Analytic Function

1. Notations:
(a) Open disk:
Dϵ (z 0 ) is the open disk of radius ϵ >0 about z 0 z0
shown in figure. Formally, it is the set of all points
satisfying the inequality, { z :|z−z 0|< ϵ }.

(b)Closed disk:
z0
Dϵ (z 0 ) is the open disk of radius ϵ >0 about z 0
shown in figure. Formally, it is the set of all points
satisfying the inequality, { z :|z−z 0|< ϵ }.

(c) Punctured disk:

¿
Dϵ (z 0 ) is the punctured disk of radius ϵ >0 about z 0
shown in figure. Formally, it is the set of all points
satisfying the inequality, { z :0<|z −z 0|<ϵ }.

A ( α ,r , R ) is the open annulus centered at 𝞪 with radii

(d)Open annulus:

‘r’ and ‘R’ as shown in figure.

Formally, it is the set of all points satisfying the
Inequality, { z :r <|z−α|< R }.

A ( α ,r , R ) is the closed annulus centered at 𝞪 with radii

(e) Closed annulus:

‘r’ and ‘R’ as shown in figure.

Formally, it is the set of all points satisfying the
Inequality, { z :r ≤|z−α|≤ R }.
2. Partial derivatives of a function of two variables:
Let u(x , y) is a function of two variables x and y. Then its partial derivatives are defined
as,
∂u u ( x+ h , y ) −u ( x , y )
= lim
∂ x h⟶0 h
∂u u ( x , y +h )−u ( x , y )
= lim
∂ y h⟶ 0 h

3. Derivatives of a complex function:

Let f ( z )=u ( x , y )+ iv(x , y) is complex function. Then it is called differentiable at z=z 0, if the
f ( z 0 +h ) −f ( z 0 )
limit lim exists and its derivative is defined as,
h⟶0 h
'
f ( z0 + h )−f ( z 0 )
f ( z 0 )= lim
h⟶ 0 h
4. If f(z) is differentiable at 0, then it is continuous at z 0.
z
5. Cauchy Riemann Equations:
Suppose that f ( z )=u ( x , y )+ iv(x , y) is differentiable at z 0=x 0 +i y 0.
Then the partial derivatives of u and v exists at the point z 0=( x 0 , y 0 ) and
'
f ( z 0 )=ux ( x 0 , y 0 ) +i v x ( x 0 , y 0 )=u y ( x 0 , y 0 )−i v y ( x 0 , y 0 )
Thus, equating the real and imaginary parts we get,
u x ( x 0 , y 0 )=u y ( x 0 , y 0 ) and
 v x ( x 0 , y 0 )=−v y ( x 0 , y 0 ),
which are called the C-R equations.
6. Polar form of C-R Equations:
Let w=f ( z ) =u ( r ,ϴ ) +iv ( r , ϴ ) is an analytic function. Then the C-R equations be,
∂v
∧∂ v
∂u 1 ∂ϴ −1 ∂u
= =
∂r r ∂r r ∂ϴ
7. Implication of C-R theorem:
(a) If ‘f’ is differentiable at z 0, then C-R equations will be satisfied at z 0 and we can use
' ' '
either f ( z 0 )=ux ( x 0 , y 0 ) +i v x ( x 0 , y 0 ) or f ( z 0 )=u y ( x0 , y 0 )−i v y ( x 0 , y 0 ) to evaluate f ( z 0 ).
(b)If C-R equations are not satisfied at z 0, then ‘f’ is not differentiable at z 0.
(c) If C-R equations are satisfied at z 0, we can not necessarily conclude that ‘f’ is
differentiable at z 0.
8. Analytic function:
Definition: A complex function f (z) is called analytic at the point z 0, if f ' ( z) exists for all
z ϵ Dϵ (z 0 ) for some ϵ >0 .
In other words, f (z) must be differential not only at z 0, but also at all points in some ϵ-
neighborhood of z 0.
(a) Sufficient conditions for f (z) to be analytic:
The function w=f ( z ) =u ( x , y ) +iv ( x , y ) is analytic in a region R if the four partial
derivatives u x , u y , v x ∧v y ,
(i) Exist and
(ii) Are continuous and
(iii) Satisfy the C-R equations at every point of R.
(b)Properties of analytic function:
(i) Harmonic property-
 The real and imaginary parts of an analytic function w=u+iv are both
necessarily harmonic functions.
That means ' u ' and ' v ' both satisfy the Laplace equation in two-dimensions. Ie,
=0 .
2 2 2 2
∂ u ∂ u ∂ v ∂ v
2
+ 2
=0 and 2
+ 2
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
 If ‘ u ’ and ‘ v ’ are harmonic functions such that u+iv is analytic, then each is
called the conjugate harmonic function of the order in the region R.
 If f (z)=u+iv is an analytic function, then ‘ u ’ and ‘ v ’ are necessarily harmonic
functions. However, if ‘ u ’ and ‘ v ’ are harmonic functions, then f (z)=u+iv need
not to be an analytic function.
(ii) Orthogonal property-
If w=u+iv is an analytic function, then the curves of the family u=c 1 and the
curves of the family u=c 1cut orthogonally, where c 1∧c 2 are constants.
 Numerical:

1. Prove that the real and imaginary parts of an analytic function f ( z )=u +iv
satisfies the Laplace equation in two dimensions.
[VIT]

Solution:
f ( z )=u +iv is an analytic function.
So, the partial derivatives of its real and imaginary parts must satisfy the C-R
equations.
Hence,
∂u ∂v
= −−−−−−−−−−−(1)
∂x ∂ y
∂u −∂ v
¿ = −−−−−−−−−−(2)
∂ y ∂x

Differentiating (1 ) w .r . t x∧ y we get ,
2 2
∂ u ∂ v
2
= −−−−−(3)
∂ x ∂ x∂ y
2 2
∂ v ∂u
¿ 2= −−−−−(4)
∂ y ∂ y ∂x
Differentiating ( 2 ) w .r . t y∧ x we get ,
2 2
∂ u −∂ v
2
= −−−−−(5)
∂ y ∂ y∂x
2 2
∂ v −∂ u
¿ 2= −−−−−(6)
∂x ∂ x∂ y

2 2 2 2
∂ u ∂ v ∂ v ∂ u
Adding (3) and (6), 2
+ 2= − =0
∂ x ∂x ∂x ∂ y ∂x ∂ y
2 2 2 2
∂ u ∂ v −∂ v ∂ u
Adding (5) and (4), 2
+ 2
= + =0
∂ y ∂ y ∂ y ∂ x ∂ y∂ x

Which shoes that the real and imaginary parts are satisfying the Laplace’s equation
of second degree.

2. Find the value of k such that the function f ( z )=e x ( cos ky +isin ky ) is analytic.
[VIT]

Solution:
x
f ( z )=e ( cos ky +isin ky )
x x
¿ e cos ky +i e sin ky
x x
¿ u+iv , where u=e cos ky∧v=e sin ky
Thus, u x =e x cos ky , u y =−k e x sin ky
And v x =e x sin ky , v y =k e x cos ky
Since f(z) is analytic, the partial derivatives of its real and imaginary
parts satisfy the C-R equations.
Thus,
 x x
u x =v y which gives e cos ky =k e cos ky ∨k=1

3. Find the values of a and b such that the function,

f ( z )= ( 2 x 2 +a y 2−2 xy ) +i ( 3 b x 2− y 2+ 4 xy ) is analytic. Also find its derivative f ( z) in
'

terms of z. [VIT]

Solution:
f ( z )= ( 2 x 2 +a y 2−2 xy ) +i ( 3 b x 2− y 2+ 4 xy )
¿ u+iv , where u= ( 2 x 2 +a y 2−2 xy ) ∧v= ( 3 b x2 − y 2+ 4 xy )

Thus, u x =4 x −2 y , u y =2ay −2 x
And v x =6 bx + 4 y , v y =−2 y + 4 x

Since, f(z) is analytic, the partial derivatives of its real and imaginary
parts satisfy the C-R equations.
Thus,
u x =v y which gives ,
4 x−2 y=−2 y +4 x
Which satisfies for any value of a and b.
And u y =−v x , which gives ,
2 ay−2 x=−6 bx −4 y
Comparing the coefficients of x and y we get,
2 a=−4 ⇒ a=−2 and
1
−6 b=−2 ⇒ b=
3

4. If w=f ( z ) =x2 + a y 2−2 xy +i ( b x 2− y 2 +2 xy ) is analytic, then find the values of a and b.

also find f ' ( z).
[VIT]

Solution:
f ( z )=x 2 +a y 2−2 xy +i ( b x 2− y 2 +2 xy )
¿ u+iv , where u=x 2 +a y 2 −2 xy ∧v=( b x 2− y 2+ 2 xy )
Thus, u x =2 x −2 y , u y =2ay −2 x
And v x =2 bx +2 y , v y =−2 y+ 2 x

Since, f(z) is analytic, the partial derivatives of its real and imaginary parts satisfy
the C-R equations.
Thus,
u x =v y which gives ,
2 x−2 y=−2 y +2 x
Which satisfies for any value of a and b.
And u y =−v x , which gives ,
2 ay−2 x=−2 bx−2 y
Comparing the coefficients of x and y we get,
2 a=−2⇒ a=−1 and
−2 b=−2⇒ b=1
 Also,
'
f ( z )=u x + i v x =( 2 x−2 y )+ i ( 2 bx +2 y )=( 2 x −2 y )+i ( 2 x +2 y )

3 3
x (1+i )− y ( 1−i )
5. Prove that the function f ( z )= , z ≠ 0 , f ( 0 )=0, is not analytic even
x 2+ y 2
though C-R equations are satisfied at the origin.
[VIT

Solution:
3 3
x (1+i )− y ( 1−i )
f ( z )= ,z ≠0 Given,
x 2+ y 2
f ( 0 )=0
( x 3− y 3 ) +i ( x 3 + y 3 ) ⇒ f ( 0 , 0 )=0+i .0--------(1)
¿ 2 2
x +y But f ( x , y )=u ( x , y ) +iv (x , y )
¿ u ( x , y ) +iv ( x , y ) , ⇒ f ( 0 , 0 )=u ( 0 , 0 ) +iv (0 , 0)-------(2)
3 3 3 3
x −y x +y Comparing (1) & (2),
where u(x , y)= 2 2 ∧v (x , y )= 2 2
x +y x +y u ( 0 , 0 )=0∧v ( 0 , 0 )=0
Now,
u ( x , 0 ) −u ( 0 , 0 ) u ( x , 0 ) −u ( 0 , 0 ) x−0
u x ( 0 , 0 ) =lim =lim =lim =lim 1=1
x→ 0 x x→ 0 x x→ 0 x x →0
u ( 0 , y )−u ( 0 , 0 ) u ( 0 , y )−u ( 0 , 0 ) − y −0
u y ( 0 , 0 )=lim =lim =lim =lim (−1 )=−1
y→ 0 y x→ 0 y x →0 y x →0
v ( x , 0 )−v ( 0 ,0 ) v ( x , 0 ) −v ( 0 , 0 ) x−0
v x ( 0 ,0 )=lim =lim =lim =lim 1=1
x→ 0 x v→0 x x →0 x x→ 0
v ( 0 , y )−v ( 0 ,0 ) v ( 0 , y )−v ( 0 , 0 ) y−0
v y ( 0 , 0 ) =lim =lim =lim =lim ( 1 )=1
y →0 y v→0 y x→0 y x →0

Clearly,
u x ( 0 , 0 ) =v y ( 0 , 0 )∧u y ( 0 , 0 )=−v x ( 0 , 0 )
So, the C-R equations are satisfying at the origin.

Now,
f ( z )−f ( 0 )
f ' ( 0 )=lim
z→0 z
3 3
x ( 1+i )− y ( 1−i )
−0
x2 + y 2
¿ lim , since f ( 0 )=0∧z=x+ iy
z→0 x +iy
3 3
x ( 1+i )− y ( 1−i )
¿ lim
( x , y )→ 0 ( x 2 + y 2 ) ( x+ iy )
3 3 3
x ( 1+i )−m x ( 1−i )
¿ lim , along theline y=mx
( x , y ) → 0 ( x + m x ) ( x +imx )
2 2 2

3 3 3 3 3 3
x −m x +i x +i m x
¿ lim 3 2 3 3 3 3
( x , y ) → 0 x +m x + ℑ x +i m x

( 1−m3 ) +i ( 1+m3 )
¿ lim , which depents on the arbitrary m.
(x , y)→ 0 ( 1+ m ) + ℑ ( 1+m )
2 2

So, the limit does not exist and hence derivative does not exist.
i.e, f(z) is not differentiable at z = 0.
So, f(z) is not analytic at z = 0.
 {
x y 2 ( x+iy )
if z ≠ 0
6. Show that the function f ( x )= x 2 + y 4 is not analytic at origin although
0 if z=0
C-R equations are satisfied at the origin.
Or,
2 xy (x +iy)
Show by considering the function f(z) defined by f ( z )= for z ≠ 0∧f ( 0 )=0,
x2 + y 2
that the C-R equations are not the sufficient conditions for a function to be
analytic. [VIT]

Solution:
2
x y ( x +iy ) Given,
f ( z )= , z ≠ 0 f ( 0 )=0
x2 + y 4
⇒ f ( 0 , 0 )=0+i .0--------(1)
( x 2 y 2 ) +i ( x y 3 )
¿ 2 4
But f ( x , y )=u ( x , y ) +iv (x , y )
x +y ⇒ f ( 0 , 0 )=u ( 0 , 0 ) +iv (0 , 0)-------(2)
¿ u ( x , y ) +iv ( x , y ) , Comparing (1) & (2),
2 2 3
x y xy u ( 0 , 0 )=0∧v ( 0 , 0 )=0
where u(x , y)= 2 4 ∧v (x , y )= 2 4
x +y x +y
Now,
u ( x , 0 ) −u ( 0 , 0 ) u ( x , 0 ) −u ( 0 , 0 ) 0−0
u x ( 0 , 0 ) =lim =lim =lim =lim 0=0
x→ 0 x x→ 0 x x→ 0 x x→ 0
u ( 0 , y )−u ( 0 , 0 ) u ( 0 , y )−u ( 0 , 0 ) 0−0
u y ( 0 , 0 )=lim =lim =lim =lim ( 0 ) =0
y→ 0 y x→ 0 y x →0 y x →0
v ( x , 0 )−v ( 0 ,0 ) v ( x , 0 ) −v ( 0 , 0 ) 0−0
v x ( 0 ,0 )=lim =lim =lim =lim 0=0
x→ 0 x v→0 x x →0 x x →0
v ( 0 , y )−v ( 0 ,0 ) v ( 0 , y )−v ( 0 , 0 ) 0−0
v y ( 0 , 0 ) =lim =lim =lim =lim ( 0 )=0
y →0 y v→0 y x→0 y x→ 0

Clearly,
u x ( 0 , 0 ) =v y ( 0 , 0 )∧u y ( 0 , 0 )=−v x ( 0 , 0 )
So, the C-R equations are satisfying at the origin.

Now,
f ( z )−f ( 0 )
f ' ( 0 )=lim
z→0 z
2
x y ( x+iy )
−0
x2 + y4
¿ lim , since f ( 0 )=0∧z =x+iy
z→0 x +iy
2
x y ( x +iy ) x y2
¿ lim = lim
( x , y ) → 0 ( x + y ) ( x+iy ) ( x, y ) → 0 ( x + y )
2 4 2 4

2
mx 2
¿ lim 2 , along theline y =mx
( x , y ) → 0 x ( 1+m )
 m
¿ lim , which depents on the arbitrary m .
( x , y )→ 0 1+ m

So, the limit does not exist and hence derivative does not exist.
i.e, f(z) is not differentiable at z = 0.
So, f(z) is not analytic at z = 0.

Which proves that the C-R equations are not sufficient conditions for a
function to be analytic.

{
z2
,z ≠0
7. Show that the function f ( z )= z , satisfies the Cauchy-Riemann equations
0 , z=0
at origin but not analytic at z = 0.
[VIT]

Solution:
2
z
f ( z )= , z ≠ 0
z
( x+iy )2 ( x−iy )2 ( x −iy )3 x 3−3 x y 2−3 i x2 y +i y 3
¿ = = =
( x +iy ) ( x+iy ) ( x +iy ) ( x−iy ) x 2+ y 2
¿ u ( x , y ) +iv ( x , y ) ,
3 2 3 2
x −3 x y y −3 x y
where u(x , y)= 2 2 ∧v (x , y )= 2 2
x +y x +y
Now,
u ( x , 0 ) −u ( 0 , 0 ) u ( x , 0 ) −u ( 0 , 0 ) x−0
u x ( 0 , 0 ) =lim =lim =lim =lim 1=1
x→ 0 x x→ 0 x x→ 0 x x →0
u ( 0 , y )−u ( 0 , 0 ) u ( 0 , y )−u ( 0 , 0 ) 0−0
u y ( 0 , 0 )=lim =lim =lim =lim ( 0 ) =0
y→ 0 y x→ 0 y x →0 y x →0
v ( x , 0 )−v ( 0 ,0 ) v ( x , 0 ) −v ( 0 , 0 ) 0−0
v x ( 0 ,0 )=lim =lim =lim =lim 0=0
x→ 0 x v→0 x x →0 x x →0
v ( 0 , y )−v ( 0 ,0 ) v ( 0 , y )−v ( 0 , 0 ) y−0
v y ( 0 , 0 ) =lim =lim =lim =lim ( 1 )=1
y →0 y v→0 y x→0 y x →0

Clearly,
u x ( 0 , 0 ) =v y ( 0 , 0 )∧u y ( 0 , 0 )=−v x ( 0 , 0 )
So, the C-R equations are satisfying at the origin.

Now,
f ( z )−f ( 0 )
f ' ( 0 )=lim
z→0 z
2
z
−0
z
¿ lim , since f ( 0 )=0
z→0 z

() ( )
2 2 2
z z x−iy
¿ lim 2 =lim = lim
z→0 z z→0 z ( x, y)→ 0 x +iy

( )
2
x−imx 2
¿ lim , along the line y =mx
( x , y ) → 0 x +imx

( )
2
1−ℑ
¿ lim , which depents onthe arbitrary m.
( x , y ) → 0 1+ ℑ
So, the limit does not exist and hence derivative does not exist.
i.e, f(z) is not differentiable at z = 0.
So, f(z) is not analytic at z = 0.

8. Let the complex function f ( z )= √|xy| . Is the function f(z) satisfying Cauchy
Riemann equations at origin? If so, whether f(z) is analytic at origin?
[VIT]

Solution:
f ( z )= √|xy|
¿ u ( x , y ) +iv ( x , y ) ,
where u(x , y)=√| xy|∧v (x , y )=0
Now,
u ( x , 0 ) −u ( 0 , 0 ) u ( x , 0 ) −u ( 0 , 0 ) 0−0
u x ( 0 , 0 ) =lim =lim =lim =lim 0=0
x→ 0 x x→ 0 x x→ 0 x x→ 0
u ( 0 , y )−u ( 0 , 0 ) u ( 0 , y )−u ( 0 , 0 ) 0−0
u y ( 0 , 0 )=lim =lim =lim =lim ( 0 ) =0
y→ 0 y x→ 0 y x →0 y x →0
v ( x , 0 )−v ( 0 ,0 ) v ( x , 0 ) −v ( 0 , 0 ) 0−0
v x ( 0 ,0 )=lim =lim =lim =lim 0=0
x→ 0 x v→0 x x →0 x x →0
v ( 0 , y )−v ( 0 ,0 ) v ( 0 , y )−v ( 0 , 0 ) 0−0
v y ( 0 , 0 ) =lim =lim =lim =lim ( 1 ) =0
y →0 y v→0 y x→0 y x→ 0

Clearly,
u x ( 0 , 0 ) =v y ( 0 , 0 )∧u y ( 0 , 0 )=−v x ( 0 , 0 )
So, the C-R equations are satisfying at the origin.

Now,
f ( z )−f ( 0 )
f ' ( 0 )=lim
z→0 z

¿ lim
√|xy|−0 , since f ( 0 )=0∧z=x+ iy
(x , y)→ 0 x +iy

¿ lim
√|xy|
(x , y)→ 0 x +iy

¿ lim
√|m x | , alongthe line y =mx
2
2

( x , y )→ 0 x+imx
¿ lim √ , which depents on the arbitrary m.
m
( x , y ) → 0 1+ ℑ

So, the limit does not exist and hence derivative does not exist.
i.e, f(z) is not differentiable at z = 0.
So, f(z) is not analytic at z = 0.