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Note 5

Non-Mendelian inheritance includes patterns like incomplete dominance, codominance, and multiple alleles, which result in diverse phenotypic outcomes beyond simple dominant-recessive rules. Sex-related inheritance encompasses X-linked and Y-linked inheritance, where genes on sex chromosomes affect traits differently in males and females, as well as sex-influenced and sex-limited inheritance, which are influenced by autosomal genes. Blood typing is an example of how these genetic principles can be applied to determine blood groups based on specific antigens.

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Note 5

Non-Mendelian inheritance includes patterns like incomplete dominance, codominance, and multiple alleles, which result in diverse phenotypic outcomes beyond simple dominant-recessive rules. Sex-related inheritance encompasses X-linked and Y-linked inheritance, where genes on sex chromosomes affect traits differently in males and females, as well as sex-influenced and sex-limited inheritance, which are influenced by autosomal genes. Blood typing is an example of how these genetic principles can be applied to determine blood groups based on specific antigens.

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Note 5

Non-Mendelian inheritance
refers to inheritance patterns that don't follow the simple dominant-recessive rules described
by Gregor Mendel. These patterns involve more complex interactions between genes and
their environment, leading to diverse phenotypic outcomes.
Incomplete dominance
a genetic phenomenon where neither allele in a heterozygous genotype is
completely dominant, resulting in a blended phenotype that is intermediate between
the two homozygous phenotypes.
Codominance
is a genetic inheritance pattern where both alleles for a trait are expressed
equally in the phenotype of a heterozygote, resulting in a combined trait rather than
one allele being dominant over the other.
Multiple alleles
refer to the existence of more than two alternative forms (alleles) of a gene at a
specific locus on a chromosome within a population. This means that while an
individual organism can only inherit two alleles for any given gene (one from each
parent), the overall population may have a wider variety of alleles for that gene.
Blood typing
is a method to determine a person's blood group based on the presence or absence of specific
antigens on the surface of red blood cells.
Sex Related Inheritance
1. Sex-linked inheritance refers to the pattern of how genes located on the sex
chromosomes (X and Y) are passed from parents to offspring.
 X-linked Inheritance:
Genes on the X chromosome can be inherited by both males and
females. However, males are more likely to be affected by X-linked
recessive disorders because they only have one X chromosome. Examples
include color blindness and hemophilia.
 Y-linked Inheritance:
Genes on the Y chromosome are only inherited by males from their
fathers. These genes are passed down exclusively through males.
Examples include hypertrichosis pinnae auris.

2. Sex-influenced inheritance refers to traits influenced by genes located on


autosomes (non-sex chromosomes) where the expression of the trait
differs between males and females. Essentially, genes that are autosomal
can be expressed differently in males and females due to sex-specific
hormonal or other physiological differences.

3. Sex-limited inheritance refers to traits that are expressed in only one sex,
despite being carried on autosomal chromosomes, meaning they are not
located on sex chromosomes (X or Y).

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