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IIT MATHEMATICS
SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
WORKBOOK

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 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
The process of calculating the sides and a b c
angles of triangle using given  = =
3 / 2 1/ 2 1/ 2
information is called solution of
a b c
triangle.  = = = k (say)
In a ABC, the angles are denoted by 3 1 1
capital letters A, B and C and the length then a = 3 k, perimeter = (2 + 3 )k
of the sides opposite these angle are 3
3k
denoted by small letter a, b and c  required ratio = =
respectively. 2  3 k 2 3
1. SINE FORMULAE : Ans. (B)
In any triangle ABC
Illustration 2 :
a b c abc
= = == = 2R In triangle ABC, if b = 3, c = 4 and 
sin A sin B sin C 2 B = /3, then number of such triangles
is -
where R is circumradius and is area of (A) 1 (B) 2
triangle. (C) 0 (D) infinite
Solution :
sin B sin C
Using sine formulae =
b c
sin  / 3 sin C 3 sin C
 =  =
3 4 6 4
2
 sinC = > 1 which is not possible.
Illustration 1 : 3
Angles of a triangle are in 4 : 1 : 1 ratio. Hence there exist no triangle with given
The ratio between its greatest side and elements. Ans.(C)
perimeter is
3 3 Illustration 3 :
(A) (B) The sides of a triangle are three
2 3 2 3
consecutive natural numbers and its
3 1 largest angle is twice the smallest one.
(C) (D)
2 3 2 3 Determine the sides of the triangle.
Solution :
Angles are in ratio 4 : 1 : 1.
 angles are 120°, 30°, 30°.
If sides opposite to these angles are a, b, c
respectively, then a will be the greatest
side. Solution :
Now from sine formula Let the sides be n, n + 1, n + 2 cms.
a b c i.e. AC = n, AB = n + 1, BC = n + 2
= =
sin120 sin 30 sin 30 Smallest angle is B and largest one is A.
Here, A = 2B

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 Also, A + B + C = 180° (ii) Show that, in any ABC : a sin(B – C)
 3B + C = 180° C = 180° – 3B + b sin(C – A) + c sin(A – B) = 0.
We have, sine law as, sin A sin  A  B 
(iii) If in a ABC, = ,
sin A sin B sin C
= = sin C sin  B  C 
n2 n n 1 show that a2, b2, c2 are in A.P.
sin 2B sin B sin(180  3B)
 = = 2. COSINE FORMULAE :
n2 n n 1
sin 2B sin B sin 3B b2  c2  a 2
 = = (a) cosA =
n2 n n 1 2bc
(i) (ii) (iii)
c  a 2  b2
2
from (i) and (ii); (b) cosB =
2sin Bcos B sin B 2ca
= a  b2  c2
2
n2 n (c) cosC =
n2 2ab
 cosB = ..........(iv) or a = b + c2 – 2bc cosA
2 2
2n
and from (ii) and (iii);
Illustration 4 :
sin B 3sin B  4sin 3 B In a triangle ABC, if B = 30° and
=
n n 1 c = 3 b, then A can be equal to -
sin B sin B(3  4sin 2B)
 = (A) 45° (B) 60°
n n 1 (C) 90° (D) 120°
n 1 Solution :
 = 3 – 4 (1 – cos2B) ............(v)
n We have
from (iv) and (v), we get c2  a 2  b2 3 3b  a  b
2 2 2

cos B =  
n2
2
n 1 2ca 2 2  3b  a
= – 1 + 4 
n  2n   a – 3ab + 2b = 0  (a – 2b) (a – b) = 0
2 2

n 1  n  4n  4 
2  Either a = b A = 30°
 1 =   or a = 2b
n  n2   a2 = 4b2 = b2 + c2  A = 90°.
2n  1 n  4n  4
2
Ans. (C)
 =
n n2 Illustration 5 :
 2 2
2n + n = n + 4n + 4 In a triangle ABC, (a2 – b2 – c2) tan A +
 n2– 3n – 4 = 0 (a2 – b2 + c2) tan B is equal to -
 (n – 4)(n + 1) = 0 (A) (a2 + b2 – c2) tan C
n = 4 or – 1 (B) (a2 + b2 + c2) tan C
where n –1 (C) (b2 + c2 – a2) tan C
 n = 4. Hence the sides are 4, 5, 6 (D) none of these
Ans. Solution :
Using cosine law :
Do yourself - 1 : The given expression is equal to –2 bc
 cos A tan A + 2 ac cos B tan B
(i) If in a ABC, A = and b : c = 2 :
6  sin A sin B 
= 2abc     =0
3 , find B .  a b 
Ans. (D)
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 4. NAPIER'S ANALOGY (TANGENT
Do yourself - 2 : RULE) :
(i) If a : b : c = 4 : 5 : 6, then show that
 B  C b  c A
C = 2A. (a) tan   = cot
(ii) In any ABC, prove that  2 bc 2
cosA cos B cos C  C  A c  a B
  tan 
 2  c  a
(a) (b) = cot
a b c 2
a b c
2 2 2
 A  B a  b C
= tan 
2abc (c) 
 2  ab
= cot
2
2
b c2 a2
(b) cos A + cos B + cos C
a b c Illustration 7 :
a 4  b4  c4 In a ABC, the tangent of half the
= difference of two angles is one-third the
2abc
tangent of half the sum of the angles.
3. PROJECTION FORMULAE : Determine the ratio of the sides opposite
(a) b cos C + c cos B = a to the angles.
(b) c cos A + a cos C = b Solution :
(c) a cos B + b cos A = c  A  B 1  A + B
Here, tan   = tan 
Illustration 6 :  2  3  2 
A C 3b ........(i)
In a ABC, ccos2 + a cos2 = , using Napier's analogy,
2 2 2
then show a, b, c are in A.P.  A – B a  b  C
tan   = .cot   ........ (ii)
Solution :  2  ab  2
c a 3b from (i) & (ii) ;
Here, (1+ cosA) + (1 + cosC) =
2 2 2 1  A + B a  b  C
 tan   = .cot  
a + c + (c cos A + a cos C) = 3b
3  2  ab  2
 a + c + b = 3b
{using projection formula} 1  C  a  b   C
 cot   =   
 2   a  b 
.cot
 a + c = 2b 3 2
which shows a, b, c are in A.P. {as A + B + C = 
 A + B   C C
Do yourself - 3 :  tan   =tan  –  = cot }
 5  2   2 2 2
(i) In a ABC, if A = , B = , ab 1
4 12  = or 3a – 3b = a + b
show that a + c 2 = 2b . ab 3
(ii) In a ABC, prove that : a
2a = 4b or =  =
2 b 1
(a) b(a cosC – c cosA) = a2– c2 b 1 a 2
 C B Thus the ratio of the sides opposite to
(b) 2  bcos
2
 ccos2  = a + b + c the angles is b : a = 1 : 2. Ans.
 2 2

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Do yourself - 4 : (d) Area of Triangle
(i) In any ABC, prove that  = s(s a)(s  b)(s  c)
 B – C 1 1 1
tan 
bc  2  = bc sin A = ca sin B = absinC
2 2 2
=
bc  B + C 1 1 1
tan 
 2  = ap1 = bp2 = cp3,
2 2 2
(ii) If ABC is right angled at C, prove that: where p1,p2,p3 are altitudes from
A cb vertices A,B,C respectively.
(a) tan =
2 cb
Illustration 8 :
a 2  b2 If in a triangle ABC, CD is the angle
(b) sin(A – B) = 2
a  b2 bisector of the angle ACB, then CD is
equal to-
5. HALF ANGLE FORMULAE : a+b C 2ab C
(A) cos (B) sin
abc 2ab 2 a+b 2
s = = semi-perimeter of 2ab C bsinDAC
2 (C) cos (D)
triangle. a+b 2 sin(B + C / 2)
Solution :
A (s b)(s  c)
(a) (i) sin = CAB = CAD + CDB
2 bc 1
 absinC
B (s  c)(s  a) 2
(ii) sin =
2 ca 1  C 1  C
= b.CD.sin   + a.CD sin  
C (s a)(s  b) 2  2 2  2
(iii) sin =
2 ab  C
 CD (a + b) sin  
A s(s  a)  2
(b) (i) cos =
2 bc   C  C 
= ab  2sin   cos   
B s(s  b)   2  2 
(ii) cos =
2 ca 2abcos(C / 2)
So CD =
C s(s – c) (a + b)
(iii) cos =
2 ab and in CAD,
CD b
A (s b)(s  c) = (by sine rule)
(c) (i) tan = sin  DAC sin CDA
2 s(s  a)
bsin DAC
B (s c)(s a)  CD = Ans.(C,D)
(ii) tan = sin(B C/ 2)
2 s(s b) Illustration 9 :
C (s  a)(s  b) If is the area and 2s the sum of the
(iii) tan =
2 s(s  c) s2
sides of a triangle, then show  .
   3 3
= = =
s(s  a) s(s  b) s(s  c) Solution :
We have,
2s = a + b + c, 2 = s(s – a)(s – b)(s – c)
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 Now, A.M. G.M. Circumcentre is the point of intersection
(s – a) + (s – b) + (s – c) of perpendicular bisectors of the sides
3 and distance between circumcentre &
 {(s – a)(s – b)(s – c)}1/3 vertex of triangle is called circumradius
1/ 3 'R'.
3s – 2s   2  a b c abc
or   R= = = = .
3  s  2sinA 2sinB 2sinC 4
1/ 3
s  2  8. RADIUS OF THE INCIRCLE 'r' :
or  
3  s  Point of intersection of internal angle
2 bisectors is incentre and perpendicular
2 s3 s
or   distance of incentre from any side is
s 27 3 3 called inradius 'r'.
Ans.

Do yourself - 5 :
(i) Given a = 6, b = 8, c = 10. Find
A
(a) sinA (b)tanA (c) sin
2
A A 
(d) cos (e) tan (f)  r= = (s – a)tan
A
= (s – b) tan
B
2 2 s 2 2
(ii) Prove that in any ABC, C A B C
A B C = (s – c) tan = 4R sin sin sin .
(abcs) sin . sin . sin = 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 B C A C
sin sin sin sin
=a 2 2 =b 2 2
6. m-n THEOREM : A B
cos cos
2 2
B A
sin sin
=c 2 2
C
cos
2
(m + n) cot = m cot – n cot  Illustration 10 :
(m + n) cot = n cot B – m cot C. In a triangle ABC, if a : b : c = 4 : 5 : 6,
then ratio between its circumradius and
inradius is-
7. RADIUS OF THE CIRCUMCIRCLE 16 16
(A) (B)
'R' : 7 9
7 11
(C) (D)
16 7
Solution :
R abc  (abc) s
= =
r 4 s 4 2
R abc
 = ....(i)
r 4(s a)(s  b)(s  c)
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 a:b:c=4:5:6  cosA + cosB + cosC = 1 +
r
.
a b c R
 = = = k(say)  Hence proved.
4 5 6
 a = 4k, b = 5k, c = 6k
Do yourself - 6 :
a + b + c 15k
 s= = , (i) If in ABC, a = 3, b = 4 and c = 5, find
2 2 (a)  (b) R (c) r
7k 5k 3k
s–a= ,s – b = ,s–c= (ii) In a ABC, show that :
2 2 2 a 2  b2
using (i) in these values (a) = 2Rsin(A–B)
R (4k)(5k)(6k) 16 c
= = A B C 
r  7k   5k   3k  7 (b) r cos cos cos =
4      2 2 2 4R
 2  2  2 
abc
Ans. (A) (c) a + b + c =
2Rr
Illustration 11 : (iii) Let & ' denote the areas of a triangle
If A, B, C are the angles of a triangle, and that of its incircle. Prove that
prove that :  A B C
 : ' =  cot .cot .cot  : 
r  2 2 2
cosA + cosB + cosC = 1 + .
R
Solution : 9. RADII OF THE EX-CIRCLES :
 A + B Point of intersection of two external
cosA + cosB + cosC =2cos  
 2  angles and one internal angle bisectors
is excentre and perpendicular distance
 A – B of excentre from any side is called
.cos 
 2 
+ cosC
exradius. If r1is the radius of escribed
C  A – B circle opposite to A of ABC and so
2C
= 2sin .cos   + 1 – 2sin on, then –
2  2 2
C  A - B  C 
= 1 + 2sin cos  2  – sin  2  
2 
C   A – B  A + B 
cos   – cos 
  2  
= 1 + 2 sin
2   2 
 C  A  B 
  90   
 2  2    A
(a) r1 = = s tan
C A B sa 2
= 1 + 2sin .2sin .sin
2 2 2 A B C
= 4R sin cos cos
A B C 2 2 2
= 1 + 4sin .sin . sin
2 2 2 B C
acos cos
r = 2 2
=1+ A
R cos
{as, r = 4R sin A/2 . sinB/2 . sinC/2} 2

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  B Illustration 13 :
(b) r2 = = s tan If r1 = r2 + r3 + r, prove that the triangle
sb 2
A B C is right angled.
= 4Rcos sin cos Solution :
2 2 2
We have, r1 – r = r2 + r3
A C
bcos cos    
2 2    
=
B sa s sb sc
cos ssa scsb
2  =
 C s(s  a) (s  b)(s  c)
(c) r3 = = s tan a 2s – (b + c)
sc 2  =
A B C s(s  a) (s – b)(s – c)
= 4R cos cos sin
2 2 2 {as, 2s = a + b + c}
A B a a
ccos cos  =
= 2 2 s(s  a) (s  b)(s  c)
cos
C  s – (b + c) s + bc = s2 – as
2

2  s(–a + b + c) = bc
I1, I2 and I3 are taken as ex-centre (b + c – a)(a + b + c)
opposite to vertex A, B, C respectively.  = bc
2
 (b + c)2 – (a)2 = 2bc
Illustration 12 :
Value of the expression  b2 + c2 + 2bc – a2 = 2bc
 b2 + c2 = a2
bc ca a b
  is equal to -  A = 90°. Ans.
r1 r2 r3
Do yourself - 7 :
(A) 1 (B) 2
(i) In an equilateral ABC, R = 2, find
(C) 3 (D) 0
(a) r (b) r1 (c) a
Solution :
(ii) In a ABC, show that
(b c) (c a) (a  b)
  (a) r1r2 + r2r3 + r3r1= s2
r1 r2 r3 1 1 1 1  1 1
1
sa  sb (b) r 2s2  –   –   –  = R
 (b – c)  4  r r1   r r2   r r3 
 + (c – a)   +
      (c) rr1r2 r3 = 
sc
(a – b).  
   10. Angle Bisectors & medians :
(s a)(b c)  (s b)(c a)  (s c)(a  b)


s(b c c a  a  b)  [ab ac bc ba  ac bc]
=

0
= =0
 An angle bisector divides the base in the
bc ca a b ratio of corresponding sides.
Thus,   =0
r1 r2 r3 BD c
=
Ans. (D) CD b

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 ac ab a 2 b 2c 2
 BD = and CD = (a) p1p2p3=
bc bc 8R 3
If ma and a are the lengths of a median 1
and an angle bisector from the angle A (b) = Rp1p2p3
then, 2
1 (iii) In a ABC, AD is altitude and H is the
ma = 2b2 + 2c2 – a 2 and orthocentre prove that
2
AH : DH = (tanB + tanC): tanA
A
2bccos (iv) In a ABC, the lengths of the bisectors
 a = 2 of the angle A, B and C are x, y, z
b+c respectively.
Note that Show that
3 1 A 1 B 1 C
m 2a + m 2b + m 2c = (a2 + b2 + c2) cos + cos + cos
4 x 2 y 2 z 2
11. ORTHOCENTRE : 1 1 1
= + + .
(a) Point of intersection of altitudes is a b c
orthocentre & the triangle KLM which
12. THE DISTANCES BETWEEN THE
is formed by joining the feet of the
SPECIAL POINTS :
altitudes is called the pedal triangle.
(a) The distance between circumcentre and
orthocentre is
= R 1 – 8cosAcosBcosC
(b) The distance between circumcentre and
incentre is = R 2 – 2Rr
(c) The distance between incentre and
orthocentre is
(b) The distances of the orthocentre from = 2r – 4R cosAcosBcosC
2 2

the angular points of the ABC are 2R (d) The distances between circumcentre &
cosA, excentres are
2R cosB, & 2R cosC.
(c) The distance of P from sides are 2R A B C
OI1 = R 1+ 8sin cos cos
cosB cosC, 2R cosC cosA and 2R cosA 2 2 2
cosB. = R 2 + 2Rr1 and so on.

Do yourself - 8 :
Illustration 14 :
(i) If x, y, z are the distance of the vertices
Prove that the distance between the
of ABC respectively from the circumcentre and the orthocentre of a
orthocentre, then prove that
a b c abc triangle ABC is R 1 – 8cosAcosBcosC
  = Solution :
x y z xyz
Let O and P be the circumcentre and the
(ii) If p1, p2, p3 are respectively the orthocentre respectively. If OF is the
perpendiculars from the vertices of a perpendicular to AB, we have
triangle to the opposite sides, prove that OAF = 90° – AOF = 90° – C. Also
PAL = 90° – C.

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 Hence, OAP = A – OAF – PAL can be evaluated. The third side is given
= A – 2(90° – C) = A + 2C – 180° sin A
by a = b or a2= b2+ c2– 2bc cos A.
= A + 2C – (A + B + C) = C – B. sin B
Also OA = R and PA = 2RcosA. * If two sides b and c and an angle
Now in AOP, opposite the one of them (say B) are
OP2 = OA2 + PA2 – 2OA. PA cos OAP given then
c
sinC = sin B, A = 180° – (B + C)
b
b sin A
and a = given the remaining
sin B
elements.

= R2+ 4R2cos2A – 4R2cosAcos(C – B) Case I :

= R2+ 4R2cosA[cosA – cos(C – B)] b < c sin B.
= R2– 4R2cosA[cos(B + C) + cos(C – We draw the side c and angle B. Now it
B)] = R2– 8R2cosA cosB cosC. is obvious from the figure that there is
no triangle possible.
Hence OP = R 1 – 8cosAcosBcosC .
Ans.
13. SOLUTION OF TRIANGLES :
The three sides a,b,c and the three
angles A,B,C are called the elements of
the triangle ABC. When any three of Case II :
these six elements (except all the three b = c sin B and B is an acute angle, there
angles) of a triangle are given, the is only one triangle possible. and it is
triangle is known completely; that is the right-angled at C.
other three elements can be expressed in
terms of the given element sand can be
evaluated. This process is called the
solution of triangles.
* If the three sides a,b,c are given, angle
A is obtained from tan
A (s b)(s  c) Case III :
= or b > c sin B, b < c and B is an acute
2 s(s  a) angle, then there are two triangles
b2 + c 2 – a 2 possible for two values of angle C.
cos A = .B and C can be
2bc
obtained in the similar way.
* If two sides b and c and the included
angle A are given, then tan
B–C bc A B–C
= cot gives .
2 bc 2 2 Case IV :
B+C A b > c sin B, c < b and B is an acute
Also = 90° – , so that B and C
2 2 angle, then there is only one triangle.

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Case V : This is, sometimes, called an ambiguous
b > c sin B, c > b and B is an obtuse case.
angle. For any choice of point C, b will
be greater than c which is a Alternative Method :
contradiction as c > b (given). So there By applying cosine rule, we have cosB
is no triangle possible. a 2 + c2 – b2
=
2ac
 a – (2c cos B)a + (c2 – b2) = 0
2

 a = c cosB ± (ccosB)2  (c2  b2 )

 a = c cosB ± b2  (csin B)2
This equation leads to following cases :
Case-I :
Case VI : If b < csinB, no such triangle is possible.
b > c sin B, c < b and B is an obtuse Case-II:
angle. We can see that the circle with A Let b = c sinB. There are further
as centre and b as radius will cut the line following case :
only in one point. So only one triangle is (a) B is an obtuse angle cosB is
possible. negative. There exists no such
triangle.
(b) B is an acute angle cosB is
positive. There exists only one
such triangle.
Case-III:
Let b > c sin B. There are further
following cases :
Case VII :
(a) B is an acute angle cosB is
b > c and B = 90°.
positive. In this case triangle will
Again the circle with A as centre and b
exist if and only if c cosB >
as radius will cut the line only in one
point. So only one triangle is possible. b2  (c sin B)2 or c > b Two
such triangle is possible. If
c < b, only one such triangle is
possible.
(b) B is an obtuse angle cosB is
negative. In this case triangle
will exist if and only if
Case VIII :
b2  (csin B)2 > |c cos B| b
b  c and B = 90°.
The circle with A as centre and b as > c. So in this case only one such
radius will not cut the line in any point. triangle is possible. If b < c there
So no triangle is possible. exists no such triangle.
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 This is called an ambiguous Solution :
case. C2AC1 is bisected by AD.
* If one side a and angles B and C are
given, then A = 180° – (B + C), and
a sin B a sin C
b= ,c=
sin A sin A
* If the three angles A,B,C are given, we
can only find the ratios of the sides a,b,c
by using sine rule (since there are  A1 – A 2 
 In AC2D, cos 
infinite similar triangles possible).  2 
Illustration 15 :
AD c sin B
= =
In the ambiguous case of the solution of AC2 b
triangles, prove that the circumcircles of Hence proved.
the two triangles are of same size.
Solution : Do yourself - 9 :
Let us say b,c and angle B are given in (i) If b, c, B are given and b < c, prove that
the ambiguous case. Both the triangles  A – A 2  a1 – a 2
sin  1
 2 
will have b and its opposite angle as B. =
2b
b (ii) In a ABC, b, c, B (c > b) are given. If
so = 2R will be given for both the
sin B the third side has two values a1 and a2
triangles. such that
So their circumradii and therefore their 4b2 – c2
sizes will be same. a1 = 3a2, show that sinB =
3c2
Illustration 16 : 14. REGULAR POLYGON :
If a,b and A are given in a triangle and
A regular polygon has all its sides equal.
c1,c2 are the possible values of the third
It may be inscribed or circumscribed.
side, prove that
c12 + c 22 – 2c1c2 cos2A = 4a2cos2A.
Solution :
b2 + c 2 – a 2
cos A =
2bc
 c2 – 2bc cosA + b2– a2 = 0. (a) Inscribed in circle of radius r :
c1 + c2 = 2bcosA and c1c2 = b2– a2.  
(i) a = 2h tan = 2r sin
 c12 + c 22 – 2c1c2cos2A n n
(ii) Perimeter (P) and area (A) of a
= (c1 + c2)2 – 2c1c2 (1 + cos2A)
regular polygon of n sides
= 4b2cos2A – 2(b2 – a2)2 cos2A
inscribed in a circle of radius
= 4a2cos2A.

rare given by P = 2nr sin and
Illustration 17 : n
If b, c, B are given and b < c, prove that 1 2
A = nr2 sin
 A – A 2  c sin B 2 n
cos  1
 2 
= .
b
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(b) Circumscribed about a circle of a
(v) R=
radius r : 3
(d) (i) The circumcentre lies (1) inside
an acute angled triangle (2)
outside an obtuse angled triangle
& (3) mid point of the
hypotenuse of right angled
 triangle.
(i) a = 2r tan
n (ii) The orthocentre of right angled
(ii) Perimeter (P) and area (A) of a triangle is the vertex at the right
regular polygon of n sides angle.
circumscribed about a given (iii) The orthocentre, centroid &
circle of radius r is given by circumcentre are collinear &
  centroid divides the line segment
P = 2nr tan and A = nr2 tan joining orthocentre &
n n
circumcentre internally in the
Do yourself - 10 : ratio 2 : 1 except in case of
(i) If the perimeter of a circle and a regular equilateral triangle. In equilateral
polygon of n sides are equal, then prove triangle, all these centres
 coincide
area of the circle tan n (e) Area of a cyclic quadrilateral
that =
area of polygon  = (s a)(s  b)(s  c)(s  d) where a, b, c,
n d are lengths of the sides of quadrilateral
(ii) The ratio of the area of n-sided regular a +b+c+d
polygon, circumscribed about a circle, and s = .
2
to the area of the regular polygon of
equal number of sides inscribed in the ANSWERS FOR DO YOURSELF
circle is 4 : 3. Find the value of n. 1: (i) 90°
3 3
15. SOME NOTES : 5: (i) (a) (b)
5 4
(a) (i) If a cos B = b cos A, then the 1 3 1
triangle is isosceles. (c) (d) (e)
(ii) If a cos A = b cos B, then the 10 10 3
triangle is isosceles or right (f) 24
angled. 5
6: (i) (a) 6 (b)
(b) In right angle triangle 2
(i) a2+ b2+ c2= 8R2 (c) 1
(ii) cos2A + cos2B + cos2C = 1 7: (i) (a) 1 (b) 3
(c) In equilateral triangle (c) 2 3
(i) R = 2r
3R 10: (ii) 6
(ii) r1 = r2 = r3 =
2
(iii) r : R : r1= 1 : 2 : 3
3a 2
(iv) area =
4

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