Uses of Piles + The load of the super-structure is heavy and its distribution is uneven. * The top soil has poor bearing capacity. * The subsoil water is high so that pumping of water from the open trenches for the shallow foundation is difficult and uneconomical. * Large fluctuation in subsoil water level. * The structure is situated on sea shore or river bed, where there is danger of scouring action of water. * Canal or deep drainage line exist near the foundation. * For foundation of transmission towers and off-shore platforms which are subjected to uplift forces.Pile foundation * Pile foundation is that type of deep foundation in which the loads are taken to a low level by means of vertical members which may be = Timber = Concrete = steelWhat is pile ? * A pile isa slender structural member made of concrete, steel, wood ‘or composite material, * A pile is either driven into the soil or formed in-site by excavating a hole and filling it with concrete.Factor Affecting Selection Of Type Of Piles * Nature and type of structure * Location * Material, equipment and fund availability * Type of soil and its properties * Ground water table * Durability of pile * Length and number of pile * Case study of adjacent building * Facility for pile driving * Erosion of soil near structureClassification of Piles * Based on function * Based on materials * Based on method of installationBased on function * End bearing Pile * Friction Pile * Compaction Pile * Tension Pile * Anchor Pile * Fender Pile * Better Pile * sheet PileEnd bearing Pile * Penetrate through the soft soil * Bottom or tips rest on hard strata * Work as column * For this pile Qu=Qp where, Qu=ultimate load Qp= Pile load End Bearing leAnchor piles These provided anchorage against the horizontal pull from sheet pulling or any other pulling. SHEET PILE FOUNDATION PILE BATTER PILE ANCHOR PILETension pile When structure subjected to uplift due to hydrostatic pressure or over turning moment Also known as uplift pile _ Uplite or arichor piles Transmission line tower _ Upaitt ~ Compression pile ‘pile Piles used to resist uplift loadsCompaction Pile * Pile do not carry any load * For increase the bearing capacity of soilFriction Pile Loose soil extend to a greater depth Pile are driven at depth when friction resistance developed equal to load In that case Qu=Qs_ (Cs= skin friction) Total friction resistance can be increased * Increasing length and diameter + Making Pile surface rough * Placing closely or grouping of pile ay FitnaFender pile * These are used to protect water front structures against impact from ships or other floating objects.Better Pile * They are used for resist large horizontal forces or inclined forces.Sheet Pile They are used as bulk heads or as impervious cutoff to reduce seepa and uplift under hpdrautic structures. Sheet pile is classified as, 1. Concrete sheet piles 2, Steel sheet pile 3. Timber sheet piteClassification Based on Pile Material * Concrete pile * Steel piles * Timber piles + Composite pile * Sand pileed Raymond piles Mac Arthur piles. BSP base driven piles Swage piles Button bottom piles Perret}Cast In Situ * A bore is dug into the ground by inserting a casing. *Bore is filled with cement concrete after placing reinforcement * The casing be kept in position or it may be withdraw. *The piles with casing are known as cased cast in situ concrete pile. * The piles without casing are known as uncased cast in situ concrete pile.Pre Cast Concrete Pile * It is those which are manufactured in factory or at a place away from the construction site and then driven into ground at the place required, * It requires heavy pile driving machinery, * It may be square, octagonal or circular in cross section. * Size of pile vary from 30 cm to 50 cm in cross section and up to 20 m or more length. * Grade of concrete should be M20.ern snensl Concrete Pile * Pre cast piles situ * Pre stressedRaymond Pile * Itused primarily as a friction pile. + [tis provided with uniform taper of 2 in 30 shorter pile. + The length of piles vary from 6 to 12 m. 0 to 60cm. * Bottom diameter = 20 to 30cm + Top diameter= * Collapsible mandrel driven into ground. = When the pile is driven to the desired | pina shen] [inucod depth mandrel is collapsed and withdraw. * The shell is gradually filled with concrete | RAYMOND PILE| up to the top. aMac Arthur pile * Mac Arthuris pile of uniform diameter using the corrugated steel shell which remain in place as in Raymond piles. + A heavy steel casing with a core is driven into the ground. + When the desired depth is reached, the core is withdrawn and a corrugated stee! shell is placed in the casing + Concrete is placed in the shell by gradually compacting and withdrawing the steel casing,BSP base driven piles This pile consist of a helically welded shell of steel plate. A concrete plug is provided at the battom of the shell. Driving is done by allowing hammer to fall on the concrete plug. The casing is driven to the desired depth and then itis filled with concrete,Swage piles * It is used with advantage of driving in very hard or it is designed to leave water tight shell for some time filling of the concrete. + steel shell is placed on a precast concrete plug. + Pipe is driven over plug until the core reached the plug, then pipe is swage out by tapper of plug which form water tight joint. + Pipe is driven up to specified depth by help of driven force of care. * Core is removed and pipe is filled with concrete,Franki Piles + [tis used at placed where high load is transfer.(ex .marine structure) * Plug of dry concrete is formed on ground by heavy removable pipe shell. + By help of Diesel operated hammer of 20 to 30 KN weight plug is driven at desired depth + Diameter of pile is SO to 60 cm ,while at enlargement is about 90 cm. * Capacity of pile is 60 tones to 90 tanes.Simplex Piles + Simplex piles can be driven through soft or hard soil * Steel tube fitted with a cast iron shoe is driven into ground up to desired depth. + If Reinforcement is necessary it put in tube then concrete is poured in pile. * Tube is withdrawn slowly without concrete being tamped. Simplex Concrete Pile+ Simplex * Franki * Vibro * Pedestal * PressureButton Bottom piles + It is used where increase of end bearing areais required. * Pile use concrete plug shape of button which enlarge hole in soil during driving. * Itused for length up to 23m and load up to 50 tones. = 12 mm thick steel pipe set on concrete button which have diameter of 25 mm. * Pipe and button driven to specified depth. * The casing is removed and concrete is placed with reinforcement.Vibro Piles + This type of pile is best suited for places where the ground is soft and offers little frictional resistance fo the flow of concrete, + Pile are formed by driving a steel tube and shoe, filling with concrete and withdraw steel tube, + Diameter of pile 25 to 50 cm for load of 60 to 70 ‘ones, Length of pile is 25m andabave, + Steel tube fitted with cast icon shoe by 2-2.5 tone hammer by 40 blow per minute, with stroke about 1.4m * When shoe and tube reached the desired level tube is filled with concrete and tube is withdrawn at BO Blow per minute by hammer + Stee! tube is withdrawn leaving the shoe in place ete is formed with corrugation along itsPedestal Pile + Itisused where thin bearing stratum is reached with reasonable depth. + Pedestal pile gives the effect of spread footing on thin bearing stratum. + Core and casing are driven together into the ground till reached the desired level. * Core is taken out and a charge of concrete is placed in the tube + The core is again placed in the casing to rest on the top of poured conerete. * Pressure is applied on the concrete though the core, and as the same time the casing is withdrawn,Pressure Pile These piles are especially suitable for congested site where heavy vibration and noise are not permissible, Boring is done vp to required depth to tube, After withdrawn boring tool reinforcement is placed if required, A layer of concrete is laid and pressure cap is provided at the top of tube. Compressed air is admitted through pine Whieh cause rise the tube. Tube is lifted same time of conereting is doing by means of compressed air. Care should be taken that some portion of concrete remain at bottom when tube is lifting for receiving new layer.Steel Piles + Commonly used steel piles are; = Hopiles = Box piles = Tube pilesThese pile are prepared from trunks of trees, They may be circular or square Diameter of pile are 30 to 50.cm and length not exceeding its top width, At bottom, a provided and at the top 2 For group pile each pile is brought at same level and conerete plate is provided to have » platform,Tube Piles Tubes or piles of steel are driven into the ground. Concrete is filled i piles. Because of circular cross section tube piles are easy to handle and easy to driv jide the tubeBox Piles They are rectangular or octagonal in form filled with concrete. These pile are used when not possible to drive H-piles into hard strata.H-piles + These pile are usually of wide flange section. + They are suitable for tr c in which pile extend above ground level and act as column, * They have small cross section area, there for they can be easily = It used as long pile with highComposite Piles + This is a type of construction in which piles of two different material are driven one over the other. + They act together to perform the function of a single pile. ‘+ In this pile advantage is taken of durability of concrete piles and the cheapest of timber pile. + Timber pile is terminated just at the level of ground water table. Concrete Timber pileSand Piles * These pile are formed by making hole in ground and fill with the sand and well rammed, + The sand to be used should be moist at time of placing. + Bore hole diameter usually 30cm, length of sand pile is kept about 12 times its diameter. * The top of sand pile is filled with concrete, + Sand pile are placed at 2 to 3 m spacing, * toad test should be carried out determining the bearing capacity of sand pile. * Properly compacted sand pile can carry (ead upto 100 tone/m? ‘or'more,Classification Based on Method of Installation * Driven pile * Driven and cast-in-situ pile * Bore and cast-in-situ piles + Screw piles * Jacked pileDriven pile * These pile are driven into ground by applying blow with a heavy hammer. + Timber, steel and precast concrete pile are installed by Griving.Jacked pile + These piles are jacked into the ground by applying a downward force by a hydraulic jack.Screw PilesBore And Cast-in-Situ Piles + These pile are formed by excavating a hole into the ground and then filling it with concrete,Driven and cast-in-situ pile These pile are formed by Lia a casing with a c end into the soil . The casing is later filled with concrete. The casing may or mi withdrawn,Under Reamed Piles + These piles are developed by C.B.RI for serving foundation for black cotton soils, filled up ground and other type of sail having poor bearing capacity.Under reamed piles An under reamed pile is bored cast-in-situ concrete pile having one or more bulbs or under reamed in its lower level. The bulb or under reamed are formed by under reaming tool. Diameter of pile is 20 to 50 cm and bulb diameter is 2-3 times of diameter of pile. Length of pile is 3 to 8 mand spacing between piles are 2 to 4m. Load carrying capacity can increase by making more bulb at the base. The vertical spacing between two bulb is varies from 1.25 to 1.5 times diameter of bulb. For black cotton soil the bulb is increase bearing capacity and also. provide anchorage against uplift. Single-bulb cast ai rath (6) Molt-butb piles