3 Atoms and Molecules

Syllabus

Particle nature, Basic units, Atoms and molecules, Law of constant proportions, Atomic and molecular
masses.

Facts that Matter

 Law of Chemical Combination

Given by Lavoisier and Joseph L. Proust as follows:

(i) Law of conservation of mass: Mass can neither be created nor destroyed in a chemical
reaction.
e.g., A + B → C + D
Reactants → Products
Mass of reactants = Mass of products
(ii) Law of constant proportion: In a chemical substance the elements are always present in
definite proportions by mass.
E.g., in water, the ratio of the mass of hydrogen to the mass of oxygen is always
1:8 respectively.
These laws lacked explanation. Hence, John Dalton gave his theory about the
nature of matter. He said that the smallest particles of matter is called 'atom'.
 Dalton's Atomic Theory
1. Every matter is made up of very small or tiny particles called atoms.
2. Atoms are not divisible and cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction.
3. All atoms of a given element are same in size, mass and chemical properties.
4. Atoms of different elements are different in size, mass and chemical properties.
5. Atoms combine in the ratio of small whole numbers to form compounds.
6. The relative number and kinds of atoms are constant in a given compound.
 Atom

Atoms are the smallest particles of an element which can take part in a chemical reaction.

Size of an atom: Atomic radius is measured in nanometres.

1nm = 1/109m

1m =109 nm

Atomic radii of hydrogen atom = 1 × 10-10m.

Symbols of atoms:

(a) Symbols for some elements as proposed by Dalton:

 (b) Symbols of some common elements:
Name of the element Latin name Symbol
Hydrogen - H
Helium - He
Carbon - C
Copper Cuprum Cu
Cobalt Co
Chlorine Cl
Cadmium Cd
Boron B
Barium Ba
Bromine Br
Bismuth Bi
Sodium Natrium Na
Potassium Kalium K
Iron Ferrum Fe
Gold Aurum Au
Silver Argentum Ag
Mercury Hydragyrum Hg
 Molecule

It is the smallest particle of an element or a compound which can exist independently.

 Molecules of an element constitutes same type of atoms.

 Molecules may be monoatomic, di-atomic or polyatomic.
 In molecules of compounds atoms of different elements join together in definite proportions
and constitutes different type of atoms.
 Atomicity

The number of atoms constituting a molecule is known as its atomicity.

Name of the element Atomicity Molecules formula

Helium Monoatomic He

Neon ‘’ Ne

Argon ‘’ Ar
Sodium ‘’ Na

Iron ‘’ Fe

Aluminium ‘’ Al

Hydrogen Di-atomic H2

Oxygen ‘’ O2

Chlorine ‘’ Cl2

Nitrogen ‘’ N2

Phosphorus Polyatomic (Tetra) P4

Sulphur Polyatomic (Octa) S8

 Lons

The charged particles (atoms) are called ions, they are formed by attaining positive charge or negative
charge on it.

Negatively charged ion is called anion (Cl-).

Positively charge ion is called cation (Na+).

 Valency

The combining capacity of an element is known as its valency. Valency is used to find out how atom of
an element will combine with the atom of another element to form a chemical compound.

(Every atom wants to become stable, to do so it may loose, gain or share electrons.)

(i) If an atom consists of 1, 2 or 3 electrons in its valence shell then its valency is 1, 2 or 3
respectively,
(ii) If an atom consists of 5, 6 or 7 electrons in the outermost shell, then it will gain 3, 2 or 1
electron respectively and its valency will be 3, 2 or 1 respectively.
(iii) If an atom has 4 electrons in the outermost shell than it will share these electrons and hence
its valency will be 4.
(iv) If an atom has 8 electrons in the outermost shell then its valency is O.
Name of the Element Symbol Valency Ion.
Hydrogen H 1 H+/H-
Helium He 0 -
Lithium Li 1 Li+
Beryllium Be 2 Be2+
Boron B 3 B3+
 Carbon C 4(Shares electrons) -
Nitrogen N 3 N3-
Oxygen O 2 O2-
Fluorine F 1 F-
Neon Ne 0 -
Sodium Na 1 Na+
Magnesium Mg 2 Mg2+
Aluminium A1 3 A13+
 Some elements show more than one valency hence, termed as variable valency.
e.g., Iron shows valency II – Fe2+
and valency III – Fe3+
Copper shows valency I - Cu+
and valency II – Cu2+
 Chemical Formulae
The chemical formula of a compound is a symbolic representation of its composition.

Rules:

(i) The valencies or charges on the ion must balance.

(ii) A metal and non-metal compound should show the name or symbol of the metal first.
e.g., Na+ C1- NaC1
(iii) If a compound consist of polyatomic ions. The number of ions present in the compound is
indicated by enclosing the formula of ion in a bracket and writing the number of ions
outside the bracket.
e.g., (OH)- polyatomic radical
2+
Mg Mg(ОH)2

Chemical formula of some simple compounds

(a) Calcium hydroxide
Symbol Ca OH
Valency +2 -1
Criss-cross.
Formula Ca(OH)2
(b) Aluminium oxide
Symbol A1 O
Valency +3 2
Formula A12O3
 Molecular Mass

It is the sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms in a molecule of the substance. It is expressed in
atomic mass unit (u).

e.g., H2 + ½ O2 H2O
 1 * 2 + 16 = 18 u

 Formula Unit Mass

It is the sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in a formula unit of a compound. The constituent
particles are ions.

e.g., Na+ + C1- NaC1

1 * 23 + 1 * 35.5 = 58.5 u

 Mole Concept
Definition of mole: It is defined as one mole of any species (atoms, molecules, ions or particles)
is that quantity in number having a mass equal to its atomic or molecular mass in grams.
1 mole = 6.022 × 1023 in number
Molar mass = mass of 1 mole → is always expressed in grams, and is also known as gram atomic
mass.
1u of hydrogen has → 1 atom of hydrogen
1g of hydrogen has → 1 mole of hydrogen
= 6.022 x 1023 atoms of hydrogen
NCERT IN-TEXT QUESTIONS SOLVED

Q1. In a reaction 5.3 g of sodium carbonate reacted with 6 g of acetic acid. The products were 2.2 g of
carbon dioxide, 0.9 g water and 8.2 g of sodium acetate. Show that these observations are in agreement
with the law of conservation of mass carbonate.

Sodium carbonate + Acetic acid → Sodium acetate + Carbon dioxide + Water

Ans.

Sodium carbonate + Acetic acid → Sodium acetate + Carbon dioxide + Water

5.3g + 6g → 8.2g + 2.2g + 0.9g

LHS RHS

11.3g = 11.3g

(Mass of reactant) = (Mass of products)

This shows that during a chemical reaction mass of reactant = mass of product.

Q2. Hydrogen and oxygen combine in the ratio of 1 : 8 by mass to form water. What mass of oxygen gas
would be required to react completely with 3 g of hydrogen gas?

Ans. Ratio of H : O by mass in water is:

Hydrogen : Oxygen → H,0

1:8 = 3: x

x = 8x3

x = 24 g

:. 24 g of oxygen gas would be required to react completely with 3 g of hydrogen gas.

Q3. Which postulate of Dalton's atomic theory is the result of the law of conservation of mass?

Ans. The postulate of Dalton's atomic theory that is the result of the law of conservation of mass is—the
relative number and kinds of atoms are constant in a given compound.

Atoms cannot be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.

Q4. Which postulate of Dalton's atomic theory can explain the law of definite proportions?

Ans. The relative number and kinds of atoms are constant in a given compound.

Q5. Define the atomic mass unit.

Ans. One atomic mass unit is equal to exactly one-twelfth (1/12th) the mass of one atom of carbon-12.
The relative atomic masses of all elements have been found with respect to an atom of carbon-12.

Q6. Why is it not possible to see an atom with naked eyes?

Ans. Atom is too small to be seen with naked eyes. It is measured in nanometres.

1 m = 10° nm

Q7. Write down the formulae of

(i) Sodium oxide

(ii) Aluminium chloride
(iii) Sodium sulphide
(iv) Magnesium hydroxide

Ans. The formulae are

(i) Formula of Sodium Oxide

Symbol → Na O
Charge → +1 2
Formula → Na2O
(ii) Formula of aluminium chloride
Symbol → A1 C1
Charge → +3 -1
Formula → A1C13
(iii) Formula of Sodium Sulphide
 Symbol → Na S
Charge → +1 -2
Formula → Na2S
(iv) Formula of magnesium hydroxide
Symbol → Mg OH
Charge → +2 1
Formula → Mg(OH)2

Q8. Write down the names of compounds represented by the following formulae:

(i) A12(SO4)3
(ii) CaC12
(iii) K2SO4
(iv) KNO3
(v) CaCO3.

Ans.

(i) A12(SO4)3 → Aluminium sulphate

(ii) CaC12 → Calcium chloride
(iii) K2SO4 → Potassium sulphate
(iv) KNO3 → Potassium nitrate
(v) CaCO3 → Calcium carbonate

Q9. What is meant by the term chemical formula?

Ans. The chemical formula of the compound is a symbolic representation of its composition,

e.g., chemical formula of sodium chloride is NaCl.

Q10. How many atoms are present in a

(i) H2S molecule and (ii) PO4 -3ion?

Ans.

(i) H2S → 3 atoms are present, 2 atoms of hydrogen and 1 atom of sulphur
(ii) PO4 -3 → 5 atoms are present, 1 atom of phosphorus and 4 atoms of oxygen.

Q11. Calculate the molecular masses of H2, O2, C12, CO2, CH4, C 2H6, C 2H4, NH3, CH3,OH.

Ans. The molecular masses are:

H2 →1×2→2u

O2 → 16 × 2 → 32 u
C12 → 35.5 × 2 → 71 u

CO2 → 1 × 12 + 2 × 16 = 12 + 32 = 44 u

CH4 → 1 × 12 + 4 × 1 = 16 u

C 2H6 → 2 x 12 + 6 x 1 = 30 u

C 2H4 → (2 × 12) + (4 × 1) = 28 u

NH3 → (1 × 14) + (3 x 1) = 17 u

CH3OH →12 + (3 × 1) + 16 + 1 = 32 u

Q12. Calculate the formula unit masses of ZnO, Na2O, K2CO3, given atomic masses of Zn = 65 u, Na = 23
u, K = 39 u, C = 12 u, and 0 = 16 u.

Ans. The formula unit mass of

(i) ZnO = 65 u + 16 u
= 81 u
(ii) Na2O = (23 u x 2) + 16 u
= 46 u + 16 u
= 62 u
(iii) K2CO3 = (39 ux 2) + 12 u + (16 u x 3)
= 78 u + 12 u + 48 u
= 138 u

Q13. If one mole of carbon atoms weigh 12 grams, what is the mass (in grams) of 1 atom of carbon?

Ans. 1 mole of carbon atoms = 6.022 × 1023 atoms = 12 g

Mass of 1 atom = ?

Mass of 1 atom of carbon = 12/6.022 * 1023 = 1.99 × 10-23 g

Q14. Which has more number of atoms, 100 grams of sodium or 100 grams of iron (given atomic mass
of Na = 23 u, Fe = 56 u)?

Ans. 23 g of Na = 6.022 * 1023 atoms (1 mole).

:. 100 g of Na = ?

= 100*6.022 * 1023/23 = 6022/23*1023

= 23.182 * 1023 = 2.3082 * 1024 atoms

56g of Fe = 6.022 * 1023 atoms

100g of Fe = ?

= 100* 6.022 * 1023/56 = 6022/56 *1023

= 10.753 * 1023 = 1.075 * 1024 atoms

100g of Na contain → 2.618 x 1024 atoms

100g of Fe contain→ 1.075 × 1024 atoms

:: 100g of Na contains more atoms.

NCERT TEXTUAL QUESTIONS SOLVED

Q1. A 0.24 g sample of compound of oxygen and boron was found by analysis to contain 0.096 g of
boron and 0.144 g of oxygen. Calculate the percentage composition of the compound by weight.

Ans.

Boron and oxygen compound → Boron + Oxygen

0.24 g → 0.096 g + 0.144 g

Percentage composition of the compound

For boron: 0.24 g → 0.096 g

100 g →?

100 * 0.096/0.24 = 40%

For oxygen:

0.24 g → 0.144 g of oxygen

100 g → ?

= 100 * 0.144/0.24 = 60%

Q2. When 3.0 g of carbon is burnt in 8.00 g oxygen, 11.00 g of carbon dioxide is produced.

What mass of carbon dioxide will be formed when 3.00 g of carbon is burnt in 50.00 g of oxygen? Which
law of chemical combination will govern your answer?

Ans. The reaction of burning of carbon in oxygen may be written as:

C + O2 → CO2

1 mole carbon 12 g oxygen 1 mole 32 g carbon dioxide 44 g

It shows that 12 g of carbon burns in 32 g oxygen to form 44 g of carbon dioxide.

Therefore 3 g of carbon reacts with 8 g of oxygen to form 11 g of carbon dioxide. It is given that 3.0 g of
carbon is burnt with 8 g of oxygen to produce 11.0 g of CO2 Consequently 11.0 g of carbon dioxide will
be formed when 3.0 g of C is burnt in 50g of oxygen consuming 8 g of oxygen, leaving behind 50 - 8 = 42
g of O2. The answer governs the law of constant proportion.

Q3. What are polyatomic ions? Give examples.

Ans. The ions which contain more than one atoms (same kind or may be of different kind) and behave as
a single unit are called polyatomic ions e.g., OH-, SO42-, CO32-.

Q4. Write the chemical formulae of the following:

(a) Magnesium chloride

(b) Calcium oxide
(c) Copper nitrate
(d) Aluminium chloride
(e) Calcium carbonate.

Ans.

(a) Magnesium chloride

Symbol → Mg C1
Change → +2 -1
Formula → MgC12
(b) Calcium oxide
Symbol → Ca O
Change → +2 -2
Formula → CaO
(c) Copper nitrate
Symbol → Cu NO3
Change → +2 -1
Formula → Cu(NO3)2
(d) Aluminium chloride
Symbol → A1 C1
Change → +3 -1
Formula → A1C13
(e) Calcium carbonate
Symbol → Ca CO3
Change → +2 -2
Formula → CaCO3

Q5. Give the names of the elements present in the following compounds:
 (a) Quick lime
(b) Hydrogen bromide
(c) Baking powder
(d) Potassium sulphate.

Ans.

(a) Quick lime → Calcium oxide

Elements → Calcium and oxygen
(b) Hydrogen bromide
Elements → Hydrogen and bromine
(c) Baking powder → Sodium hydrogen carbonate
Elements → Sodium, hydrogen, carbon and oxygen
(d) Potassium sulphate
Elements → Potassium, sulphur and oxygen

Q6. Calculate the molar mass of the following substances.

(a) Ethyne, C2H2

(b) Sulphur molecule, S8
(c) Phosphorus molecule, P4 (Atomic mass of phosphorus = 31)
(d) Hydrochloric acid, HC1
(e) Nitric acid, HNO3

Ans. The molar mass of the following: [Unit is 'g']

(a) Ethyne, C2H2 = (2 × 12) + (2 × 1)

= 24 + 2 = 26 g
(b) Sulphur molecule, S8 = 8 × 32 = 256 g
(c) Phosphorus molecule, P4 = 4 × 31 = 124 g
(d) Hydrochloric acid, HC1 = (1 × 1) + (1 × 35.5) = 1 + 35.5 = 36.5 g
(e) Nitric acid, HNO3 = (1 x 1) + (1 × 14) + (3 x 16) = 1 + 14 + 48 = 63 g

Q7. What is the mass of

(a) 1 mole of nitrogen atoms?

(b) 4 moles of aluminium atoms (Atomic mass of aluminium = 27)?
(c) 10 moles of sodium sulphite (Na2SO3)?

Ans.

(a) Mass of 1 mole of nitrogen atoms = 14 g

(b) 4 moles of aluminium atoms
Mass of 1 mole of aluminium atoms = 27 g
:. Mass of 4 moles of aluminium atoms = 27 x 4 = 108 g
 (c) 10 moles of sodium sulphite (Na2SO3)
Mass of 1 mole of Na2SO3 = (2 × 23) + 32 + (3 x 16)
= 46 + 32 + 48 = 126 g
Mass of 10 moles of Na2SO3 = 126 × 10
= 1260 g

Q8. Convert into mole.

(a) 12 g of oxygen gas

(b) 20 g of water
(c) 22 g of Carbon dioxide.

Ans.

(a) Given mass of oxygen gas = 12 g

Molar mass of oxygen gas (O2) = 32 g
:. Mole of oxygen gas = 12/32=0.375 mole
(b) Given mass of water = 20 g
Molar mass of water (H2O) = (2 x 1) + 16 = 18 g
Mole of water = 20/18 = 1.11 mole
(c) Given mass of Carbon dioxide = 22 g
Molar mass of carbon dioxide (CO2) = (1 × 12) + (2 × 16) = 12 + 32 = 44 g
:: Mole of carbon dioxide = 22/44 = 0.5 mole

Q9. What is the mass of:

(a) 0.2 mole of oxygen atoms?

(b) 0.5 mole of water molecules?

Ans.

(a) Mole of Oxygen atoms = 0.2 mole

Molar mass of oxygen atoms = 16 g
Mass of oxygen atoms = 16 × 0.2 = 3.2 g
(b) Mole of water molecule = 0.5 mole
Molar mass of water molecules = (2 × 1) + 16 = 18 g
Mass of H2O = 18 × 0.5 = 9 g

Q10. Calculate the number of molecules of sulphur (Ss) present in 16 g of solid sulphur.

Ans. Molar mass of S8 sulphur = 256 g = 6.022 × 1023 molecules

Given mass of sulphur = 16 g

Molecules of sulphur = 16×6.022 × 1023/256 = 96.35 × 1023/256

 = 0.376 × 1023

= 3.76 × 1022 molecules

Q11. Calculate the number of aluminium ions present in 0.051 g of aluminium oxide.

(Hint: The mass of an ion is the same as that of an atom of the same element. Atomic mass of Al = 27 u)

Ans. Molar mass of aluminium oxide A12O3

= (2 × 27) + (3 × 16)

= 54 + 48 = 102 g.

102g of A12O3 contains = 2 x 6.022 x 1023 aluminium ions

0.051 g of A12O3 contains = 2x6.022x1023/102 ×0.051

= 12.044×1023×0.051/102 = 0.614×1023/102

= 0.006022 × 1023

= 6.022 x 1020 A13+ ions

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS SOLVED

I. Multiple Choice Questions

Choose the correct option:

1. The atomicity of K2 Cr2O7 is

(a) 9 (b) 11 (c) 10 (d) 12
2. The formula for quick lime is
(a) CaC12 (b) CaCO3 (c)Ca(OH)2 (d) CaO
3. The symbol of cadmium is
(a) Ca (b) Cu (c) Cm (d) Cd
4. All noble gas molecules are
(a) Monoatomic
(b) Diatomic
(c) Triatomic
(d) both (a) and (b)
5. The valency of nitrogen in NH3 is
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
6. The formula of ethanol is C2H5— OH. Its molecular mass is
(a) 46 u (b) 34 u (c) 34 g (d) 46 g
7. How many moles are present in 28g of nitrogen atoms?
(a) 1 mole (b) 2.3 moles (c) 0.5 mole (d) 2 moles
 8. The molecular mass of x is 106. x among the following is
(a) СаСOз (b) SO3 (c) Na2CO3 (d) NaC1
9. Which among the following is not a postulate of Dalton's atomic theory?
(a) Atoms cannot be created or destroyed.
(b) Atoms of different elements have different sizes, masses and chemical properties.
(c) Atoms of same elements can combine in only one ratio to produce more than one
compound.
(d) Atoms are very tiny particles which cannot be divided further.
10. Pick up the wrong pairs/combination
(a) 6.022 × 1023 molecules of oxygen = 32g of oxygen
(b) 6.022 x 1023 ions of sodium = 23g of Na
(c) 6.022 x 1023 atoms of C = 24 g of carbon
(d) 6.022 × 1023 atoms of H = 1 g of H atoms

Ans. 1-(b), 2-(d), 3-(d), 4-(a), 5-(b), 6-(a), 7-(d), 8-(c), 9-(c),10—(c).

II. Very Short Answer Type Questions

Q1. Define law of conservation of mass.

Ans. In a chemical reaction mass can neither be created nor destroyed.

E.g., 2Na + C12 → 2NaC1

2 × 23 + 2 × 35.5 →2(23 + 35.5)

Q2. Explain law of constant proportion.

Ans. In a chemical substance the elements are always present in definite proportions by mass.

E.g., In water, the ratio of the mass of hydrogen to the mass of oxygen H: O is always 1: 8

Q3. Who coined the term atom?

Ans. John Dalton coined the term atom.

Q4. Define atom.

Ans. The smallest particle of matter, which can take part in a chemical reaction is called atom.

Q5. Define molecule.

Ans. The smallest particle of an element or compound which can exist independently is called molecule.

Q6. Define atomicity.

Ans. The number of atoms constituting a molecule is known as its atomicity.

Q7. What is atomic mass unit?

Ans. The sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms in a molecule of the substance is

expressed in atomic mass unit.

E.g., H2O = (1 × 2) + 16 = 18 amu

Q8. How do atoms exist?

Ans. Atoms exist in the form of atom, molecule or ions.

Q9. Give the atomicity of phosphorous and nitrogen.

Ans. The atomicity of phosphorus is P4 i.e., 4.

The atomicity of nitrogen is N2 i.e., 2.

Q10. What is an ion?

Ans. Charged atom is called as an ion. The ion can be positively charged called cation or negatively
charged called anion.

Q11. Give one example of cation and anion.

Ans. Cation → Na+

Anion → Cl-

Q12. Give one difference between cation and anion.

Ans. Cations are positively charged ion.

Anions are negatively charged ion.

Q13. Give the chemical formula for ammonium sulphate.

Ans. Ammonium sulphate

NH4 + SO42-

Chemical formula → (NH4 )2+ SO4.

Q14. What is Avogadro's constant?

Ans. The Avogadro's constant (6.022 * 1023) is defined as the number of atoms that are present in
exactly 12 g of carbon-12.

Q15. Find the molecular mass of H2O.

Ans. Molecular mass of H2O = (2 x 1) + (16) = 2 + 16 = 18 u

III. Short Answer Type Questions

Q1. Give the unit to measure size of atom and give size of hydrogen atom.

Ans. The unit to measure size of atom is nanometer, size of hydrogen atom is 10-10m.

Q2. What is IUPAC, give its one function?

Ans. IUPAC stands for International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. It approves the names of
elements.

Q3. Give the Latin name for sodium, potassium, gold and mercury.

Ans. Sodium → Natrium, Gold → Aurum

Potassium → Kalium, Mercury → Hydrargyrum

Q4. What is the ratio by mass of combining elements in H2O, CO2 and NH3?

Ans. H2O ratio by mass of combining elements 2: 16 → 1: 8 (H : O)

CO2 ratio by mass of combining elements 12 : 32 → 3: 8 (C: O)

NH3 ratio by mass of combining elements 14: 3 → 14: 3 (N: H)

Q5. Define valency and give the valency for the following elements:

Magnesium, Aluminium, Chlorine and Copper.

Ans. Valency: The combining capacity of an element is called its valency.

Valency of the following elements:

Magnesium -2

Aluminium -3

Chlorine -1

Copper -2

Q6. What is polyatomic ion? Give one example.

Ans. A group of atoms carrying a charge is known as a polyatomic ion.

E.g., Ammonium – NH4+

Nitrate - NO3-
Q7. Write down the formula for:

Copper nitrate, calcium sulphate and aluminium hydroxide.

Ans. Chemical formula:

Copper nitrate → Cu(NO3)

Calcium sulphate → CaSO4

Aluminium hydroxide → Al(ОH)3

Q8. What is formula unit mass? How is it different from molecular mass?

Ans. The formula unit mass of a substance is a sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in a formula unit of
a compound. The constituent particles of formula unit mass are ions and the constituent particles of
molecular mass are atoms.

Q9. Find the number of moles in the following:

(i) 50 g of H2O (ii) 7 g of Na

Ans. Number of moles in

(i) Molar mass of H2O = 18 g

Given mass of H2O = 50 g
:: No. of moles in 50g of H2O = 50/18 = 2.78 moles.
(ii) Molar mass of Na = 23 g
Given mass of Na = 7 g
:: No. of moles in 7g of Na =7 /23 = 0.304 moles.

Q10. Find the number of atoms in the following:

(i) 0.5 mole of C atom

(ii) 2 mole of N atom

Ans.

(i) 0.5 mole of C atom:

Number of atoms in 1 mole of C atom = 6.022 x 1023 atoms
Number of atoms in 0.5 mole of C atom = 6.022 × 1023 × 0.5
= 3.011 × 1023 atoms
(ii) 2 mole of N atom:
Number of atoms in 1 mole of N atom = 6.022 × 1023 atoms
:. Number of atoms in 2 mole of N atom = 6.022 × 2 × 1023
= 1.2044 x 1024 atom
Q11. Find the mass of the following:

(i) 6.022 * 1023 number of O2 molecules

(ii) 1.5 mole of CO2 molecule

Ans.

(i) 6.022 * 1023 number of O2 molecules:

Mass of 1 mole of O2 molecule = 6.022 x 1023 molecules = 32g
(ii) 1.5 mole of CO2 molecule:
Mass of 1 mole of CO2 molecule = 6.022 x 1023 molecules = 44 g
Mass of 1.5 mole CO2 molecule = 44 x 1.5 = 66 g

Q12. Show the relationship between mole, Avogadro number and mass.

Ans.
Avogadro number Mole Mole Mass

6.022 × 1023 atoms 1 mole Molar mass in (g)

1 mole of carbon atoms

6.022 x 1023 atoms of 12g of carbon atoms

carbon

1 mole of any particle

(atoms, molecules, ions]

Relative mass of those

6.022 × 1023 number of
particles in grams
that particle

1 mole of molecules

6.022 × 1023 number of Molecular mass in grams

molecules
Q13. What are the rules for writing the symbol of an element?
Ans. IUPAC → International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry approves name of elements. Symbols
are the first one or two letters of the element's name in English. The first letter of a symbol is always
written as a capital letter (upper case) and the second letter as a small letter (lower case).

e.g., Hydrogen → H

Helium → He

Some symbols are taken from the names of elements in Latin, German or Greek.

e.g., Symbol of iron is Fe, its Latin name is Ferrum.

Symbol of sodium is Na, its Latin name is Natrium.

Q14. Explain relative atomic mass and relative molecular mass.

Ans. Relative atomic mass: It can be defined as the number of times one atom of given element is
heavier than 1/12th of the mass of an atom of carbon-12.

Relative Molecular Mass: It is defined as the number of times one molecule of a substance or given
element is heavier than 1/12th of the mass of one atom of carbon-12.

Q15. The formula of carbon-dioxide is CO2. What information do you get from this formula?

Ans.

(i) CO2 represents carbon-dioxide.

(ii) CO2 is one molecule of carbon-dioxide.
(iii) CO2 is one mole of carbon-dioxide i.e., it contains 6.022 × 1023 molecules of carbon dioxide.
(iv) CO2 contains 1 atom of carbon and two atoms of oxygen.
(v) CO2 represents 44g of molar mass.

Q16. State 3 points of difference between an atom and an ion.

Ans.

Atom Ion
1. An atom has no charge. An ion has either positive or negative charge.
2. Number of electrons = number of protons. Number of electrons # number of protons.
3. Atom is reactive. Ion is stable.
Q17. Calculate the formula unit mass of NaC1 and CaC12.

(Na = 23, C1 = 35.5, Ca = 40)

Ans. Formula unit mass of NaC1 = 23 + 35.5

= 58.5 u
Formula unit mass of CaC12 = 40 + (2 × 35.5)

= 40 + 71

= 111 u

Q18. Write down the chemical formula for the following compounds:

(a) Aluminium carbonate

(b) Calcium sulphide
(c) Zinc carbonate
(d) Copper phosphate
(e) Magnesium bicarbonate
(f) Aluminium hydroxide.

Ans. The chemical formula are:

(a) Aluminium carbonate

A13+ CO32-
Formula → A12(CО3)3
(b) Calcium sulphide
Ca2+ S2-
(c) Zinc carbonate
Zn2+ CO32-
(d) Copper phosphate
Cu2+ PO43-
Cu3 (PO4)2
(e) Magnesium bicarbonate
Mg2+ HCO3-
Mg(HCO3)2
(f) Aluminium hydroxide
A13+ OH-
A1(ОН)3

Q19. The ratio by mass for hydrogen and oxygen in water is given as 1: 8 respectively.

Calculate the ratio by number of atoms for a water molecule.

Ans. The ratio by number of atoms for a water molecule are:

Element Ratio by mass Atomic mass Mass Simplest ratio

ratio/Atomic mass
H 1 1 1/1=1 2
O 8 16 8/16 =1/2 1
Thus, the ratio by number of atoms for water is H : O = 2 : 1.
Q20. Give the atomicity of the following compounds:

(a) Ca(OH)2
(b) Mg(HCO3)2
(c) Cu2O.
(d) H2SO4
(e) A12(SO4)3
(f) MgC12

Ans. The atomicity of the molecules are:

(a) Ca(OH)2 → 05
(b) Mg(HCO3)2 → 11
(c) Cu2O → 03
(d) H2S04→ 07
(e) A12(SO4) 3→ 17
(f) MgC12 → 03

Q21. Explain the difference between 2O, O2 and O3.

Ans. 2O → It represents 2 atoms of oxygen (cannot exist independently).

O2 → It represents one molecule of oxygen (made up of 2 atom) can exist freely.

O3 It represents one molecule of ozone (made up of 3 atoms) it can exist independently.

Q22. 1.50 g sample of barium hydroxide was dissolved in water. The total volume of the solution was
100 cm3.

A 25.0 cm3 portion of the barium hydroxide solution was titrated against hydrochloric acid. The volume
of hydrochloric acid required was 18.75 cm3.

Ba(OH)2 + 2HC1 → BaC12 + 2H2O

(i) Calculate how many moles of barium hydroxide were in the 25.0 cm3 portion used in the
titration.
(ii) Calculate the concentration of the hydrochloric acid used.

Ans.

(i) Moles of barium hydroxide = 0.00219 mol.

(ii) Moles of HC1 = 2 × 0.00219 = 0.00438.

Q23. Analysis of a certain compound showed that 39.348 grams of it contained 0.883 grams of
hydrogen, 10.497 grams of Carbon, and 27.968 grams of Oxygen. Calculate the empirical formula of the
compound.
Ans.

 First divide the amount by the atomic mass to get the number of moles of each kind of atom in
the formula
0.883 g
Hydrogen, H= = 0.874 mol
1.01 g mol−1
10.497 g
Carbon, C= = 0.874 mol
12.01 g mol−1
27.968 g
Oxygen, O= = 1.748 mol
16.00 g mol−1
 Analysis of the ratio shows that the first two are identical and that the third is twice the other
two. Therefore the ratio of H to C to O is 1 to 1 to 2. The empirical formula is HCO2.

Q24. If the molecular mass of the above compound HCO, is 90.0. Calculate the molecular formula.

Ans.

 The empirical formula mass of HCO2 is

H: 1 × 1.0 = 1.0
C: 1 × 12.0 = 12.0
0: 2 × 16.0 = 32.0
45.0
 Note that 45 is exactly half of the molecular mass of 90. So the formula mass of HCO2 is exactly
half of the molecular mass. Hence the molecular formula is double that of the empirical formula
i.e.,H2C2O4.

Q25. 2K3PО4 + 3BaC12 → Ba3(PO4)2 + 6KC1

Calculate the mass of BaC12 that is required to react with 21.2 grams of K3PO4 in the above reaction.

Ans. Given molar mass of K3PO4 = 3(39.1) + (31.0) + 4(16.0) = 212.1 g mol-1

Required molar mass of BaC12 = 137.3 + 2(35.5) = 208.3 g mol-1

= (21.2 g K3PO4)(3 mol BaC12)(208.3 g mol-1 BaC12) = 31.2 g BaC12.

Q26. Zinc reacts with copper sulfate in a single replacement reaction as follows

Zn (s) + CuSO4 (aq) → ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu (s)

50.00 grams of zinc metal was added to excess copper sulphate dissolved in a water solution. 42.50
grams of copper was recovered. Calculate the theoretical yield of copper in this experiment

(i) Solve the mass-mass Stoichiometry problem to find the theoretical yield.

(ii) Find the percent yield.

 50.00 g Zn 1mol Cu
Ans. (i) Mass Cu = x x 63.55 g mol-1 Cu = 48.60 g Cu
65.38 gmol−1 Zn 1 mol Zn

42.5 0 g Cu
(ii) Percent Yield of Cu = x 100=87.44 %
48.60 g Cu

Q27. Silver can be produced by reacting silver nitrate with magnesium in the following reaction

Mg(s) + 2AgNO3 (aq) →Mg(NO3)2 (aq) + 2Ag (s)

How much Silver can be recovered by reacting a silver nitrate solution with 50.00 grams of powdered
magnesium? Assume that 95% of the silver can be recovered.

(i) Solve the mass-mass Stoichiometry problem to find the theoretical yield.
(ii) Find the percent yield.

Ans.

50.00 g Mg
∗2 mol Ag
(i) 24.31 g Mol−1 Mg
Mass Ag= ∗107.88 g mol−1 Mg=443.77 g Ag
1 mol Mg
(ii) Percent yield of Ag = 443.77 g Ag × 0.95 = 421.58 g

Q28. Compound X has the following percentage composition by mass: C = 26.7%, O = 71.1% and H =
2.2%. Calculate the empirical formula of compound B.

Ans.

C H O
% 26.7 2.2 71.1
Mr 12.01 1.01 16.00
Moles 2.22 2.2 4.44
Simplest R 2.2 2.2 2.2
1 1 2
Empirical formula: CHO2.

Q29. Work out the molecular formula for each of the following given the empirical formula and the
relative molecular mass:

(a) CH2, Mr = 70 (b) OH, Mr = 34 (c) C2H5O, Mr = 90

Ans.

(a) CH2, Mr = 70(12.01) + (2 × 1.01) = 14.03

70 ÷ 14.03 = 5

CH2, × 5 = C5H10
 (b) OH, Mr = 34 (16.00) + (1.01) = 17.01
34 ÷ 17.01 = 2
ОН × 2 = H2O2
(c) C2H5O Mr = 90 (2 * 12.01) + (5 × 1.01) + (16.00) = 45.07
90 ÷ 45.07 = 2
C2H5O x 2 = С4H10O2
IV. Long Answer Type Questions

Q1.

(a) How do atoms exist?

(b) What is atomicity?
(c) What are polyatomic ions?

Ans.

(a) Atoms of some elements are not able to exist independently. For such elements atoms form
molecules and ions. In case of metals and inert gases atoms can exist independently.
Atoms of metals and inert gases: E.g.,Na,MgA1/Metals He,Ne,Ar/Inert gases
Non-metals: E.g., H2, C12, P4, S8
Exceptional non-metal C
(b) The number of atoms constituting a molecule is known as its atomicity.
E.g., O3 → atomicity is 3
O2 → atomicity is 2
(c) Polyatomic ions: When more than two atoms combine together and act like an atom with a
charge on it is called polyatomic ion.
E.g., OH-, NO3-, NH4+

Q2. Calculate

(a) the mass of one atom of oxygen

(b) the mass of one molecule of oxygen
(c) the mass of one mole of oxygen gas
(d) the mass of one ion of oxygen
(e) the number of atoms in 1 mole of oxygen molecule

Ans.

(a) Mass of one atom of oxygen

1 mole of oxygen atom = 16 gm = 6.022 × 1023 atoms.
:. Mass of one atom of oxygen = 16/ 6.022 × 1023 = 2.65 × 10-23
(b) Mass of one molecule of oxygen
1 molecule of oxygen = O2
= 2 × 16
 = 32 u
(c) Mass of one mole of oxygen gas
1 mole of oxygen gas is O2 = 32 u or 32 g
(d) Mass of one ion of oxygen
One mole of oxygen = 6.022 × 1023 atoms = 16g.
Mass of one ion of oxygen = 16/ 6.022×1023 = 2.65 × 10-23
(e) Number of atoms in one mole of oxygen molecule
1 mole of oxygen molecule i.e.,
O2 = 6.022 × 1023 molecules.
1 molecule of O2 = 2 atoms.
:. Number of atoms in 1 mole of oxygen molecule = 6.022 × 1023 x 2 atoms
= 1.2044 × 1024 atoms

Q3. What is meant by atomic mass, gram atomic mass of an element? Why is the mass have different
expressions i.e., ‘u' and 'g"?

Ans. The atoms are very tiny and their individual mass cannot be calculated as it is negligible. Hence the
mass of atoms is expressed in units with respect to a fixed standard. Initially hydrogen atom with mass 1
was taken as standard unit by Dalton. Later, it was replaced by oxygen atom (0=16). But due to the
isotopes the masses were found in fractions instead of whole number. Hence, carbon (C=12) isotope
was taken as standard unit and was universally accepted.

The atomic mass unit is equal to one twelfth (½) the mass of an atom of carbon-12, its unit is u.

Gram atomic mass: When the atomic mass of an element is expressed in grams, it is called the gram
atomic mass of the element.

The mass of atoms, molecules is expressed in ' and the mass of moles i.e., molar mass is expressed in g.

Q4. Define a mole. Give the significance of the mole.

Ans. Mole-One mole of any species (atoms, molecules, ions or particles) is that quantity or number
having a mass equal to its atomic or molecular mass in grams.

1 mole = 6.022 × 1023 in number (atoms, molecules, ions or particles)

Significance of the mole

1. A mole gives the number of entities present i.e, 6.022 * 1023 particles of the substance.
2. Mass of 1 mole is expressed as M grams.
3. 3. Mass of 1 mole = mass of 6.022 × 1023 atoms of the element.
E.g., 1 mole of O2 = 6.022 × 1023 atoms
1 mole of O2= 2 × 16 = 32g
6.22 x 2 × 1023 = 1.2044 × 104 atoms
1 mole of (compound) HC1 = 6.022 x 1023 atoms of H and C1 atoms
 (1 + 35.5 = 36.5 g) (6.022 × 1023 molecules of HC1)

Q5. Barium carbonate decomposes when heated

BaCO3 (s) - → BaO(s) + CO2(g)

(a) A student heated a 10.0 g sample of barium carbonate until it was fully decomposed.
(i) Calculate the number of moles of barium carbonate the student used
(ii) Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide gas produced at room temperature
and pressure. Give your answer in dm3.
(b) The student added 2.00 g of the barium oxide produced to water.
BaO + H2O → Ba(OH)2

Calculate the mass of barium hydroxide that can be made from 2.00 g of barium oxide. The molecular
mass of Ba(OH)2 is 171.

Ans.

(a)
(i)Relative formula mass BaCO3 = 197,
moles of barium carbonate = (10.0/197 = 0.0508 mol.
(ii) Volume of carbon dioxide = 1.22 dm3
(b) Mass of barium hydroxide = 2.24 g

Q6. Magnesium sulphate crystals are hydrated. A student heated some hydrated magnesium sulphate
crystals in a crucible and obtained the following results.

Mass of hydrated magnesium sulfate crystals = 4.92 g

Mass of water removed = 2.52 g

(i) Calculate the number of moles of water removed.

(ii) Calculate the number of moles of anhydrous magnesium sulfate remaining in the crucible.
The molecular mass of anhydrous magnesium sulfate is 120.
(iii) Calculate the ratio of moles of anhydrous magnesium sulfate : moles of water.

Ans.

(i) Moles of water = 2.52/18 = 0.14. moles.

(ii) Moles of anhydrous magnesium sulfate = 0.02 moles.
(iii) Ratio = 0.02/0.02: 0.14/0.02 = ratio in whole numbers is 1 : 7.

Q7. Calculate the mass of each element in potassium carbonate, K2CO3.

Ans.
  First calculate the formula mass for K2CO3. Find the atomic mass of each element from the
periodic table. Multiply it by the number of times it appears in the formula and add up the total
2 Potassium atoms K = 2 × 39.10 = 78.20
1 carbon atom C = 1 × 12.01 = 12.01
3 Oxygen atoms O = 3 × 16.00 = 48.00
138.21
 To find the percent of each element divide the part of the formula mass that pertains to that
element with the total formula mass
Percent of Potassium K= 78.20/138.21 * 100 = 56.58%
Percent of Carbon C= 12.01/138.21 * 100 = 8.69%
Percent of Oxygen O = 48.00/138.21 * 100 = 34.73%

Q8. For each of the following calculate the empirical formula:

(a) When 2.20 g of a hydrocarbon, D, is burnt in excess oxygen, 6.90 g of CO2 and 2.83 g of water
are produced.
(b) When 1.52 g of compound E, which contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen only, is burnt in
excess oxygen, 3.04 g CO2 and 1.24 g H2O are produced.

Ans.

(a) Moles of CO2 = 6.90 ÷ 44.01 = 0.157 mol

Moles of H2O = 2.83 ÷ 18.02 = 0.157 mol
Moles of C = 0.157 mol moles of H = 2 ÷ 0.157 = 0.304 mol
Empirical formula = CH2
(b) Mass of C in CO2 = 12.01 ÷ 44.01
3.04 = 0.830 g

Mass of H in H2O = 2.02 ÷ 18.02

1.24 = 0.139 g

Mass of 0 = 1.52 - (0.830 + 0.139) = 0.551 g

Ratio of moles C: H: O = 0.0691: 0.139 : 0.0344

Whole number ratio = 2.01: 4.04 : 1

Empirical formula: C2H4O

V. Activity-Based Questions
 Take one of the following sets X and Y of chemicals-
X Y

(i) Copper sulphate Sodium carbonate

(ii) Barium chloride Sodium sulphate

(iii) Lead nitrate Sodium chloride

Fig Ignition tube containing solution of X, dipped in a conical flask containing solution of Y.

 Prepare separately 95% solution of any one pair of substances listed under X and Y in water.
 Take little amount of solution of Y in a conical flask and some solution of X in an ignition tube.
 Hang the ignition tube in the flask carefully; see that the solutions do not get mixed. Put a cork
on the flask as shown in the figure.
 Weigh the flask with its contents carefully.
 Now tilt and swirl the flask, so that the solutions X and Y get mixed.
 Weigh again.
 What happens in the reaction flask?
 Do you think that a chemical reaction has taken place?
 Why should we put a cork on the mouth of the flask?
 Does the mass of the flask and its contents change?

Ans.

 In the reaction flask both the reactants combined to give new products.
 Yes a chemical reaction has taken place.
 We should put a cork on the mouth of the flask so that no other gases in the air combine or get
added into the reaction, neither any gas formed in the reaction should escape.
 No. The mass of the flask before and after reaction do not change.
TEST YOUR SKILLS

Q1. Write the formula for:

(a) Sodium oxide

(b) Aluminium chloride
Q2. What is the atomicity of:

(a) K2Cr2O7
(b) Ca(OH)2

Q3. Find the molecular mass of C2H5OH.

Q4. Explain law of constant proportion.

Q5. Find the number of moles in 7g of Na.

Q6. Define valency and give valency of copper and iron.

Q7. Explain the difference between O2 and 2O.

Q8. What is formula unit mass? How is it different from molecular mass?

Q9. State the difference between sodium atom and sodium ion.

Q10. Calculate:

(a) the mass of one atom of chlorine

(b) the mass of one molecule of chlorine
(c) the mass of one mole of chlorine gas

Q11. With the help of an activity prove the law of conservation of mass.