Student Name: Tuutaleni Mateus K.

Student Number: 220089264

Module Name: Fluid Mechanics I

Task: Semester Assignment II

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Solution 1
(a) Laminar Flow: This occurs when a fluid flows in parallel layers, with minimal mixing
between the layers. The flow is smooth, orderly, and predictable. The velocity at each
point in the fluid is constant over time. Turbulent Flow: This flow is chaotic and
irregular, with significant mixing and eddies. In turbulent flow, the velocity at any given
point fluctuates unpredictably over time.
(b) Steady State Flow: In this condition, the fluid's properties (velocity, pressure, etc.) at
any given point in the flow do not change over time. The flow is constant and does not
fluctuate. While, Unsteady State Flow: the flow where the fluid’s properties at a point
can change with time. The flow is time-dependent and can vary due to changes in system
conditions or external influences.
(c) Uniform Flow: In this type of flow, the velocity and other fluid properties are the same
at every point in the flow field. The flow characteristics are constant along the length of
the flow. while, Non-Uniform Flow: In non-uniform flow, the velocity and other
properties vary from one point to another in the flow field. This can occur due to changes
in cross-sectional area, obstacles, or other factors.
(d) Continuous Flow: This refers to flow that occurs without any interruptions; the fluid
moves through a system without any gaps or breaks. For example, water flowing steadily
through a pipeline represents continuous flow, while, Discontinuous Flow: the flow that
consists of interruptions or breaks in the fluid motion. This can occur in scenarios like a
drop in flow due to valve operation or when fluid moves in pulses, such as in a pump
delivering fluid intermittently.
(e) Subcritical Flow: This type of flow occurs when the flow speed is less than the wave
speed in the fluid (Froude number (Fr < 1)). In subcritical flow, the fluid is relatively
slow, and disturbances can propagate upstream. Supercritical Flow: In supercritical
flow, the flow speed exceeds the wave speed (Froude number (Fr > 1)). This results in a
fast-moving stream where disturbances cannot propagate upstream, often leading to
features like hydraulic jumps when the flow transitions from supercritical to subcritical.

Solution 2
Assumptions:
1. Incompressibility.
2. Steady-state flow.
3. Complete mixing.
4. Neglecting temperature changes.

Knowing that:𝜌𝑤 = 1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 , therefore

𝑘𝑔
𝜌𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑜ℎ𝑜𝑙 = 𝜌𝑤 × 𝑆𝐺𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑜ℎ𝑜𝑙 = 1000 × 0.8 = 800 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝑚3

By the law of mass conversation: mass of water + mass of alcohol=mass of mixture, where
mass = ρQ = ρvA
𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 (𝑄𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ) + 𝜌𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑜ℎ𝑜𝑙 (𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑜ℎ𝑜𝑙 ) = 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑥 (𝑄𝑚𝑖𝑥 )

1000(0.1) + 800(0.3) = 0.4𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑥

𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒙 = 𝟖𝟓𝟎 𝒌𝒈/𝒎𝟑

Solution 3

𝑚3
Properties: Q3 = 0.01
𝑠
𝑚
V1 = 3
𝑠

D1 = 5 cm = 0.05m and D2 = 7 cm = 0.07m

Density of water: 1000 kg/m³ at 20°C.

𝜋𝐷12 𝜋(0.05)2
Cross-sectional area of pipes 1 and 2. 𝐴1 = =
4 4

𝜋𝐷22 𝜋(0.07)2
𝐴2 = =
4 4

Assumptions:

1. Incompressible flowing fluid.

 2. Negligible friction losses.
3. Uniform cross-section.
4. Constant water properties.

For control volume enclosing the tank, conservation of mass can be expressed as:

𝑑 ⬚
(∫ 𝜌𝑑𝑣) + 𝜌( 𝑄2 − 𝑄1 − Q3) = 0
𝑑𝑡 𝑐𝑣

The volume of the tank is:

𝜋𝑑 2
V= ℎ
4

Then by substuting to get the following:

𝜋𝑑2 𝑑ℎ
𝜌 + 𝜌(𝑄2 − 𝑄1 − Q3) = 0
4 𝑑𝑡

𝑑ℎ 𝑄1 + 𝑄3 − 𝑄2
=
𝑑𝑡 𝜋𝑑2
4
𝑑ℎ
= 0 = 𝑄2 − 𝑄1 − Q3
𝑑𝑡

𝜋 𝜋
(0.07)2 (𝑣2 ) = 0.01 + 4 (0.05)2 (3)
4

𝒗𝟐 = 4.13m/s
Solution 4

Assumptions:

1. Incompressible flowing fluid.

2. Steady flow
3. Frictionless flow
4. Irrotational flow.
By applying the second law of motion which states that ∑F = ma

𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑡
The acceleration due to steady flow gives ⃗⃗⃗
𝑎𝑠 = 𝑑𝑠 × 𝑑𝑡 + × 𝑑𝑡 , while acceleration due to
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣
change of velocity with position gives the equation: ⃗⃗⃗
𝑎𝑠 = 𝑉
𝑑𝑠

𝑑𝑉
Hence the equation became: P.dP-(P+dP)dA-W.sin𝜃 = mV. 𝑑𝑠 , where 𝜃, is the angle between
the normal of the streamline and the vertical z-axis at that point, m= ρV = ρdAds is the mas,

𝑑𝑧
W = mg =ρgdAds is the weight of the fluid particle and sin 𝜃= , then substituting into the
𝑑𝑠
equation gives us the following equation:

𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑉
-dP.dA - ρgdAds. 𝑑𝑠 = ρdAdsV , also by integrating this equation, we get
𝑑𝑠

𝑑𝑝 𝑣2
∫ + + 𝑔𝑧 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 ,Here since the last terms are exact differentials, in the case of
𝜌 2
incompressible flow, the first term also becomes an exact differential and integration gives us
Bernoulli’s equation as:

𝒅𝒑 𝒗𝟐
+ + 𝒈𝒛 = 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
𝝆 𝟐

Solution 5
Assumptions:
1. The flow is steady.
2. The water is incompressible.
3. Negligible friction losses in the pipes and manometer.

By writing the manometer equation between point 1 and 2;

𝑃1 − 𝜌𝑔(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 ) – ρgh +𝜌1 𝑔ℎ =𝑃2
𝑃1 − 𝑃2 = 𝜌𝑔(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 ) + ρgh - 𝜌1 𝑔ℎ ; here 𝜌1 is the dencity of alighten ligquid.
𝑃1 −𝑃2 𝜌1
After rearranging this equation, we will get; = (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 ) + h(1 - ),
𝜌𝑔 𝜌
 𝑃1 −𝑃2
= (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 ) + h(1 - 𝑆. 𝐺)………………………eq(1)
𝜌𝑔

By Bernoulli’s Equation between Points 1 and 2:

First, we apply Bernoulli’s equation between points 1 and 2 (assuming negligible velocity
changes and friction losses):

𝑝1 𝑉12 𝑝2 𝑉22
+ + 𝑔𝑧1 = + + 𝑔𝑧2
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔

𝑝1 −𝑝2 𝑉22 − 𝑉12

= + (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )………………………………eq(2)
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔

From here we equate both the RHS of eq(1) and eq(2) to each other to get h as the subject of the
formula as required.

𝑉22 − 𝑉12 𝑄 𝑄
+ (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 ) = (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 ) + h(1 - 𝑆. 𝐺), as we know that 𝑉1 = 𝐴1 and 𝑉2 = 𝐴2
2𝑔 1 2

𝑉22 − 𝑉12
= h(1- S.G) then sub the Vs.
2𝑔

𝑄 𝑄
( 2 )2 − ( 1 )2 𝑄22 𝐴21 −𝑄12 𝐴22
𝐴2 𝐴1
h= =
2𝑔(1− S.G) (2𝑔)𝐴21 𝐴22 (1− S.G)

Solution 6

Given and known quantities

• S.G = 0.01 kg/𝑚3

• d = 50 mm = 0.05m
• r = 0.025m
• ℎ𝑜𝑖𝑙 =2m
• ℎ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 =0.7m
• 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 =1000 kg/𝑚3
• 𝑔 = 9.81 𝑚/𝑠 2
• 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2

Assumptions:
1. Neglect viscous effects.
2. Bernoulli’s Equation is applicable.
3. Incompressible and steady flow.
Pressure on water due to the oil: 𝜌𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝜌𝑜𝑖𝑙 ×g× ℎ𝑜𝑖𝑙

= S.G × 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ×g× ℎ𝑜𝑖𝑙

= 0.81×1000×9.81×2
= 15892.2 𝑁/𝑚2

Then the Bernoulli’s equation between the oil and water will give the volume

𝑝1 𝑉2 𝑝2 𝑉2
1
+ 2𝑔 + 𝑧1 = 2
+ 2𝑔 + 𝑧2 where 𝑣1 = 0 and 𝑧1 = 0.7m, 𝜌1 − 𝜌𝑜𝑖𝑙 =15892.2 𝑁/𝑚2
𝜌𝑔 𝜌𝑔

𝜌2 − 𝜌𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 0, 𝑧2 = 0. Then by substituting those values in the bernoulli’s equation;

15892.2 𝑁/𝑚2 𝑉2
+ 0 + 0.7 = 0 + 2×9.81
2
+0
1000×9.81

𝑉22 = (2.33)×(19.62)

√𝑉22 =√(2.33) × (19.62) = 6.76 m/s

𝑉2 =6.76 m/s

Then now we find the flow late since we have all the requirements.

Q = 𝑉2×𝐴2 = (6.76 m/s)×( 𝜋(0.025)2 = 0.0133 𝑚3 /𝑠

The flow rate of water from the tank is 0.0133 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔