Von-Neumann Model / Von-Neumann Architechture / Princeton architecture
In 1945, John von Neumann introduced a computer architecture that later became known as the
Von Neumann Architecture. It consists of a Control Unit, Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU),
Registers, and Input/Output systems.
The key feature of this architecture is the stored-program concept, where both instructions and
data are stored in the same memory. This design remains the foundation for most modern
computers today.
Components of Von-Neumann Model:
CPU(Central processing unit)
o CU(Control Unit)
o ALU(Arithmetic and logic unit)
o Registers
PC
IR
AC
MAR
MDR
BUSES
I/O Device
Memory Unit
Central Processing Unit
A CPU is a part of the computer system, where the CPU is responsible for
executing all the bulk of data and programs in a specific manner. A CPU is the
brain of the computer and it consists of an arithmetic and logicunit(ALU), Control
Unit(CU), and various registers. The CPU is also known as the central processor
or microprocessor of the computer.
o CU(Control Unit):
A CU is the control unit that is the part of a CPU. The CU is the circuitry
that does the direct operations in the main memory of the computer system
and it directs the input and output flow. The control unit determines the
sequence in which computer programs and instructions are executed. It is
worked by receiving input information and that It converts it into control
signals.
o ALU(Arithmetic and logic unit):
ALU is an arithmetic and logic unit which perform all the mathematical
operation on binary numbers and it is an important component of
CPU(Central Processing Unit), Which carry the actual execution of
instructions. The ALU is allowed to do some operations like addition,
subtraction ,multiplication, and division, etc. The data is transferred to
ALU from the storage unit when it is required. After processing, the
output is returned to the storage unit for further processing on getting
stored.
o REGISTERS
It is also an important part of a CPU. The registers are temporary storage
where it is built in a CPU and it also provides a better storage speed. In
registers when all the data are processed after that data are stored in the
registers. There are some internal registers are:
i) IR(instruction registers)– The instruction registers or current
instruction registers(CIR) means that the hardware element that holds and
receives the instruction is extracted from the memory of registers.
ii) PC(Program counter):– The program counter register are those
registers where the computer processor contains the address of the next
instruction to be executed. This register is also known as instruction
pointer.
.
iii) AC(Accumulator) :– The accumulator register is a type of registers
included in a CPU. It holds the intermediate storage of arithmetic and
logic data in a computer’s CPU. Intermediate results of an operation are
progressively written to the accumulator(AC)
iv) MAR(Memory Address Registers): – The memory address register
isa CPU register That contains the main memory of data and instructions
orIt contains a portion of the address which is used for the calculation of
acomplete address, And it also holds the memory location of data thatneeds
to be accessed.
v) MDR(Memory Data Register): – The memory data register is also known
as memory buffer register(MBR) .This is the register of the central processing
unit that stores the data being transferred to and from the immediate access storage
vi) BUSES- In computer architecture, the bus means
i t i s a communication system that is used to connects the computer components
from one part to other parts of the system. A computer bus is either parallel or
serial.
Parallel buses
transmit data across multiple wires.
Serial buses
transmit data one bit at a time
Buses consists in three parts are:
•A d d r e s s B u s - A n a d d r e s s b u s i s a c o m p u t e r - b a s e d
architecture that is used to transfer the data between the storage and the processor.
•Data bus-
A data bus is also known as a processor bus and it allows for the transferring of data from one
part of the computer to another on a motherboard or between two computers.
•Control bus-
A control bus is a part of the system bus, Its carries the signal from the CPU which helps to
communicate with the devices that are contained within the computer.
I/O Devices
An I/O or input/output device is a Hardware device that is used to communicate with a
computer, where the Input device is used to provide data to a computer for entering data and
program in a computer system. On the other hand, Output devices are those devices
where it receives information from the computer and carries out the data that has been
processed by the computer to the user. An Output device display information on the screen(monitor) or
the printer.
Examples of input devices
are: keyboard, mouse, joystick, Barcode reader, Stylus, etc. and much more.
Examples of Ouput devices
are monitor, printer, headphone etc. and much more.
MEMORY UNIT
A memory unit is the part of the computer system where it is used tostore all the data and
information in a storage system permanently. This memory stores the binary digit(0&1)
information in groups of bits. In the computer system, it is the place where the computers
hold data and programs which are in use. Memory units consist of two types are:
1. Primary Memory- Primary memory includes
RAM
(Random Access Memory) which is volatile in nature and
ROM
(Read Only Memory) which is Non-volatile in nature.
2.Secondary Memory-
Secondary memory is a physical device for thepermanent storage of programs and data(Hard
disk, Compact disc, Flashdrive, etc.).
