Chapter 15 Rapid Review 15

Rapid Review
Main Heading Review Material MyOMLab
THE IMPORTANCE The strategic importance of scheduling is clear: Concept Questions:
OF SHORT-TERM j Effective scheduling means faster movement of goods and services through a 1.1–1.2
SCHEDULING facility. This means greater use of assets and hence greater capacity per dollar
(p. 602) invested, which, in turn, lowers cost.
j Added capacity, faster throughput, and the related flexibility mean better
customer service through faster delivery.
j Good scheduling contributes to realistic commitments, hence dependable delivery.

SCHEDULING The objective of scheduling is to allocate and prioritize demand (generated by either Concept Questions:
ISSUES forecasts or customer orders) to available facilities. 2.1–2.4
(pp. 602–605) j Forward scheduling—Begins the schedule as soon as the requirements are known. VIDEO 15.1
j Backward scheduling—Begins with the due date by scheduling the final From the Eagles to the
operation first and the other job steps in reverse order. Magic: Converting
j Loading—The assigning of jobs to work or processing centers. the Amway Center
The four scheduling criteria are (1) minimize completion time, (2) maximize utilization,
(3) minimize work-in-process (WIP) inventory, and (4) minimize customer waiting time.

SCHEDULING A process-focused facility is a high-variety, low-volume system commonly found Concept Questions:
PROCESS-FOCUSED in manufacturing and services. It is also called an intermittent, or job shop, 3.1–3.4
FACILITIES facility.
(p. 605)

LOADING JOBS j Input–output control—A system that allows operations personnel to manage facil- Concept Questions:
(pp. 605–610) ity work flows by tracking work added to a work center and its work completed. 4.1–4.4
j ConWIP cards—Cards that control the amount of work in a work center, aiding Problems: 15.1–15.14
input/output control.
Virtual Office
ConWIP is an acronym for constant work-in-process. A ConWIP card travels with Hours for Solved
a job (or batch) through the work center. When the job is finished, the card is Problem: 15.1
released and returned to the initial workstation, authorizing the entry of a new
batch into the work center.
j Gantt charts—Planning charts used to schedule resources and allocate time.
The Gantt load chart shows the loading and idle times of several departments,
machines, or facilities. It displays the relative workloads in the system so that the
manager knows what adjustments are appropriate.
The Gantt schedule chart is used to monitor jobs in progress (and is also used for
project scheduling). It indicates which jobs are on schedule and which are ahead
of or behind schedule.
j Assignment method—A special class of linear programming models that involves
assigning tasks or jobs to resources.
In assignment problems, only one job (or worker) is assigned to one machine
(or project).
The assignment method involves adding and subtracting appropriate numbers in
the table to find the lowest opportunity cost for each assignment.

SEQUENCING JOBS j Sequencing—Determining the order in which jobs should be done at each work Concept Questions:
(pp. 611–617) center. 5.1–5.4
j Priority rules—Rules used to determine the sequence of jobs in process-oriented Problems: 15.15–15.25
facilities. Virtual Office
j First come, first served (FCFS)—Jobs are completed in the order in which they Hours for Solved
arrived. Problems: 15.2–15.5
j Shortest processing time (SPT)—Jobs with the shortest processing times are ACTIVE MODEL 15.1
assigned first.
j Earliest due date—Earliest due date jobs are performed first.
j Longest processing time (LPT)—Jobs with the longest processing time are
completed first.
Sum of total flow time
Average completion time = (15-1)
Number of jobs
Total job work (processing) time
Utilization metric = (15-2)
Sum of total flow time

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 15 Chapter 15 Rapid Review continued
MyOMLab
Rapid Review

Main Heading Review Material

Sum of total flow time
Average number of jobs in the system = (15-3)
Total job work (processing) time
Total late days
Average job lateness = (15-4)
Number of jobs
Job lateness = Max{0, yesterday + flow time - due date} (15-5)
SPT is the best technique for minimizing job flow and average number of jobs in
the system.
FCFS performs about average on most criteria, and it appears fair to customers.
EDD minimizes maximum tardiness.
j Flow time—The time each job spends waiting plus the time being processed.
j Critical ratio (CR)—A sequencing rule that is an index number computed by
dividing the time remaining until due date by the work time remaining:
Time remaining Due date - Today>s date
CR = = (15-6)
Workdays remaining Work (lead) time remaining
As opposed to the priority rules, the critical ratio is dynamic and easily updated.
It tends to perform better than FCFS, SPT, EDD, or LPT on the average job-
lateness criterion.
j Johnson’s rule—An approach that minimizes processing time for sequencing a
group of jobs through two work centers while minimizing total idle time in the
work centers.
Rule-based scheduling systems have the following limitations: (1) Scheduling is
dynamic, (2) rules do not look upstream or downstream, and (3) rules do not look
beyond due dates.

FINITE CAPACITY j Finite capacity scheduling (FCS)—Computerized short-term scheduling that Concept Questions:
SCHEDULING (FCS) overcomes the disadvantage of rule-based systems by providing the user with 6.1–6.2
(pp. 617–618) graphical interactive computing.

SCHEDULING Cyclical scheduling with inconsistent staffing needs is often the case in services. Concept Questions:
SERVICES The objective focuses on developing a schedule with the minimum number of 7.1–7.4
(pp. 618–621) workers. In these cases, each employee is assigned to a shift and has time off. VIDEO 15.2
Scheduling at Hard
Rock Cafe
Problems: 15.26–15.27

Self Test
j Before taking the self-test, refer to the learning objectives listed at the beginning of the chapter and the key terms listed at the end of the chapter.

LO 15.1 Which of the following decisions covers the longest time LO 15.4 The most popular priority rules include:
period? a) FCFS. b) EDD.
a) Short-term scheduling c) SPT. d) all of the above.
b) Capacity planning LO 15.5 The job that should be scheduled last when using Johnson’s
c) Aggregate planning rule is the job with the:
d) A master schedule a) largest total processing time on both machines.
LO 15.2 A visual aid used in loading and scheduling jobs is a: b) smallest total processing time on both machines.
a) Gantt chart. c) longest activity time if it lies with the first machine.
b) planning file. d) longest activity time if it lies with the second machine.
c) bottleneck. e) shortest activity time if it lies with the second machine.
d) load-schedule matrix. LO 15.6 What is computerized short-term scheduling that overcomes
e) level material chart. the disadvantage of rule-based systems by providing the
LO 15.3 The assignment method involves adding and subtracting user with graphical interactive computing?
appropriate numbers in the table to find the lowest _____ a) LPT b) FCS
for each assignment. c) CSS d) FCFS
a) profit e) GIC
b) number of steps LO 15.7 Cyclical scheduling is used to schedule:
c) number of allocations a) jobs. b) machines.
d) range per row c) shipments. d) employees.
e) opportunity cost

Answers: LO 15.1. b; LO 15.2. a; LO 15.3. e; LO 15.4. d; LO 15.5. e; LO 15.6. b; LO 15.7. d.

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