.
vi. Protecting finished work during painting & decorating operations in adjacent areas.
a. i. All works under this trade are measured after deduction for voids, openings, doors and windows.
ii. All other small quantities/panels/narrow widths/ arrises/ reveals/ angles/ ends/short lengths including those
of tiling work on door and window jambs and reveals are measured together with the respective tiling item and
labour in such work shall be included in the rate for the main finishing item and they shall not be
measured/paid separately.
b. Rates for wall, floor, ceiling finishings and wall floor screed and beddings shall include for -
i. All temporary rules, screeds, templates and supports, curing and cleaning off on completion and exact
thickness required to finish;
ii. Caulked joints and making good and cutting around bolts, pipes conduits, sleeves, ducting, fittings, sections,
obstructions and the like ;
iv. Raking out joints of new brickwork/block work or hacking concrete to form key, including brushing,
cleaning off and dampening ;
viii. Any additional dubbing out required to plastered surfaces of brickwork and to the finished surface of
concrete to obtain the requisite standard of finish ;
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c. Rates for tile slab or block finishing to floor and wall shall also include for the following in addition to the
above -
ii. Dubbing out or packing to concrete surface to correct deviations within specified tolerance ;
iv. Expansion joints at perimeter and between bays where required in case of floor tile paving ;
Ceiling shall consist of an approved exposed or concealed grid system and tile to suit the grid system as per
manufacturers specifications.
Mineral fibre ceiling tiles shall consist of non-combustible mineral wool fibre of and shall be processed into
the required pattern to provide good sound and thermal absorption.
The grid system shall comprise main sections satisfactorily suspended from soffit of slab, roof slab or purlin
with interlocking cross section spanning the main sections. Ceiling system shall provide a fire rating as
specified and shall be capable of accommodating a lighting and air conditioning grilling.
i. Working to sides and soffit of attached or isolated beams and soffit of staircases where relevant ;
e. Rates for plaster board/ cement fiber/ timber ceiling shall also include for the following ;
i. Working to sides and soffits of attached or isolated beams and soffit of staircases where relevant;
v. Matching edges where cutting occurs and for filling the heads of fixings with approved filler where relevant;
10 GLAZING
a. Glass panes to timber doors, aluminum doors and windows, metal work are included in respective items unless
otherwise stated.
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b. i. Type of Glazing shall be as specified.
iii. All structural glazing measured under section in the Bill of Quantities shall proprietary brands conforming
to Specification.
i. Glazing, fixing, bedding priming and panel pins and other materials and labour for same and cutting to size;
ii. Templates, straight cutting, circular cutting, grinding edges or special type of edges required and sand
blasting ;
iii. Glazing beads, washlether or neoprene strip, glazing sealant, weather stripping, caulking joint silicone joint
;
a. All paint and painting materials shall be approved manufacture and shall be of the same line of product. The
contractor must ensure that surfaces to be painted are approved by the Engineer before prime coat or initial
coat is applied.
c. The approval of type, and brand of paint by the Engineer shall not any way relive the Contractor of his
responsibility for the quality of paints.
d. Colour and the quality of all paint and other painting materials shall be approved by the Engineer prior to use.
vi. Working to returns, painting in any colour, multi- color works, cutting into line at junctions of different
colours at angles or plain surfaces, painting in small quantities ;
vi. repairing & submitting sequence of operation and revising same in the manner required by the Engineer.
f. Rates for work to isolated general surfaces shall include for working on door frames, linings, skirting, rails,
architraves, bars, posts, balusters and the like.
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g. Rates for work to pipes and conduits (which shall include trunking, ducting and the like) shall include for all
work on hangers, supports, brackets and the like.
a. All exposed surfaces of structure steel members shall be prepared to receive anti-corrosive treatment strictly as
specified. All structural steel paints unless otherwise specified shall comply to C3 corrosivity category.
b. All Parts of the fabricated components shall be thoroughly cleaned to ensure a rust and dirt free surface.
d. Fabrication and erection of steel structure shall conform to the latest Sri Lanka Standards or International
Standards approved by Sri Lanka Standards Institution. Where applicable the steel sections shall conform to
the following Sri Lanka Standards;
* Dimensions and sectional properties of hot rolled structural steel section part 5 - T Sections(tees) (Supersedes
CS 73) - SLS 907 Part 5
* Dimensions and sectional properties of hot rolled structural steel section part 4 - L sections (equal and unequal
angles) (supersedes CS 73) - SLS 907 Part 4
* Dimensions and sectional properties of hot rolled structural steel section part 3 - U sections (channels) - SLS
907 Part 3
* Steel for structural and general engineering purposes Part 1 - Structural steels - SLS 1006 Part 1
* Hot rolled steel round bars for structural & general engineering purpose - SLS 949 Pt 1
* Hot rolled steel round bars for structural & general engineering purpose - SLS 949 Pt 2
i. Preparation of all shop drawings as required by the Engineer and submitted two copies to the Engineer for
his approval.
ii. All shop Fabrication work, marking, delivery, unloading, hoisting, erecting and fixing in position.
v. Any sample or test required by the contract documents or as required by the Engineer.
vi. The inspection of weld, including the use of any special techniques as directed by the Engineer.
13 ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS
a. The execution of Electrical Installation shall every respect comply with the current Regulations of the Institute
of Electrical Engineers, London, requirements of Ceylon Electricity Board and the area Authority.
b. The rates for equipment and control area, distribution boards, meters, switches, fuses, etc. shall include for
connecting up, fixings and supports for the complete installation and for suitable mounting boards, frames,
supports, housings and cabinets where required.
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c. The rates for cables, tape, bus-bar trunking etc. (except where included in sub circuits or electrical points) and
the like shall include for joints in the running length, all allowances for sagging snaking, for drawings through
conduits, laying in trunking of surface fixing where retired with cable supports, clears, hangers, channels,
insulators and the like.
d. The rates for cables and the like laid in benches shall include for drawing through conduits or ducts where
required.
e. The rates for cable terminations shall include for all connections, point boxes, insulating and jointing materials,
cable terminations glands, locknuts, bushes and the like.
f. The rates for conduits trunking cable tray etc. (except where included in sub circuits of electrical points) and
the like shall include for all short lengths, joints and couplers in the running length, and for all fixings and
supports with approved saddles, crumpets, clips and the like cut and pinned, built-in or plugged and screwed
to walls or ceilings including chasing brick work, block work, concrete slab beams walls columns and the
like and make good.
g. The rates for conduits and the like shall include for all bends, tees, socket and the like, cutting, screwing,
threading, jointing and providing all conduit boxes, junction boxes and the like.
h. The rates for the installation of sub main circuits, lighting points switched points, socket outlets, fused spur
outlets, isolators, etc. (other than those applicable to the distribution switch gear) shall include where
applicable, for all conduit,trunking, cable tray, cabling, terminations, fixings and connections from the
distribution switched gear to and including the point (accessories measured separately) and shall be deemed to
include for any item mentioned in the Electrical installation Specification but not shown on the drawings and
vice-versa.
i. The rates for lighting fittings, fittings such as ceiling fans and extract fans, and for appliances such as air-
conditioning units shall include for assembly, fixing and connection from the spur outlet or isolator to the
fitting or appliance with all necessary additional wiring earthing and outlet roses and leaving perfectly clean
and undamaged on completion.
j. The rates for fixing only fittings and appliances provided by the employer should include in addition to the
foregoing for accepting delivery, storing and handling the fittings and providing any additional materials and
internal wiring.
k. The rates for connections only to fittings and appliances such as pumps, water heaters, air conditioning units
and extract fans shall include for connection from the isolator or spur outlet to the fitting or appliance (these
being measured separately) , with all necessary additional wiring, earthing and outlet roses.
l. The rates for power outlets shall include for mounting boxes and frames.
m. The rates for power switched with remote outlets shall include for the additional outlet plates and boxes.
n. The rates for switched socket outlets shall include for 1 No fused plug top and 4 No fuse links.
o. The preceding preambles shall apply equally to auxiliary installations such as TV installations, telephone
installations, and bell signal systems.
If the items of electrical installation are measured as subcircuit point wiring or in electrical points, the rates for
such items shall include for :
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a. The preceding clauses of this trade where relevant.
b. Preparation of as built drawings to be submitted to Employer at the handing over/ practical completion.
c. All items and accessories required for proper installation as per specification and regulation up to load point
and labour connected therewith.
d. All wiring, conduiting and cables and labour connected therewith if not measured separately.
f. Disconnecting and refixing of electrical fitting and appliances as required for the convenience of other trades.
h Large Button square shape lighting rocker switches to be used in compliance with electrical specification &
local codes/standards. Color and design to be selected by the Engineer.
14 PLUMBING
a. Screws, nails, sockets, connectors, backnuts, nipples, and standard pipe fixing or supporting clips, saddles,
brackets straps, screws, nails, solder rivets connectors, flanges pipe sleeves, brackets, made bend holder bats
and the like.
c. Sealing, fixing and support with holder bats or pipe clips cut and pinned built in wall or slabs.
f. The fittings including bends, tees, collars, reducers elbows, valve sockets, junctions, caps and the like for pipe
less than 110mm dia pipe.
j. Standard and special pipe fixing arrangement where necessary fittings, supporting clips, saddles, brackets,
holder bats straps etc.
k. All builders works such as chasing and forming holes through brick work/ block work/ foundations and
concrete slabs beams columns floor slabs manholes and like and making good all damages.
The Rates for Plumbing shall also include for following provisions;
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a. Fittings such as taps, waste water outlet, flushing cistern, internal overflows and the like and supporting
brackets, incidental materials for fixing.
b. Assembling, jointing together, fixing components parts and jointing to pipes including necessary coupling and
for leaving perfectly clean undamaged and in perfect working order as on completion.
c. Jointing and or connecting pipes to sanitary fittings. Unless otherwise stated, rates for the items following shall
be for P.V.C. piping type 1000 (PNT11) for water service and type 600 (PNT7) soil and waste water pipes
which shall comply with the S.L.S. 147. 1983.
d. All fittings and specials used in the Plumbing Installation shall be moulded and suitable in all respects to the
pipe line to which these fittings and specials are fixed. Fabricated fittings and specials shall not be used.
e. Any special water supply and drainage fittings such as bends, tees, reducers etc. unless otherwise specified
separately in the Bill of Quantities, shall be deemed to have been included in the relevant items and such items
should accordingly be rated to include for such specials etc. and for any extra work involved and the
satisfactory completion of such items.
f. Where pipes pass through walls or slabs these shall be wrapped with a layer of inert materials. For pipes
exceeding 50 mm dia sleeve pipes shall be used for the full thickness of slabs, walls or beams through which
the pipes pass.
15 DRAINAGE WORK
a. The provisions and the clauses of precedence trades shall equally apply to relevant item of this trade.
b. The rates for trench excavation for pipes shall include for depending and widening the trench as necessary to
enable the barrels of pipes of rest on firm and to facilitate jointing.
c. The rates for rock excavation in trench excavations shall include for importing selected materials to replace
any excavated rock which is unsuitable for back filling and for all additional rock excavation and appropriate
filling beyond the maximum measurable in accordance with the specification.
d. The rates for concrete beds and surrounds to pipes shall include for flexible joints and any necessary formwork
where required by the specification.
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