CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

Assembling of computer components refers to collection Computer hardware, which is the

collection of physical components that constitutes a computer system. Computer hardware is the
physical parts or components of a computer, such as the monitor, keyboard, computer data
storage, hard disk drive (HDD), graphic cards, sound cards, memory (RAM), motherboard, and
so on, all of which are tangible physical objects. By contrast, software is instructions that can be
stored and run by hardware.

Building the computer system on this research embarks on gathering different

components/devices of computer system together in other to make a well functioning computer
system available to the computer laboratory (DELTA STATE POLYTECHNIC OGWASHI-
UKU) and to enable students to be more familiar to each components of the computer system.

The first step to building a computer is acquiring the parts. This guide will start with a quick
explanations of essential parts and elaborate on them further on.

A computer is made up of a case (or chassis) which houses several important internal
components, and provides places to connect the external components, including non- peripherals.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

When assembling a personal computer, there are a large number of potentially fatal mistakes a
newcomer to computers (and even a veteran) can make while assembling his or her own system
which can lead to damage of the system, they are as below:

1. Wrong use of tool and wrong fixing of computer parts which can lead to overheating or
damaging the motherboard. If you want to ensure that you won’t face overheating, random
crashes (resets and the infamous “Blue Screen of Death”) and performance issues with your PC
you should check whether it is assembled 100% correctly or not.

2. Antistatic foam: Most motherboards come from factory with antistatic foam (usually pink,
white or black) in their packing. Many technicians, when installing the motherboard to the
case, pinch this foam between motherboard and metallic chassis, thinking that this procedure
will avoid that motherboard from touching the case metallic frame. It happens that this foam
holds motherboard-generated heat, hindering the normal airflow that exists between
motherboard and the case chassis. Therefore, it is quite common that a computer assembled using
these foam crashes or issues random errors, due to the overheating.
AIM AND OBJECTIVE

This project work is based on a research of desktop computer with the following aims and
objectives:

1. Ability to identify the various desktop computer components of computer system.

2. Understand how to install application software and manage system.

3. Ability to assemble a micro computer system.

ORGANIZATION OF THE WORK

The important of carrying out this particular project as a student is that:

1. This project has exposed me to the functions of a computer system and hardware components.

2. It has made it clear for me to know the functions of the internal and external components of the
computer system.

3. It has also exposed me to know the full meaning of software and hardware.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The important of carrying out this particular project as a student is that: This project has exposed
me to the function of a computer system, the hardware components. It has made it clear for me to
know the function of all internal and external components of the computer system.

The study has exposed me to the history and full meaning of Pentium 4 computer and its capacity
and the uniqueness of Pentium 4 computer.

SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

This work will cover the assembly of a personal computer. The order I used to assemble in can be
changed, depending on the circumstance of your build, ie. Case, CPU cooler, special components,
dimension restrictions, newer technology. The process of assembling your own PC is actually very
simple in contrast to most people’s expectations. Compared to researching part selection, actual
assembly is a much simpler task.

Many prospective builders are often overwhelmed at the idea of assembling their own PC from
scratch. However, over the years, the desktop PC industry has become quite standardized. It’s
almost impossible these days to install the individual pieces, cables and connectors in the wrong
location. Many builders will often relate the process of assembling a PC to building Lego which can
only fit together in a single way.
LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
Static electricity is the major problem builders used to face, after all, an invisible threat which has the
potential to do damage to delicate and expensive components is a scary thought. A very commonly
asked question is what precautions can be taken and which are necessary. In truth, the vast majority
of experienced PC builders do not use grounded wrist straps and similar solutions and simply take
basic precautions such as touching a grounded object (for instance the metal case of a plugged in
appliance). However it is of note that: ESD (Electrostatic Discharge) damage does not have to
prevent booting or functionality totally and can cause minor damage which may only be evident
as BSODs (Blue Screens of Death) in very specific circumstances.
A method some builders use is to plug in to the wall (but not switch on) your new PSU and touch
that periodically in order to discharge any static.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Inside the case go the following internal parts:

a. Power supply: power supply unit, converts outlet power, which is alternating current (AC),
to direct current (DC) which is required by internal components, as well as providing appropriate
voltages and currents for these internal components.

b. M o t h e r b o a r d : As the name indicates, this is the

electronic centerpiece of the computer: everything else connects to the motherboard.

c. Processor/CPU: central processing unit, the “brain” of the computer, most actual computation takes
place here.

d. RAM: r a n d o m a c c e s s m e m o ry, the “short-term memory” of a

computer, used by the CPU to store program instructions and data upon which it is currently
operating. Data in RAM is lost when the computer is powered off, thus necessitating a hard
drive.

e. Storage: either HDD (Hard disk drive - slower of the two but less expensive) and/or SSD (solid
state drive. Very fast but not as cheap) — the “long-term memory” of the computer, used for
persistent storage — i.e. the things stored on it remain even when the computer is powered down.
The operating, system, and all your programs and data are stored here. OSes can be booted and
use storage from inexpensive USB Drives, although this is only with extremely lightweight
systems.

Optional components follow: (Components that depend on the function that will be given to
the machine)
a. Optical Drive: device for reading/writing optical disks. May read CDs, DVDs, or other
optical media, depending on the type. It is essential for installing many operating
systems and programs, although the vast majority can be run from USB. It may be
able to write some of these discs, as well. Some people like to have two such drives
for copying disks.
 b. G P U: does processing relating to video output. Some motherboards have an
“onboard” GPU built in so you don’t need (but may add) a separate video card.
Otherwise, you will need a video card. These plug into a slot on the motherboard and
provide a place to connect a monitor to your computer.

c. Soundcard: Comes with motherboard but may want to be upgraded On top of the internal
components listed above, you will also need these external components:

a. Ke ybo a r d : for typing on. Many motherboards won’t even boot without a
keyboard attached.

b. Mou s e :for pointing and clicking. Unless you chose a text-based operating system,
you will likely want one of these.

c. Mo n i it o r : This is where the pretty pictures go. They come in many forms, the
most common being CRT and LCD.

Assembling these components above is what it takes to have a complete system which is the aim
of this work.
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

INTRODUCTION
The major aim of this research is to review the previous research work in the same field so as to keep the abreast of
competitions of other research in this field of study. It is meant to view other findings and improvement related to this study
by viewing the past project executed by various project groups.

WHAT IS COMPUTER

i. Computer is a programmable machine

ii. Computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions.
iii. Computer is any device which aids humans in performing various kinds of computations or
calculations.

THREE PRINCIPALS CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER:

iv. It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner
v. It can execute a pre-recorded list of instructions.
vi. It can quickly store and retrieve large amounts of data.

HISTORY OF COMPUTER
Tally Stick

Tally stick was an ancient memory aid device used to record and document numbers, quantities, or
even messages. Tally sticks first appear as animal bones carved with notches during the Upper
Palaeolithic; a notable example is the Ishango Bone. Historical reference is made by Pliny the Elder
(AD 23–79) about the best wood to use for tallies, and by Marco Polo (1254–1324) who mentions
the use of the tally in China. Tallies have been used for numerous purposes such as messaging and
scheduling, and especially in financial and legal transactions, to the point of being currency.

Abacus
The abacus also called a counting frame, is a calculating tool that was in use in the
ancient Near East, Europe, China, and Russia, centuries before the adoption of the written Arabic
numeral system. The exact origin of the abacus is still unknown. The abacus essentially consists of
a number of rows of movable beads or other objects, which represent digits. One of two numbers is
set up, and the beads are manipulated to implement an operation involving a second number (e.g.,
addition), or rarely a square or cubic root.

Napier’s bones

The Napier's bones is a manually-operated calculating device created by John Napier of

Merchiston, Scotland for the calculation of products and quotients of numbers. The method was
based on lattice multiplication, and also called 'rabdology', a word invented by Napier. Napier
published his version in 1617 in Ra bdol o gi i a e , printed in Edinburgh,
dedicated to his patron Alexander Seton.
Using the multiplication tables embedded in the rods, multiplication can be reduced to addition
operations and division to subtractions. Advanced use of the rods can extract square roots.
Napier's bones are not the same as logarithms, with which Napier's name is also associated, but are
based on dissected multiplication tables.

Jacquard machine
The Jacquard machine is a device fitted to a loom that simplifies the process of manufacturing
textiles with such complex patterns as brocade. The resulting ensemble of the loom and Jacquard
machine is then called a Jacquard loom. The machine was invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard in
1804, based on earlier inventions by the Frenchmen Basile Bouchon (1725), Jean Baptiste Falcon
(1728), and Jacques Vaucanson (1740). The machine was controlled by a "chain of cards"; a
number of punched cards laced together into a continuous sequence. Multiple rows of holes were
punched on each card, with one complete card corresponding to one row of the design. Several such
paper cards, generally white in color, can be seen in the images below. Chains, like Bouchon's
earlier use of paper tape, allowed sequences of any length to be constructed, not limited by the size
of a card.

Analytical Engine
The Analytical Engine was a proposed mechanical general-purpose computer designed by English
mathematician and computer pioneer Charles Babbage and with the assistance of Ada Lovelace. It
was first described in 1837 as the successor to Babbage's difference engine a design for a simpler
mechanical computer.
The Analytical Engine incorporated an arithmetic logic unit, control flow in the form of
conditional branching and loops, and integrated memory, making it the first design for a general-
purpose computer that could be described in modern terms as Turing- complete. In other words, the
logical structure of the Analytical Engine was essentially the same as that which has dominated
computer design in the electronic era. The Analytical Engine is one of the most successful
achievements of Charles Babbage.
Babbage was never able to complete construction of any of his machines due to conflicts with his
chief engineer and inadequate funding. It was not until 1941 that the first general-purpose computer,
Z3, was built, more than a century after Babbage had proposed the pioneering Analytical Engine in
1837.

ENIAC
ENIAC: Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was the first electronic general
-purpose digital computer. It was Turing-complete, and able to solve "a large class of numerical
problems" through reprogramming.[4][5]
Although ENIAC was designed and primarily used to calculate artillery firing tables for the United
States Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory (which later became a part of the Army Research
Laboratory), its first program was a study of the feasibility of the thermonuclear weapon.
ENIAC was completed in 1945 and first put to work for practical purposes on December 10, 1945.
ENIAC was formally dedicated at the University of Pennsylvania on February 15, 1946 and
was heralded as a "Giant Brain" by the press. It had a speed on the order of one thousand times
faster than that of electro-mechanical machines; this computational power, coupled with
general-purpose programmability, excited scientists and industrialists alike. The combination of
speed and programmability allowed for thousands more calculations for problems, as
ENIAC calculated a trajectory in 30 seconds that took a human 20 hours (allowing one
ENIAC hour to displace 2,400 human hours). The completed machine was announced to the
public the evening of February 14, 1946 and formally dedicated the next day at the University
of Pennsylvania, having cost almost $500,000 (approximately $6,300,000 today). It was
formally accepted by the U.S. Army Ordnance Corps in July 1946. ENIAC was shut down on
November 9, 1946 for a refurbishment and a memory upgrade, and was transferred to Aberdeen
Proving Ground, Maryland in 1947. There, on July 29, 1947, it was turned on and was in
continuous operation until 11:45 p.m. on October 2, 1955.
UNIVAC
UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) is a line of electronic digital stored-
program computers starting with the products of the Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation.
Later the name was applied to a division of the Remington Rand company and successor
organizations.
The BINAC, built by the Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation, was the first general-
purpose computer for commercial use. The descendants of the later UNIVAC 1107
continue today as products of the Unisys Company.

EDVAC
EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) was one of
the earliest electronic computers. Unlike its predecessor the ENIAC, it was binary rather than
decimal, and was designed to be a stored-program computer.
ENIAC inventors John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert proposed the EDVAC's construction in
August 1944. A contract to build the new computer was signed in April 1946 with an initial
budget of US$100,000. EDVAC was delivered to the Ballistic Research Laboratory in 1949.
The Ballistic Research Laboratory became a part of the US Army Research Laboratory in
1952.
Functionally, EDVAC was a binary serial computer with automatic addition, subtraction,
multiplication, programmed division and automatic checking with an ultrasonic serial
memory[1] capacity of 1,000 34-bit words. EDVAC's average addition time was 864
microseconds and its average multiplication time was 2,900 microseconds.

GENERATION OF COMPUTER

Even more so the generation who have grown from infancy within the global desktop and
laptop revolution since the 1980s.

The history of the computer goes back several decades however and there are five definable
generations of computers.
Each generation is defined by a significant technological development that changes
fundamentally how computers operate – leading to more compact, less expensive, but more
powerful, efficient and robust machines.
1940 – 1956: First Generation – Vacuum Tubes

These early computers used vacuum tubes as circuitry and magnetic drums for memory. As a
result they were enormous, literally taking up entire rooms and costing a fortune to run. These
were inefficient materials which generated a lot of heat, sucked huge electricity and
subsequently generated a lot of heat which caused ongoing breakdowns.

These first generation computers relied on ‘machine language’ (which is the most basic
programming language that can be understood by computers). These computers were limited to
solving one problem at a time. Input was based on punched cards and paper tape. Output came
out on print-outs. The two notable machines of this era were the UNIVAC and ENIAC
machines – the UNIVAC is the first every commercial computer which was purchased in 1951
by a business – the US Census Bureau.

1956 – 1963: Second Generation – Transistors

The replacement of vacuum tubes by transistors saw the advent of the second generation of
computing. Although first invented in 1947, transistors weren’t used significantly in computers
until the end of the 1950s. They were a big improvement over the vacuum tube, despite still
subjecting computers to damaging levels of heat. However they were hugely superior to the
vacuum tubes, making computers smaller, faster, cheaper and less heavy on electricity use.
They still relied on punched card for input/printouts.

The language evolved from cryptic binary language to symbolic (‘assembly’) languages. This
meant programmers could create instructions in words. About the same time high level
programming languages were being developed (early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN).
Transistor-driven machines were the first computers to store instructions into their memories –
moving from magnetic drum to magnetic core ‘technology’. The early versions of these
machines were developed for the atomic energy industry.

1964 – 1971: Third Generation – Integrated Circuits

By this phase, transistors were now being miniaturised and put on silicon chips (called
semiconductors). This led to a massive increase in speed and efficiency of these machines.
These were the first computers where users interacted using keyboards and monitors which
interfaced with an operating system, a significant leap up from the punch cards and printouts.
This enabled these machines to run several applications at once using a central program which
functioned to monitor memory.

As a result of these advances which again made machines cheaper and smaller, a new mass
market of users emerged during the ‘60s.

1972 – 2010: Fourth Generation – Microprocessors

This revolution can be summed in one word: Intel. The chip-maker developed the Intel 4004
chip in 1971, which positioned all computer components (CPU, memory, input/output controls)
onto a single chip. What filled a room in the 1940s now fit in the palm of the hand. The Intel
chip housed thousands of integrated circuits. The year 1981 saw the first ever computer (IBM)
specifically designed for home use and 1984 saw the MacIntosh introduced by Apple.
Microprocessors even moved beyond the realm of computers and into an increasing number of
everyday products.

The increased power of these small computers meant they could be linked, creating networks.
Which ultimately led to the development, birth and rapid evolution of the Internet. Other major
advances during this period have been the Graphical user interface (GUI), the mouse and more
recently the astounding advances in lap-top capability and hand-held devices.

2010- Till Date: Fifth Generation – Artificial Intelligence

Computer devices with artificial intelligence are still in development, but some of these
technologies are beginning to emerge and be used such as voice recognition.

All is a reality made possible by using parallel processing and superconductors. Leaning to the
future, computers will be radically transformed again by quantum computation, molecular and
nano technology.

The essence of fifth generation will be using these technologies to ultimately create machines
which can process and respond to natural language, and have capability to learn and organize
themselves.

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
Co m pu t e r s d i f f e r c l as s i f i e d
according to purpose, computers are either general purpose or special purpose.

1. According to data handling, computers are analog, digital and hybrid.

2. According to size computer are super, mainframe, mini and micro.

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER ACCORDING TO DATA HANDLING.

I. Analog Computer

An analog computer (spelt analogue in British English) is a form of computer that uses
continuous physical phenomena such as electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic quantities to model
the problem being solved.

II. Digital Computer

A computer that performs calculations and logical operations with quantities represented as
digits, usually in the binary number system.

III. Hybrid Computer (Analog + Digital).

A combination of computers those are capable of inputting and outputting in both digital and
analog signals. A hybrid computer system setup offers a cost effective method of performing
complex simulations.
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER ACCORDING TO SIZE COMPUTER.
i. Super Computer

The fastest and most powerful type of computer Supercomputers are very expensive and are
employed for specialized applications that require immense amounts of mathematical
calculations. For example, weather forecasting requires a supercomputer. Other uses of
supercomputers include animated graphics, fluid dynamic calculations, nuclear energy research,
and petroleum exploration.
The chief difference between a supercomputer and a mainframe is that a supercomputer
channels all its power into executing a few programs as fast as possible, whereas a mainframe
uses its power to execute many programs concurrently.

ii. Mainframe Computer

A very large and expensive computer capable of supporting hundreds, or even thousands, of
users simultaneously. In the hierarchy that starts with a simple microprocessor (in watches, for
example) at the bottom and moves to supercomputers at the top, mainframes are just below
supercomputers. In some ways, mainframes are more powerful than supercomputers because
they support more simultaneous programs. But supercomputers can execute a single program
faster than a mainframe.

iii. Mini Computer

A midsized computer. In size and power, minicomputers lie between workstations and
mainframes. In the past decade, the distinction between large minicomputers and small
mainframes has blurred, however, as has the distinction between small minicomputers and
workstations. But in general, a minicomputer is a multiprocessing system capable of supporting
from 4 to about 200 users simultaneously.

iv. Micro Computer

A microcomputer is a small, relatively inexpensive computer with a microprocessor as its CPU.

It includes a microprocessor, memory, and minimal I/O circuitry mounted on a single printed
circuit board. The previous to these computers, mainframes and minicomputers, were
comparatively much larger, hard to maintain and more expensive. They actually formed the
foundation for present day microcomputers and smart gadgets that we use in day to day life.
Eg: Tablets, Smartwatches.

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER ACCORDING TO PURPOSE.

i. General purpose computers are designed to perform a range of tasks. They have the
ability to store numerous programs, but lack in speed and efficiency.
ii. Specific purpose computers are designed to handle a specific problem or to perform a
specific task. A set of instructions is built into the machine.
HARDWARE COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM
The hardware component is the collection physical part of the computer system we can be seen, touch and
feel. Examples includes; monitor, mouse, case, Central processing unit, and keyboard etc.
THE SYSTEM UNIT
vii. The system unit is the core of a computer system.

viii. The most important of these components is the central processing unit (CPU), or
microprocessor and random access memory (RAM).
ix. Almost every other part of your computer connects to the system unit using cables.

x. The cables plug into specific ports (openings), typically on the back of the system unit.

xi. Hardware that is not part of the system unit is sometimes called a peripheral
device or device.

FigureI (Source:https://www.systemunit.co.uk)

COMPONENTS OF SYSTEM UNIT

xii. Motherboard
xiii. Processor
xiv. Memory
xv. Case
xvi. Power supply
xvii. Floppy drive
xviii. Hard drive
xix. CD or DVD drive
xx. Video card
xxi. Sound card
xxii. Mod
CASE
i. The case is the frame or chassis that houses the motherboard, power supply, disk
drives, adapter cards, and any other physical components in the system.

ii. Case, also known as a computer chassis, tower, system unit, or cabinet, is the enclosure
that contains most of the components of a personal computer. Cases are usually
constructed from steel, aluminium and plasti.

Figure II (Source: http:www.google.wikimedia.or

MOTHERBOARD

Also known as main board, system board and planar.

i. The motherboard is the main circuit board of your computer and is also known as
the mainboard or logic board. If you ever open your computer, the biggest piece of
silicon you see is the motherboard.
ii. It connects all the components inside the computer case.

Figure III (Source: http:www.google.commons.media.org)

PROCESSOR
i. The processor is often thought of as the "engine“or “brain” of the computer.

ii. It is a small chip that resides in computers and other electronic devices. Its basic job is to
receive input and provide the appropriate output.
iii. It's also called the CPU (central processing unit).

Figure iv (Source: http:www.google.commons.media.org)

MEMORY
i. The system memory is often called RAM (for random access memory).

ii. Memory refers to the processes that are used to acquire, store, retain, and later retrieve
information.

iii. This is the primary memory, which holds all the programs and data the processor is using
at a given time.

POWER Figure v (Source: http:www.verywellmind.com)

SUPPLY
 i. The power supply feeds electrical power to every single part in the PC.

ii. A power supply is an electrical device that supplies electric power to an electrical load.

iii. The primary function of a power supply is to convert electric current from a
source to the correct voltage, current, and frequency to power the load.

Figure vi (Source:

FLOPPY DRIVE

i. The floppy drive is a simple, inexpensive, low-capacity, removable-media,

magnetic-storage device.

ii. A floppy disk or floppy diskette (sometimes casually referred to as

a floppy or diskette) is a type of disk storage composed of a thin and flexible

Figure vii (Source: http:www.lifewire.com)

disk of a magnetic storage medium in a square or nearly square plastic enclosure lined with a fabric
that removes dust particles from the spinning disk.

HARD DRIVE

i. The hard disk is the primary archival storage memory for the system.

ii. A hard disk drive (HDD), hard disk, hard drive, or fixed disk is an electro-
mechanical data storage device that uses magnetic storage to store and retrieve digital
data using one or more rigid rapidly rotating platters coated with magnetic material.

Figure viii (Source: http:www.wikihard_disk_drive.com)

CD OR DVD DRIVE

i. CD (Compact Disc) and DVD (Digital Versatile Disc) drives are relatively high-
capacity, removable media, drive optical drives; many recent systems include a
rewriteable CD (CD-RW) along with or combined with a DVD-ROM drive.

ii. The CD/DVDdrivellers on an Acer laptop. Lenses from a Blu-ray writer in a Sony Vaio
E series laptop.

Figure ix (Source: http:www.pcmag.com)

VIDEO CARD

i. The video card controls the information you see on the monitor.

ii. A video card (also called a graphics card, display card, graphics
adapter, or display adapter) is an expansion card which generates a feed of
output images to a display device (such as a computer monitor).

Figure x (Source: http:www.computer.howstuffwork.com)

SOUND CARD

i. It enables the PC to generate complex sounds.

ii. A sound card (also known as an audio card) is an internal expansion card that
provides input and output of audio signals to and from a computer under control of
computer programs.

Figure xi (Source: http:www.google.commons.media.org)

 MODEM / NETWORK CARD

i. Component that allow the computer to connect to the network or the Internet.

ii. A network card (also known as a Network Interface Card, NIC, Network Adapter, or
Ethernet card) is used to connect a computer to a high-speed network.

Figure xii (Source:

INPUT DEVICES

i. Any peripheral (piece of computer hardware equipment) used to provide data and control
signals to the computer.

ii. Input device is a piece of equipment used to provide data and control signals to an
information processing system such as a computer or information appliance.
iii. Allows the user to put data in to the computer.

KEYBOARD

Figure xiii (Source: https://www.indiamart.com)

A computer keyboard is an input device that allows a person to enter letters, numbers, and
other symbols (these are called characters in a keyboard) into a computer. ...
A keyboard contains many mechanical switches or push-buttons called "keys".

MOUSE

Figure xi v (Source: https://www.indiamart.com)

 A computer mouse (plural mice or mouses) is a hand-held pointing device that detects two-
dimensional motion relative to a surface. This motion is typically translated into the motion of a
pointer on a display, which allows a smooth control of the graphical user interface of a
computer.

WEBCAM

Figure xv (Source: https://www.aliexpress.com)

WEBCAM: A webcam is a video camera that feeds or streams an image or video in real time to
or through a computer to a computer network, such as the Internet. Webcams are typically small
cameras that sit on a desk, attach to a user's monitor, or are built into the hardware.

OUTPUT DEVICES
Any piece of computer hardware equipment used to communicate the results of data processing
carried out by a computer to the outside world.

Examples of these out devices are:

MONITOR

Figure xvi (Source: http:www.googlemedia.org)

A computer monitor is an output device that displays information in pictorial form.

A monitor usually comprises the visual display, circuitry, casing, and power supply. ...
Older monitors used a cathode ray tube (CRT).
 SPEAKERS

Figure xvii (Source: http:www.pcmag.com)

SPEAKERS: Speakers are one of the most common output devices used with computer
systems. Some speakers are designed to work specifically with computers, while others can be
hooked up to any type of sound system

PRINTER

Figure xviii (Source:https://www.crutchfield.com)

PRINTER: A printer is a device that accepts text and graphic output from a computer and
transfers the information to paper, usually to standard size sheets of paper. Printers vary in size,
speed, sophistication, and cost. In general, more expensive printers are used for higher-resolution
color printing.

STORAGE DEVICES

Refers to computer components, devices, and recording media that capable of storing data.

• Floppy disk
• Hard disk
• Pen drive
• Optical disk

Floppy disk
 Capacity: 1.44MB
 Portable
 Require floppy disk drive to read/write
 Hard disk
• Capacity: 100GB –1TB
• Not portable

USB Flash drive

• Capacity: 8GB –1TB
• Portable

Optical disc
Capacity:
CD: 650MB
DVD: 4.7GB
BD: 25GB
Portable
Require optical disc drive

ASSEMBLED COMPUTER SYSTEM

In this process computer is been customized or configured according to the a user's needs.
Assembling of Computer System includes its equipment segments, establishment of its product
applications and testing of its ability and sturdiness by programming establishment which is vital in
an ICT working condition. This venture concentrates more on how computer system framework
could be coupled, kept up successfully and proficiently with no shortcoming during amassing of
the framework and having a high programming presentation.
Benefits of Assembled Computer System:

a. Satisfy your needs.

b. Low cost for a better performance

c. Flexibility for expandability.

d. Good performance compared to Branded

e. Feature packed machine.

Drawbacks of Assembled Computer System:

a. No service for 1 year.

b. No installation done.

c. No genuine Operating system.

d. All products have carry in warranty.

Basic Component of a Computer System

A computer system is designed with two main components which is the hardware component and software
component. The hardware component is the collection of physical parts of the computer system which you can
see, touch and feel, while the software components deals with instructions that tell a computer what to do.
Software comprises the entire set of programs, procedures, and routines associated with the operation of a
computer system.
 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

INTRODUCTION
Computers internal architectural design comes in different types and sizes, but the basic structure
remains same of all computer systems.

The term 'computer hardware' or 'computer parts' is used to describe computer components that
can be seen and touched. The major components of general-purpose computer system are Input
Unit, main/internal Memory or Storage Unit, Output Unit, Central Processing unit. The CPU is
further includes Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and control unit (CU). All the units also referred to as
"The functional units”. Devices that are not integral part of CPU referred to as peripherals.

BASIC COMPONENT OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM

• Input

• Output

• Process

• Storage

• Control

i. Input: It is the process of capturing or acquiring the information, or it is the process of

accepting data or information, by using input the computer can do any process.
ii. Process: It is the transformation process to convert the input into output.
iii. Output: It is the result, which comes from the transformation process or it is the
outcome of the process.
iv. Storing: It is the process of storing or retaining the data or information or instructions,
so that the user can retain and retrieve it whenever required.
v. Controlling: It is the process of directing the manner and sequence in which all the
operations are to be performed.
 COMPUTER PARTS
Computer can be divided into two parts:

i. Hardware
ii. Software

a. Hardware
System Unit
Input Devices
Output Devices
Storage Devices

b. Software
Operating System
Application Software
Utility Software

COMPUTER SOFTWARE
Software is the collection of computer programs, procedures and documentation that performs
different tasks on a computer system.

Exa mpl es o f c o m pu t e rs o f S o f w a re
a. Operating system
b. Application software
c. Utility software

OPERATING SYSTEM (OS)

A collection of software that manages computer hardware resources and provides common
services for computer programs. The operating system is a vital component of the system software
in a computer system.

Examples:
d. Windows

e. Mac OS

f. Linux

g. Unix
h. Android

APPLICATION SOFTWARE
Application software, also known as an application or an app, is computer software designed
to help the user to perform specific tasks.
Examples:
a. Word processor

b. Spreadsheet

c. Database Management System

d. Presentation software

e. Graphic editor

f. Video games

UTILITY SOFTWARE
Utility software is designed to help analyze, configure, optimize or maintain a computer.
Examples:
a. Antivirus

b. Disk defragment

c. Screensaver

d. Disk cleaner

e. File manager
 CHAPTER FOUR
IMPLEMENTATION
INTRODUCTION
Implementation/procedure performed to complete a given design of a system, ensuring that some
parts of a system is operational and meets quality standard.

Assembling of system is very essential in a computing area, it involves how the computer system is
coupled and maintained effectively. Another purpose of Assembling is screwing every
components/parts of the computer system and coupling of to make a computer system that could
rival the performance of the branded version.

System Design Methodologies.

a. Rapid Application Development (RAD): Rapid application development (RAD) is a

methodology in which a system designer produces prototypes for an end-user. The end-user
reviews the prototype, and offers feedback on its suitability. This process is repeated until the
end-user is satisfied with the final system.

b. Joint Application Design (JAD): Joint application design (JAD) is a methodology which
evolved from RAD, in which a system designer consults with a group; JAD involves a number of
stages, in which the group collectively develops an agreed pattern for the design and
implementation of the system.

Design Method.

Design methods are procedures, techniques, aids, or tools for designing. They offer a number of
different kinds of activities that a designer might use within an overall design process. Conventional
procedures of design, such as drawing, can be regarded as design methods.

There are two main type of Design Method and they are:

c. Physical Design Method.

d. Architectural Design Method.

Physical Design: Physical design relates to the actual input and output processes of the system. It
focuses on how the computer components with be assembled, verified, processed and Tested.

Architectural Design: It is also known as high level design that focuses on the design of system
architecture. It describes the structure and behavior of the system. It defines the structure and
relationship between the Operating System and the computer system hardware’s.
TOOLS NEEDED FOR ASSEMBLING A COMPUTER SYSTEM

When assembling your computer system, you need tools to enable you assemble the components of
the system precisely.

i. Screw drivers and nut driver (minimum, small and medium-sized philips and flat screw
drivers and a ¼ “ nut driver). Use to screw nuts.

ii. Cable ties: The plastic cable ties are useful for neatly bundling wires and
cable away from fans and other components inside the computer.

iii. Needle-nosed pliers or forceps: very small needle-nosed pliers forceps, or tweezers are very
handy for inserting and removing zumpers on mother boards and hard drives.

iv. Heat sink compound: The Heat sink compound improves the thermal efficiency of heat
sinks and improves cooling. Its sometimes included with processor fans or heat sink. It is
applied neatly to the areas where the processor contacts the heat sink to improve cooling
efficiency.

v. Anti-static kit: An Anti-Static kit consists of a rubberized mat and a wrist strap that attaches
to both the mat and the computer you are working on. This both protects the equipment from
static damage and protects your table top from scratches.

vi. Light source (torch light/lamps): Pc cases are full of shadows and screws love to roll into the
darkest corners. So a light source is needed so the work can be effective.

vii.Multimeter: it is not necessarily to use a multimeter in building a computer, but it is needed

when troubleshooting a possible defective part.

viii. Pill bottle/small container: A Pill Bottle/Small container is needed to hold the
screws, bumpers and other small parts used to assemble and configure computer.

PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN WHILE ASSEMBLING A COMPUTER SYSTEM

1. When building a computer system be 100% sure that the power supply cable, network
cables & telephones lines are disconnected from the mains/computer.

2. Turn on the power of the computer when the case cover is on doing ever work on the inside
of your computer with the power plugged in and turned on.

3. Try to handle your computer components by their edges only.

4. Antistatic wrist band when building your computer.

5. Keep sensitive components on the antistatic bags and remove them from the bag when
you are ready to install that component.

6. Ensure that there is light when assembling the various components to enables you see the
inner part of the case properly.
COMPONENTS NEEDED FOR ASSEMBLING

ix. Computer case

x. Power supply unit/ PSU

xi. Motherboard

xii.RAM

xiii. Central Processing Unit/Micro Processor

xiv. Hard Disk

xv.Mouse

xvi. Keyboard

xvii. Monitor

xviii. Cables

INSTALLATIONS OF COMPONENTS &

SPECIFICATIONS SPECIFICATIONS

i. 500GB Hard Disk

ii. 4GB RAM

iii. Processor Speed (3.0GHZ)

iv. Window 8 Operating System

v. 5 Inches Monitor screen

INSTALLATIONS

STEP1 CASE

REMOVE SLIDE PANELS ON CASE

 Remove the case from the box; the panels are removed from the case with thumb screws. The
model’s manual will have more information if you are unsure for your case.

STEP2 MOTHERBOARD
INSERT MOTHERBOARD

i. Before setting the board in the input/output panel face plates needs to be snapped into the
location in the black of the case.

ii. After the board is resting in the case, line up the first hole, do not tighten all the way down
until all screws are started and others will line up.

iii. After all are in and tightened, there should be little or no deflection of the board if you
gently press on it.

STEP 3 INSTALLATION OF THE HARD DISK

1. Take the drive out its antistatic bag

2. Implement the master/slave setting the jumper located between the data connectors and
the power connector.

3. Slide the drive carefully into a 3.5 drive bag without a front back and secure it properly
with the screw thyat comes with either of the case.

4. Find the forty wire cable that usually comes with the motherboard or driver. You will
notice that the cable has three connectors on it. Two connectors are close to each other.
Which the third is at the end. Connect the third to the motherboard.

5. Then connect one end of the data cable to the hard disk.

6. Finally, connect the power connector from the power supply to the pins on the hard drive.

INSTALLATION OF THE CD-DVD ROM DRIVE

1. Upgrade the DVD- ROM Drive

2. Locate the master/salve jumper and set it to the slave (it is normally set to slave from the
factory)

3. Locate and S1/4-Inches bag with a blank on the case. Remove the blank by pushing from
the inside.

4. Connect the data cable by using the 40 pin 1DE cable that comes with the CD- DVD
ROM or motherboard.
5. Connect one end of the motherboard and connect the other end CD or DVD ROM Drive.

6. Finally connect power from the power supply to the DVD ROM using the power
connector.

INSTALLATION OF THE FLOPPY DRIVE DISK

 1. Remove the floppy disk from the pack

2. Locate the 305 Inche mounting bay in the case with front panel back. Remove the blank and slide
into the drive bay and secure it properly with the mounting screws.

3. Connect the data cable by finding a 34 wire floppy cable (the cable is twisted at the top side)

4. Connect both end of the floppy cable to the floppy drive and the other end to the motherboard to
ensure the side with the red strip aligns with the pin on the floppy driver data connector.

5. Finally, install the power connector from the power supply to the floppy drive connector.

STEP 4 INSTALL CPU (CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT)

The CPU is the brain of the computer. It is installed on the motherboard.

How to install the CPU:

i. Find the corner marking the designates pin 1 of the CPU

ii. Lift the small metal rod next to the socket, find the corresponding marking on the CPU socket and
insert the CPU so that the markings are lined up.

STEP 5 INSTALL THE RAM

The RAM is the temporary memory location that the processor works from.

INSTALLATION:

i. Set the RAM Board in the socket. Clarify if the notch in the board is a correct location. If it is
not, turn it around 1800

ii. Press firmly on both sides ends of the board to set into the socket

STEP 6 INSTALL POWER SUPPLY

A power supply is an electrical device that supplies electric power to an electrical load. It converts
electric current to correct voltage, current and frequency to power the load.

INSTALLATION

i. Align the mounting holes in the case and power supply

ii. Insert screws and tighten

STEP 7 CONNECT CABLES

With all the components installed in the case, the jumgle of wires can be daunting every deaces that
has been installed needs power.

Data cables connect drives and front panel devices to the motherboard.

The motherboard has two power connections, which are SATA & NON- SATA. SATA are
specifically for drives. While NON-SATA run fans.

STEP 8 WRAP UP

Now that the components are completely installed, the last thing to do is to re- install the side panels
on the case. The computer is now ready to be turned on.

STEP 9 READY THE MONITOR, THE KEYBOARD & MOUSE MONITOR

 Unpack the monitor, locate the monitor cable, and connect one end of the cable to the
monitor port on the back of the computer case and other end to the monitor.

KEYBOARD
 Unpack the keyboard and determine whether it uses a USB connector or a PS/2 connector.
If it uses a USB connector, plug it into any of the USB port on the back of the computer. If it
uses a PS/2 connector, plug it into the purple keyboard port on the back of the computer.

MOUSE

 Unpack the mouse and determine whether it uses a USB or PS/2 Connector. If it uses a
USB connector, plug it into any of the USB ports on the back of the computer. If it uses
PS/2 connector, plug it into the green mouse port on the back of the computer.

STEP 10 SOFTWARE INSTALLATION

Operating system must first be installed after a system is brought, this is because the new computer
that has been built cannot allow any other application to run on it due to a platform has not been
installed and the need of installation an operating system, serves as platform for other application
programs. The ability to install an operation system for hardware configuration properly is an
important skill to have.
INSTALLATION WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM (WINDOW 8)

As with other version you will go through various phases of the installation.

a. Starting the installation, you must first check the prerequisites and ensure that the
computer support booting to a DVD ROM or set the DVD ROM as the first bootable
device, once you do that, to start the installation.

b. Power up the computer and quickly insert the window 8 DVD-ROM (if you do not do
this quickly enough you may get an “Operating System not found” message because the
DVD was not ready as a boot device) if this happens, leave the DVD in the drive and re-
boot the computer. If the DVD is inserted carefully, the screen clears and the word
“Setup” is expected. Your computer configurations appear after that, the window 8 setup
screen appears.

TEXT BASED INSTALLATION PHASE

When the setup screen appears, you can press enter to begin installation. The end user license
agreement (EULA) screen appears and you must accept. Then you are presented with series of other
screens where you can setup the disk to accept.

Window 8 Setup now formats the partition as specified and copies the files needed to start the
graphical portion of window 8 setup.

GRAHPIC INSTALLATION PHASE

During the graphical installation phase. WINDOW 8 performs all the actions necessary to bring
Window 8 to a functional level. The first thing it does is copy files to the hard disk and then brings
installation devices.

a. Setup asks you for regional and language settings, if you aceept the display options, click
“Next” to continue the installation.

b. Identify yourself to Window 8 by entering your name and company.

c. Windows ask you of the Products Key, you must enter Products Key that comes with
your version of Windows 8.

d. Enter a computer name to identify your computer

e. Set the time, date and time zone and click “Next”.

f. Setup prompts you for the networks setup information. After Windows 8 have gone
through this phase. It will then finalize installation process when it is finished, it reboots
the computer and displays the desktop environment. After the desktop environment has
been displayed, other software’s like the motherboard driver that comes along with the
motherboard and other software programs you wish to install can now be installed.
 SYSTEM TESTING

System testing is the process of testing the compouter system and investigation its
behavioral set without concern for the individual components or interfrace after entire
assembling or closing of the system.

In carrying out the system testing, the following precautions are needed;

a. All external hardware components like the monitor, keyboard, mouse, should be
connected properly.

b. The computer should be turned off likewise other peripheral devices that have been
attached to it.

c. Endeavor to plug your system into a properly grounded power outlet.

d. Boot the system and they observe all the components of the system if they are
functioning properly.

OPERATING PROCEDURES

a. Ensure that the components are properly fixed.

b. Check if the signal and power cables are firmly and correctly connected.

c. Switch on your power source (UPS, wall socket)

d. Switch on the VDU (or monitor)

e. Locate the powe4r button on the system unit and press it, the power button indicator light
gets on automatically.

f. When all these steps are accomplished, your system is expected to come up with
instructions and information displaying on your screen in other words, you are expected
to read and follow the instructions.

In turning off your system, you must;

a. Close every application running on the screen.

b. Select “Shutdown” form the startup menu, a dialog box will be displayed on the screen,
requesting you to confirm your choice. Click “Yes” to confirm.

c. Finally, the screen will display a message that “It is not safe to turn off your computer”.
Press the power buttons off the system unit then first the VDU, and your power source
for the purpose of this project, the system has an auto power off. Once you shut down the
system unit, it automatically goes off then to the switch off monitors.
 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

SUMMARY
This project was successfully completed, we able to assemble all our computers without any damaged to the
components to group members. The results obtained were positive and it is obvious that every member of the
group benefited immensely. We did not experience any difficulty in assembling a system because some of
our members already had the experience from their IT.

There are two basic components of a computer system, which are software and hardware, the
hardware can be seen, felt and touch , while the software refers to application and operating systems
that can't be felt nor touch, but are use to design the interface of a computer system.

However, when assembling a computer system precautions should be taken in order to avoid
damaging the system, such as shutting down of the computer system fully before disassembling the
system, taking off every metal objects from your wrist and fingers and making sure that all rights
tools are available.

CONCLUSION

The problem of data correlations, design and printing of computerized materials has been combated
with completion of this project and we can now produce in more presentation.

The whole research is concerned on building a well functionable computer system which has gather
stages on how each components of the computer system can be fitted.

This research has manage to identify each components/devices with their functions and
specifications and the required tools were used; screwdriver, tester, multi- meter, nose-pliers and
blower machine. The components and their specifications are; 8GBRAM, hexa - core i9 processor,
1920 X 1080 FHD monitor, AMD motherboard, 700GB HDD, multimedia keyboard and mouse.
This research has purportedly achieved the aim of assembling a computer system and peer to peer
network that will be used in the school laboratories.

This research has purportedly achieved the aim of assembling a computer system and peer to peer
network that will be used in the school laboratories.

In conclusion, all functioning and standard computer system had to undergo an assembling process,
hence, this process cannot be overlooked.
RECOMMENDATIONS

With the practical knowledge we have acquired from the technical exercise we are now proud of
being the computer literates we are, since prior to the project we already had an in-depth knowledge
of hardware and software. We therefore recommend this project for anyone who has the burning
desire of becoming a hardware engineer and wanting to sit for an international hardware
examination. Ensure to use an interruptible power supply (UPS) when working the computer, In the
event of a power outage. Also, if you are interested in having a general knowledge on computer
hardware or you are interested in building your own PC, you are also advised to make use of this
project work.

REFERENCES

Ashiga N.C (2011) Scientific Programming Language using object oriented java.
Humble Concept Publishers, Warri, Nigeria

Ezeibe M.C (2000) Computer for beginners, Second Edition Klass Publishers, Onitsha, Nigeria.

Adigwe W. (2006) Computer Application: A practical approach to Windows and Basic Office

Package. Justice Jeco Press and Publisher, Nigeria.