Assignment 2 — Module 4
1. Explain the following with respect to shutil module:
i) Copying files and folders
Use shutil.copy(src, dst) to copy a single file.
Use shutil.copytree(src, dst) to copy an entire directory.
import shutil
# Copy a file
shutil.copy("file1.txt", "copy_file1.txt")
# Copy a folder
shutil.copytree("folderA", "folderB")
ii) Moving and renaming files and folders
Use shutil.move(src, dst) to move or rename.
shutil.move("file1.txt", "newfolder/file1.txt") # Move
shutil.move("oldname.txt", "newname.txt") # Rename
2. Write a program to backup a folder into a ZIP file
import zipfile, os
def backup_to_zip(folder):
folder = os.path.abspath(folder)
zip_filename = os.path.basename(folder) + '_backup.zip'
with zipfile.ZipFile(zip_filename, 'w') as backup_zip:
for foldername, subfolders, filenames in os.walk(folder):
for filename in filenames:
filepath = os.path.join(foldername, filename)
backup_zip.write(filepath, os.path.relpath(filepath, folder))
print(f"Backup created: {zip_filename}")
backup_to_zip('myfolder')
This program creates a ZIP file containing all files in the folder.
3. Explain the different logging levels
Python logging module has 5 main logging levels:
Level Use
DEBUG Detailed diagnostic
INFO General information
WARNING Indication of potential issue
ERROR An error occurred
CRITICAL Severe error
import logging
logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG)
logging.debug("Debug message")
logging.info("Info message")
logging.warning("Warning message")
logging.error("Error message")
logging.critical("Critical message")
4. What is an assertion? Explain assert keyword with example
Assertion is used to test if a condition is True during execution.
If False, it raises AssertionError.
def square_root(x):
assert x >= 0, "Only non-negative numbers allowed"
return x ** 0.5
print(square_root(25)) # OK
print(square_root(-4)) # Raises AssertionError
5. Display folder name, list of subfolders, and files using os.walk()
import os
for foldername, subfolders, filenames in os.walk('.'):
print(f'Folder: {foldername}')
print(f'Subfolders: {subfolders}')
print(f'Files: {filenames}')
print('---')
6. Explain permanent delete and safe delete with suitable Python program
Permanent delete:
import os
os.remove("test.txt") # File is permanently deleted
Safe delete using send2trash:
from send2trash import send2trash
send2trash("important.txt") # File goes to Recycle Bin (safe)
send2trash is safer for critical files.
7. Write function DivExp(a,b) using assertion for a > 0 and exception for b = 0
def DivExp(a, b):
assert a > 0, "a must be greater than 0"
try:
result = a / b
except ZeroDivisionError:
return "Division by zero is not allowed"
return result
print(DivExp(10, 2)) # Output: 5.0
print(DivExp(10, 0)) # Exception handled
Assignment 2 — Module 5
1. Explain __init__, __str__, __add__ methods with example
These are special methods in Python:
class Point:
def __init__(self, x, y):
self.x = x
self.y = y
def __str__(self):
return f"Point({self.x}, {self.y})"
def __add__(self, other):
return Point(self.x + other.x, self.y + other.y)
p1 = Point(1, 2)
p2 = Point(3, 4)
print(p1) # Calls __str__
print(p1 + p2) # Calls __add__
2. Define classes and objects. Create a class Student and display attributes
class Student:
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age
def display(self):
print(f"Name: {self.name}, Age: {self.age}")
s1 = Student("Alice", 20)
s2 = Student("Bob", 21)
s1.display()
s2.display()
3. Explain pure functions with examples
A pure function has:
o No side effects.
o Same output for same input.
def add(a, b):
return a + b # Pure function
# Not pure
total = 0
def add_to_total(x):
global total
total += x
return total
4. Demonstrate polymorphism with function to find histogram of letters
def letter_histogram(text):
histogram = {}
for char in text:
if char.isalpha():
histogram[char] = histogram.get(char, 0) + 1
return histogram
print(letter_histogram("hello world"))
Polymorphism: +, get() work differently depending on context.
5. Discuss operator overloading. Mention five operators with special functions
Operator overloading: redefining standard operators for user-defined classes.
Operator Method
+ __add__()
Operator Method
- __sub__()
* __mul__()
/ __truediv__()
== __eq__()
class Num:
def __init__(self, value):
self.value = value
def __add__(self, other):
return Num(self.value + other.value)
def __str__(self):
return str(self.value)
a = Num(5)
b = Num(10)
print(a + b) # 15
6. Explain concept of prototyping vs planning
Prototyping Planning
Create working model quickly Focus on analysis and design
Used to test functionality early Used for long-term structure
Involves more trial & error Involves more documentation & design
Suitable for agile methods Suitable for waterfall methods
