📘 Java Exception Handling Master Notes (Hindi-English Mix)
🔰 1. What is Exception?
Exception ek unwanted ya unexpected situation hoti hai jo program ke runtime par aati hai aur uska
normal flow disturb kar deti hai.
🔸 For example:
• Divide by zero
• File not found
• Array index out of bound
• Null pointer access
💡 Exception = “Error at runtime that can be handled.”
🔰 2. Types of Errors in Java
Type Description
Compile-time error Syntax error, missing semicolon etc. Detected by compiler.
Run-time error Occurs during execution. Eg: divide by 0.
Logical error Wrong output due to logic mistake. No exception generated.
🔰 3. Difference between Error and Exception
Feature Error Exception
Type Unrecoverable Recoverable
Cause JVM issues (memory, stack etc.) Code-related issues
Handling Cannot be handled Can be handled via try-catch
Example StackOverflowError NullPointerException
🔰 4. Exception Hierarchy (Java Class Tree)
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Object
|
Throwable
/ \
Error Exception
/ \
Checked Unchecked
🔰 5. Types of Exceptions
✅ Checked Exception (Compile-time):
• JVM forces you to handle.
• Example:
• IOException
• SQLException
• ClassNotFoundException
⚠️ Unchecked Exception (Runtime):
• JVM does NOT force you to handle.
• Example:
• ArithmeticException
• NullPointerException
• ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
🔰 6. Keywords used in Exception Handling
Keyword Description
try Risky code block here
catch Handles the exception
finally Always executes (cleanup)
throw Used to throw an exception manually
throws Declares exception for method caller
🔰 7. try-catch Block Syntax
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try {
// Risky code
} catch(ExceptionType e) {
// Handling code
}
Example:
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int a = 10, b = 0;
try {
System.out.println(a / b);
} catch(ArithmeticException e) {
System.out.println("Can't divide by zero!");
}
🔰 8. Multiple catch blocks
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try {
// code
} catch(ArithmeticException e) {
// handle AE
} catch(NullPointerException e) {
// handle NPE
} catch(Exception e) {
// handle any other
}
Catch blocks should go from most specific to most general.
🔰 9. finally Block
• Always executed (whether exception is thrown or not).
• Used for cleanup code like closing database, closing file etc.
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try {
int data = 25/5;
} catch(Exception e) {
System.out.println("Handled");
} finally {
System.out.println("Always executed");
}
🔰 10. throw Keyword
• Used to throw a custom exception.
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throw new ArithmeticException("Custom message");
After throw, no code will execute in that block.
🔰 11. throws Keyword
• Used in method declaration to inform caller about exceptions.
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public void readFile() throws IOException {
// risky code
}
Use when you don’t want to handle the exception yourself, pass it to caller.
🔰 12. Custom Exception (User-defined)
Step 1: Create a class extending Exception
Step 2: Throw that exception
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class AgeInvalidException extends Exception {
public AgeInvalidException(String msg) {
super(msg);
}
}
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) throws AgeInvalidException {
int age = 16;
if(age < 18) {
throw new AgeInvalidException("Underage: Not allowed");
} else {
System.out.println("Allowed");
}
}
}
🔰 13. Best Practices
✅ Always catch specific exceptions
✅ Use finally to close resources
✅ Don’t overuse throws
✅ Avoid empty catch blocks
✅ Use logging instead of System.out.println in real-world
🧪 14. Practice Questions
1. Create a program that divides two numbers and handles divide-by-zero error.
2. Write a program that catches ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException.
3. Demonstrate use of finally block.
4. Create a custom exception called LowBalanceException.
5. Use throws to declare a method that can throw IOException.
