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MIDDLE EAST
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Countries with Coast on Mediterranean Sea – Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Turkey(SLIT)
Important Gulfs
Gulf of Aden -- Location: It is a deep water gulf
between
North: Yemen
East: Arabian Sea
West: Djibouti
South: Guardafui Channel, Socotra (Yemen),
Somali land and Somalia.
Connectivity: In the northwest: It connects with the
Red Sea through the Bab el-Mandeb strait
East: It connects with the Arabian Sea.
Gulf of Aqaba
Coastline Is Divided Among Four Countries: Israel, Jordan, Saudi Arabia.
Dead Sea
Location: It is a Salt Lake bordered by Jordan: To the
east and Israel and the West Bank: To the west.
It lies in the Jordan Rift Valley, and its main tributary
is the Jordan River.
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Persian Gulf
It is an extension of the Arabian Sea (Gulf of Oman) through
the Strait of Hormuz and lies between Iran to the northeast
and the Arabian Peninsula to the southwest.
Gulf of Oman
It is a gulf that connects the Arabian Sea with the Strait of
Hormuz, which then runs to the Persian Gulf.
Borders:
North: Iran and Pakistan
South: Oman
West: the United Arab Emirates on the west.
Rivers of Middle East
Tigris and Euphrates: Originate in South-East Turkey.
Euphrates Flow Into– Syria, Iraq into Persian Gulf.
Meeting Point: Tigris and Euphrates meets in Iraq.
The area drained by both these rivers in Iraq was historically
known as Mesopotamia, one of the earliest civilizations of the
world.
AFRICA
Africa is the second largest continent after Asia that is
20% of world’s total Land area.
Total Number Of Countries: It is distributed among 54
countries.
Morocco along with Spain as gateway to
Mediterranean Sea through Strait Gibraltar.
Djibouti: Strategically important due to Bab-el-Mandeb
strait(Here-China has military base)
Land locked countries:
Ethiopia, South Sudan.
Swaziland: Land locked country surrounded by
Mozambique and South Africa
Enclave: Lesotho-Surrounded by South Africa on all
sides.
Africa is the only continent through which Tropic of
Cancer, Equator and Tropic of Capricorn passes through.
Equator: Gabon, Congo, DRC, Uganda, Kenya, Somalia
Tropic of Capricorn: Namibia, Botswana, South Africa and Mozambique.
Tropic of Cancer: Western Sahara, Mauritania, Mali, Algeria, Libya and Egypt.
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MOUNTAINS
Mt. Cameroon: Only active volcano in Africa.
Mt Kilimanjaro
Shared between Kenya and Tanzania
Highest mountain peak in Africa
Atlas Mountains
Spread in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia
Fold mountains
Highest peak: Ibel Toubkal(4165m) in
Morocco.
Mt. Kenya: 2nd highest peak in Africa.
Victoria Falls on River Zambezi. It is shared
between Zimbabwe and Zambia.
PLATEAUS OF AFRICA
Katanga Plateau
The Katanga, or Shaba, Plateau is a
farming and ranching region in the
Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Rich in copper, uranium, silver and lead.
Ethiopian Highlands
It forms the largest continuous area of its
elevation in the continent
It is sometimes called the Roof of Africa
due to its height and large area
It is volcanic in nature
Highest peak: Ras Dashan
East African Plateau
It is shared between Uganda, Kenya and
Tanzania.
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RIFT VALLEY
East African Rift System
It is an active continental rift zone in East
Africa.
Extends from Lebanon to Mozambique.
Lake Victoria is NOT a part of Rift Valley
River Nile
Direction Of Flow: The Nile is a major
north-flowing river in north-eastern Africa.
Drains Into: Mediterranean Sea at Port
Said.
Size: The longest river in Africa.
Dam: Aswan Dam
Congo River
Second longest river in Africa,(after Nile) as well as the
second largest river in the world by discharge volume.
Specific Feature:
It is also the world's deepest recorded river.
It crosses Equator twice.
Zambezi River
Victoria Zambezi's Fall: most The noted feature is Victoria
Falls.
Other Notable Falls: Include the Chavuma Falls at the
border between Zambia and Angola, and Ngonye Falls,
near Sioma in Western Zambia.
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River Niger
Source: The Guinea Highlands in south-eastern Guinea
near the Sierra Leone border.
IMPORTANT COASTS
• Grain Coast – Sierra Leone and Liberia
• Ivory Coast – Cote’d Ivory
• Gold Coast – Ghana
• Slave Coast – Benin and Nigeria
IMPORTANT ISLANDS OF AFRICA
Madagascar
World's second-largest island country, after Indonesia.
The nation consists of the island Madagascar of (the
fourth-largest island in the world)
Mauritius
Location: It is an island nation in the Indian Ocean.
Seychelles
It is an archipelagic island country consisting of 115
islands in Indian Ocean at the eastern edge of Somali Sea.
Reunion
It is an island in the Indian Ocean that is an overseas department and region of France .
Réunion is an outermost region of the European Union and is part of the eurozone.
Zanzibar
It is an insular autonomous region of Tanzania.
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Canary Island
They are a Spanish archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean,
in a region known as Macaronesia.
Saint Helena
It is a British Overseas Territory located in the South
Atlantic
LAKES IN AFRICA
Lake Victoria
Africa's largest lake by area, world's largest tropical lake, and world's
2ndlargest fresh water lake by surface area after Lake Superior in
North America.
Surrounded by: Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania.
Lake Tanganyika
It is the world's longest freshwater lake.
The Lake is Shared Between Four Countries: Tanzania, the
Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Burundi, and Zambia.
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L. Malawi
Location: It is the southernmost lake in the East African Rift system, located between Malawi, Mozambique
and Tanzania.
Lake Turkana
Old Name/Location: Lake Rudolf, is a lake in the Kenyan Rift Valley
Special Feature: It is the world's largest permanent desert lake and the world's largest alkaline lake.
Countries: Ethiopia and Kenya
DESERTS
Sahara Desert
It Covers Large Parts Of: Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Mauritania,
Chad, Mali, Morocco, Niger, Western Sahara, Sudan and
Tunisia.
Largest hot desert in the world and 3rd largest desert
overall, smaller only than the deserts of Antarctica and
northern Arctic.
Kalahari Desert
It is a large semi-arid sandy
savannah in Southern
Africa.
It Covers: Botswana, and
parts of Namibia and
South Africa.
Namib Desert
Location: It is a coastal
desert in Southern Africa.
Countries Covered:
Angola, Namibia, and
South Africa
Nubian Desert
It is in the eastern region
of the Sahara Desert.
VELDS
It is a type of wide-open
rural landscape in
Southern Africa.
Particularly, it is a flat
area covered in grass or
low scrub, especially in
the countries of South Africa, Lesotho, Eswatini, Zimbabwe and Botswana
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EUROPE
Scandinavian Countries: Finland, Norway, Sweden,
Denmark, Iceland
Baltic Countries: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania
United Kingdom: England, Scotland, Wales,
Northern Ireland
Britain: England, Scotland, Wales
MOUNTAINS OF EUROPE
Scandinavian Mountains
Extends From: Finland through Sweden, Norway and the
British Isles to Iceland.
Northern Part: Fenno Scandinavian shield.
Highest Peak: Galdhopiggen in South.
Alps
Highest and most extensive mountain range system that lies
entirely in Europe.
Spreads Across: (from west to east): France, Switzerland,
Liechtenstein, Germany, Austria, Slovenia and Italy.
Pyrenees
Location: Mountain Ranges straddling the border of France
and Spain.
Highest Point: Maximum altitude of 3,404 metres at
the peak of Aneto.
Role of Andorra: For the most part, it forms a divide
between Spain and France, with microstate of
Andorra sandwiched in between.
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Caucasus Mountains
It is a mountain range at the intersection of Asia and Europe.
Stretching between: Black Sea and Caspian Sea.
Surrounded by: Caucasus region.
Home To : Mount Elbrus, the highest peak in Europe at 5,642
metres above sea level.
Apennine Mountains
Mountain range consisting of parallel smaller chains
extending along the length peninsular Italy.
Balkan Mountains
The Balkan Mountain range, known locally also as Stara
planina, is a mountain range in the eastern part of the Balkan
Peninsula in South eastern Europe.
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