FIRST CITY PROVIDENTIAL COLLEGE

Brgy. Narra, Francisco Homes, City of San Jose Del Monte, Bulacan

Learning Module

Subject: ___Statistics and Probability___ Grade: ______11__________

Lesson Number: _____1____ Topic: __Hypothesis Testing__

Objectives:
1. Conclude key concepts in test of hypothesis;
2. Evaluate the steps in test of hypothesis testing; and
3. Demonstrate perseverance in applying the steps in
Hypothesis Testing in real-life situation.

Key Words:

• Hypothesis – A conjecture or statement which aims to explain

certain phenomena in the real world.
• Null Hypothesis – It is the hypothesis to be tested.
• Alternative Hypothesis – It is the hypothesis that may be accepted
once the null hypothesis is rejected.
• Population – is a set of similar items or events which is of interest
for some question or experiment.

Lesson Presentation:

According to Gore Verbinsky, “It’s always good

to keep people guessing.” Did you guess an
event that happened in your life?
 There are times in our life that we try to presume on what is happening in reality. We
use our way of thinking and based on our past experiences so that most of our
presumptions are correct. But for us to be able to make sure that presumptions are
valid, we have to further analyze it.
As an intelligent FCPCian who possesses the ability to synthesize knowledge
continuously in solving problems, you should be able to illustrate null and alternative
hypothesis, level of significance, rejection region, and types of errors in hypothesis
testing as stated course outcome 1. At the end of this lesson, students are expected
to learn the following; conclude key concepts in a test of hypothesis, evaluate the
steps in a test of hypothesis testing, and demonstrate perseverance in applying the
steps in Hypothesis Testing in a real-life situation.

What is Hypothesis Testing?

➢ It is a statistical technique to test
some hypothesis about the
population from which the
sample is drawn.
➢ It is an idea that can be tested on
ground of statistical data.

For example:
Iphone are costly, given that we consider
Iphone are costly. any price greater than Php. 20,000 as
costly
• This is infeasible as it is not • This is feasible as it is testable
testable

Step 1 FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESIS

Hypothesis Symbol Definition Sign

Null Ho - This is the hypothesis to be tested =
- “There is no significant difference…”” ≤
≥
Alternative Ha - The hypothesis to be accepted once the ≠
null hypothesis is rejected >
- “There is a significant difference…” <
 ➢ Researchers always try to reject the null hypothesis to
establish something novel.
➢ Null hypothesis is accepted to be true until proven wrong, it
is like innocent until proven guilty.
➢ The tail of the test will be known using the symbol in
alternative hypothesis:
Symbols of Ha Type of tail
≠ Two-tail
> One-tail (Right)
< One-tail (Left)

Activity #1

Directions:Identify the null and alternative

hypothesis on the statement:
According to an article by Andrew Berg (“Report:
Teens Texting More, Using More Data,” Wireless
Week, October 15, 2010), Nielsen Company
analyzed cell phone usage for different age groups
using cell phone bills and surveys. Nielsen found
significant growth in data usage, particularly among
teens, stating that “94 percent of teen subscribers
self-identify as advanced data users, turning to their
cellphones for messaging, Internet, multimedia,
gaming, and other activities like downloads.” The
study found that the mean cell phone data usage was
62 MB among teens ages 13 to 17. A researcher is
curious whether cell phone data usage has increased
for this age group since the original study was
conducted. She plans to conduct a hypothesis test.
Write your answers here:

Null Hypothesis (Ho)

•

Alternative Hypothesis (Ha)

•
 Watch it out!

Watch the video link below about null and alternative hypothesis:
• https://youtu.be/wiYJWyfdGg4
•
Guide Questions:
1. What is the symbol used in null hypothesis? Alternative
hypothesis?
2. What is the difference between null and alternative hypothesis
in terms of the signs used? (e.g. =, ≠, ≥, ≤, >, < )

Activity #2

Directions: For 15 minutes, using the table below, list down all the insights you have
learned about null and alternative hypothesis.

Null Hypothesis Alternative Hypothesis

 Step 2 LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE

➢ It defines unlikely values of sample statistic if null hypothesis is true.

➢ The most common level of significance is 5% or 0.05.

Step 3 UNDERSTANDING TEST STATISTIC

Activity #3
Directions: Search the symbols and the uses of the following test statistics in the
internet. Put your answers on the table below:

Test Statistic Symbol When to use

➢ Z-test

➢ T-test
➢ Pearson’s R
➢ ANOVA
➢ Chi-square

Step 4 COMPUTE THE VALUE OF TEST STATISTIC

The value of the test statistic will serve as a guide to determine

if the null hypothesis is to be accepted or rejected.
 Step 5 DEGREE OF FREEDOM

➢ Is the number of independent pieces of information that went into

calculating the estimate.
Remember:
Degree of freedom Population (N)
N-1 For single group
N-2 For two groups

Step 6 TABULAR VALUE/ CRITICAL VALUE

➢ In order to find the tabular value/ critical value, get the degree of freedom,
type of tail (one-tail or two-tail, and the level of significance.

Step 7 DECISION RULE

Result Decision
Reject Accept
The computed Ho Ha
value is
greater than
the tabular
value
The computed Ha Ho
value is less
than the
tabular value
 Extend your understanding!

I know that all of you are doing great in answering the given examples. Most of
you wants to know more about the null and alternative hypothesis. Kindly click
the link below for further presentation of the lesson.

Hypothesis Testing:
• https://youtu.be/ZzeXCKd5a18
• https://youtu.be/zJ8e_wAWUzE

Guide Questions:
1. How can you formulate null and alternative hypothesis in a
statement?
2. As a future researcher, how will you apply the knowledge that you
have learned about hypothesis testing?
3. Explain the steps in hypothesis testing.

Summary/ Key Concepts

STEPS IN HYPOTHESIS TESTING

Formulate the null hypothesis. Denote it as ሺ𝐻𝑜 ሻ and the

STEP 1 alternative hypothesis as ሺ𝐻𝑎 ሻ.

Set the desired level of significanceሺ𝛼ሻ.

STEP 2

Determine the appropriate test statistic to be used in testing the

STEP 3 null hypothesis.

Compute for the value of the statistic to be used.

STEP 4
 Compute for the degrees of freedom.
STEP 5

Find the tabular value using the table of values for different tests
STEP 6 from the appendix tables.

Compare the computed value (CV) to the tabular value (TV).

STEP 7
 6 Facets of Understanding Questions

Explanation: What is Hypothesis Testing?

Answer:_____________________________________________________________
Interpretation: How does Hypothesis Testing differ from Hypothesis in an
experiment in science?
Answer:_____________________________________________________________
Application: What are the uses of Hypothesis Testing in an inferential research?
Answer:_____________________________________________________________
Perspective: On your point of view, how does hypothesis testing helps you to get the
correct decision?
Answer:_____________________________________________________________
Empathy: If you will be given a power to predict future events (clairvoyance), how
are you going to say the future event that people will believe you?
Answer:_____________________________________________________________
Self-knowledge: What is your strength and weaknesses in this lesson?
Answer:____________________________________________________________

Explanation, Application, and Reflection (EAR)

Explanation
a. State the generalization of the lesson.
b. Integrate/connect the learned knowledge with the previous learned knowledge
to form own interpretation, perspective, analysis, and evaluation
Application
a. Relate the lesson to the current issues, trends, and problems in the community,
in the country, and the entire world.
b. Create plan of action or solution to the problem using exploration of the lesson.
Reflection
a. State how FCPC vision, mission, core values, 21st century skills and program
outcomes are realized in the application of the learned knowledge and skills.

Note: EAR written outputs must be 90 – 100 words.

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
 Formative Assessment #1
A. Multiple Choice. Analyze the following problems and write the letter of the
correct answer.
1. Which of the following must be done FIRST in testing hypothesis?
a. Set the desired level of significance.
b. Formulate null and alternative hypothesis.
c. Determine the test statistic to be use in testing the null hypothesis.
d. Compute for the degrees of freedom.
2. Which is TRUE about alternative hypothesis?
a. It is the hypothesis to be tested
b. The statement saying that “there is no significant difference…”
c. A hypothesis that is rejected once the null hypothesis is rejected.
d. It uses the symbols “<,>, and ≠.
3. Which is the level of significance that is common to the researchers?
a. 50%
b. 25%
c. 10%
d. 5%
4. In degrees of freedom, which is the formula used if the population is a
single group?
a. n-1
b. n-2
c. n-3
d. n-4
5. Which should be the correct decision if the null hypothesis is rejected?
a. Accept the null hypothesis
b. Reject the alternative hypothesis
c. Accept the alternative hypothesis
d. All of the above

B. State the null and alternative hypothesis in the following statement and
determine the tails of the test.
1. A light bulb manufacturer claims that the mean life span of a certain light bulb is
at least 720 hours. A buyer found out that it is less than 720 hours.
2. As a stated by company’s shipping department, the number of shipping errors per
million shipments has standard deviation that is 3.
3. The standard deviation of the base price of certain type of car is at most ₱25, 400.
A car dealer claims that it is greater than ₱25, 400.
4. The percentage of people who believe that the global warming is at least 68%.
5. The average age of YouTube users is at most 40 years old.
Learning Assessment #6
A. Multiple Choice. Analyze the following problems and write the letter of the
correct answer.
1. Which of the following steps should be done first in testing hypothesis?
a) Set the desired level of Significance
b) Formulate null and alternative hypothesis
c) Determine the test statistic to be used
d) Compute the degrees of freedom
2. A fast-food company advertises that the pre-cooked weight for its burgers is,
on average, 0.2 kilograms. The company runs a regular quality control test that
involves weighing a sample of burgers to see if the burgers are too light or too
heavy. If the sample mean weight is significantly different than 0.2 kilograms,
then they recycle the entire batch.
Which is the appropriate null hypothesis in the statement?
a) Ho: 𝜇 = 0.2 kg
b) Ho: 𝜇 ≠ 0.2 kg
c) Ho: 𝜇 ≤ 0.2 kg
d) Ho: 𝜇 ≥ 0.2 kg
3. Which is the appropriate alternative hypothesis in item 2?
a) Ha: 𝜇 = 0.2 kg
b) Ha: 𝜇 ≠ 0.2 kg
c) Ha: 𝜇 < 0.2 kg
d) Ha: 𝜇 > 0.2 kg
4. Reports say that the mean birth weight of babies of European heritage is 3.5
kg. Marta wants to perform a significance test to see if this holds true in her
nation. She takes a random sample of babies and observes a mean birthweight
of 𝑥̅ = 3.43 𝑘𝑔. Which is the appropriate null hypothesis in the statement?
a) The mean birth weight of this nation is equal to 3.43 kg.
b) The mean birth weight of this nation is not equal to 3.43 kg.
c) The mean birth weight of this nation is equal to 3.5 kg.
d) The mean birth weight of this nation is notr equal to 3.5 kg.
5. A local pizza store knows the mean amount of time it takes them to deliver an
order is 45 minutes after the order is placed. The manager has a new system for
processing delivery orders, and they want to test if it changes the mean
delivery time. They take a sample of delivery orders and find their mean
delivery time is 48 minutes. Which is the appropriate null and alternative
hypothesis in the statement?
a) Ho: 𝜇 = 45 minutes
Ha: 𝜇 ≠ 45 minutes
b) Ho: 𝜇 = 45 minutes
Ha: 𝜇 ≠ 48 minutes
c) Ho: 𝜇 = 48 minutes
Ha: 𝜇 ≠ 45 minutes
d) Ho: 𝜇 = 48 minutes
Ha: 𝜇 ≠ 48 minutes
 Assignment
Read or watch the latest news about the effects of coronavirus to us, then make a
conjecture or statements showing how will you apply hypothesis testing in real-life
situation. You may use the following references below:
• https://www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/features/coronavirus-affected-
countries-philippines-measures-impact-tourism-economy/
• https://www.who.int/philippines/emergencies/covid-19-in-the-philippines
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_coronavirus_pandemic_in_the_Philippines

References:
Textbook:
• Ricardo M. Crisostomo, Prescila C. De Sagun, Alicia L. Padua Copyright: 2013.
Our Word of Math. Publishing House: Vibal Publishing House, Inc.
• Calaca, Ninia I. Et. Al (2016) Statistics and Probability, Quezon City: Vibal
Publishing House, Inc
• Walpole and Myers (2014), Elementary Statistics, Pearson Inc.

Other References :
• https://stattrek.com/hypothesis-test/hypothesis-testing.aspx
• https://www.statisticssolutions.com/hypothesis-testing/
• https://www.statisticshowto.com/probability-and-statistics/hypothesis-testing/
• https://youtu.be/ZzeXCKd5a18
• https://youtu.be/zJ8e_wAWUzE

Prepared by : _____Ralph John M. Hermosa________

Teacher/Framer

Checked by : ______Ruth M. Rivera, MAED__________

Subject Coordinator

Approved by : Sherill F. Echanis, PhD

Principal

CC: Echel Simon-Antero, PhD

Vice President for Academic Affairs

Estrella O. Simon, PhD

President
 Appendices:

Activity 1
The null hypothesis is often a statement of “no change,” so the null hypothesis
will state that there is no change in the mean cell phone data usage for this age
group since the original study. In this case, the alternative hypothesis is that the
mean has increased from 62 MB.
• H0: The mean data usage for teens with smart phones is still 62 MB.
• Ha: The mean data usage for teens with smart phones is greater than 62 MB.

Activity 2
Answers in activity 2 are subjected so that it will be checked by the subject
teacher.

Activity 3
Symbol When to use
Test Statistic
➢ Z-test t The population variance is known.
➢ T-test z The population variance is unknown.
➢ Pearson’s R r Correlating two variables.
➢ ANOVA A Correlating three or more variables.
Testing relationships between
➢ Chi-square 𝑋2
categorical variables.

Answer key in formative assessment #1

A. Multiple Choice
1. B
2. D
3. D
4. A
5. C

B. Problem Solving
1. ሺ𝐻𝑜 ሻ : ሺ𝜇 ≥ 720 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠ሻ
ሺ𝐻𝑎 ሻ : ሺ𝜇 < 720 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠ሻ
2. ሺ𝐻𝑜 ሻ : ሺ𝜇 = 3ሻ
ሺ𝐻𝑎 ሻ : ሺ𝜇 ≠ 3ሻ
3. ሺ𝐻𝑜 ሻ : ሺ𝜇 ≤ ₱25,400ሻ
ሺ𝐻𝑎 ሻ : ሺ𝜇 > ₱25,400ሻ
4. ሺ𝐻𝑜 ሻ : ሺ𝜇 ≥ 68%ሻ
ሺ𝐻𝑎 ሻ : ሺ𝜇 < 68%ሻ
5. ሺ𝐻𝑜 ሻ : ሺ𝜇 ≤ 40 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑙𝑑ሻ
ሺ𝐻𝑎 ሻ : ሺ𝜇 > 40 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑙𝑑ሻ
Answer key in Learning Assessment #1
1. B
2. A
3. B
4. C
5. A