Heat Transfer and Mass Transfer

Department of Chemical Engineering

Kombolcha Institute of Technology (KioT)

Wollo University

By: Yonas D. (MSc.)

4/22/2024 Heat Transfer 1
CHAPTER - ONE

1. Introduction
TRANSPORT PHENOMENA

• Includes three closely related topics:

Fluid dynamics involves the transport of momentum
Heat transfer deals with the transport of energy
Mass transfer concerned with the transport of mass
of various chemical species
• The molecular mechanisms underlying the various transport
phenomena are very closely related.
• All materials are made up of molecules, and the same molecular
motions and interactions are responsible for viscosity, thermal
conductivity, and diffusion.

3
 HEAT TRANSFER AND THERMODYNAMICS

• Energy can be transferred by interactions of a system with its

surroundings. These interactions are called work and heat.

• Heat Transfer deals with the determination of the rates of such energy
transfers as well as variation of temperature.

• Thermodynamics deals with the end states of the process during

which an interaction occurs and provides no information concerning the
nature of the interaction or the time rate at which it occurs.

• Thermodynamics is concerned with the amount of heat transfer as a

system undergoes a process from one equilibrium state to another.

• The objective of this course is to extend thermodynamic analysis

through the study of the modes of heat transfer and through the
4
development of relations to calculate heat transfer rates.
 HEAT TRANSFER
• Heat transfer (or heat) is thermal energy in transit
due to a spatial temperature difference.
• Heat: The form of energy that can be transferred
from one system to another as a result of
temperature difference.
• The transfer of energy as heat is always from the
higher-temperature medium to the lower-
temperature one.
• Heat transfer stops when the two mediums reach
the same temperature.

5
 Cont…d

• Heat always moves from a warmer place to a cooler place.

• Hot objects in a cooler room will cool to room temperature.
• Cold objects in a warmer room will heat up to room
temperature.
Historical Background
Kinetic theory: Treats molecules as tiny balls
that are in motion and thus possess kinetic
energy.
Heat: The energy associated with the random
motion of atoms and molecules.
Caloric theory: Heat is a fluid like substance
called the caloric that is a massless, colorless,
odorless, and tasteless substance that can be
poured from one body into another

It was only in the middle of the nineteenth century

that we had a true physical understanding of the

nature of heat.
Careful experiments of the Englishman James P.
Joule published in 1843 convinced the skeptics
that heat was not a substance after all, and thus
put the caloric theory to rest. 7
Heat Transfer supplements the First and Second Laws of
thermodynamics, with additional rules to analyze the Energy Transfer
RATES.
8
 HEAT AND OTHER FORMS OF ENERGY
• Energy can exist in numerous forms such as:
thermal,
mechanical,
kinetic,
potential, electrical,
magnetic,
chemical,
nuclear.

• Their sum constitutes the total energy E (or e on a unit mass basis) of a system.
• The sum of all microscopic forms of energy is called the internal energy of a
system.

9
 HEAT AND OTHER FORMS OF ENERGY

• Internal energy: May be viewed as the sum of the kinetic and potential
energies of the molecules.
• Sensible heat: The kinetic energy of the molecules.
• Latent heat: The internal energy associated with the phase of a system.
• Chemical (bond) energy: The internal energy associated with the atomic
bonds in a molecule.
• Nuclear energy: The internal energy associated with the bonds within the
nucleus of the atom itself.

What is thermal energy?

What is the difference between
thermal energy and heat?

10
Application Areas of Heat Transfer

11
 Heat Transfer Methods

There are three modes of heat transfer

1. Conduction: Occurs due to thermal gradient across
stationary medium (solid or fluid)
2. Convection: Occurs due to temperature difference between a
surface and a moving fluid
3. Radiation(thermal): Heat transfer by radiation is the transfer of
heat through electromagnetic waves.
 CONDUCTION
Conduction: The transfer of energy from the more energetic particles of a
substance to the adjacent less energetic ones as a result of interactions
between the particles.
In gases and liquids, conduction is due to the collisions and diffusion of the
molecules during their random motion.
In solids, it is due to the combination of vibrations of the molecules in a
lattice and the energy transport by free electrons.
 Cont…d

When you heat a metal strip at one end, the heat travels to the other
end.

As you heat the metal, the particles vibrate, these vibrations make
the adjacent particles vibrate, and so on and so on, the vibrations are
passed along the metal and so is the heat. We call this?
Conduction
Metals are different

lectrons of metal atoms drift, and

The outer e______
are free to move.

When the metal is heated, this

inetic
‘sea of electrons’ gain k_____
energy and transfer it
throughout the metal.

Insulators, such as w__ood and p____,

lastic do not have this ‘sea
of electrons’ which is why they do not conduct heat as well as
metals.
 Why does metal feel colder than wood, if they are both
at the same temperature?

Metal is a conductor, wood is an insulator. Metal conducts the heat

away from your hands. Wood does not conduct the heat away from
your hands as well as the metal, so the wood feels warmer than the
metal.
Convection
What happens to the particles in a liquid or a gas when you
heat them?
The particles spread out and
become less dense.

This effects fluid movement.

What is a fluid? A liquid or gas.

Fluid movement

Cooler, more d____,

ense fluids sink
through w_____,
armer less dense fluids.

In effect, warmer liquids and gases

r___
ise up.

Cooler liquids and gases s___.

ink
 Water movement

Cools at the Convection

surface current

Cooler water Hot water rises

sinks
Cold air sinks

Where is the Freezer

freezer compartment
compartment put in
a fridge?

It is warmer at
the bottom, so
this warmer air
It is put at the top,
rises and a
because cool air
convection
sinks, so it cools the
current is set up.
food on the way
down.
 RADIATION

How does heat energy get from

the Sun to the Earth?
There are no particles between the Sun
and the Earth so it CANNOT travel by
conduction or by convection.

RADIATION
?
4/22/2024 Heat and Mass trnansfer 22
CHAPTER - TWO
2. Conduction
Steady state conduction through constant
area
Energy Transfer
Energy can be transferred to or from a given mass when is constant:
by two mechanisms: heat transfer and work.
Heat transfer rate: The amount of heat transferred
per unit time.
Heat flux: The rate of heat transfer per unit area
normal to the direction of heat transfer.

25
The rate of heat conduction through a plane layer is
proportional to the temperature difference across
the layer and the heat transfer area, but is inversely
proportional to the thickness of the layer.

In heat conduction
analysis, A represents the Heat conduction
area normal to the through a large plane
direction of heat transfer. wall of thickness x
and area A.
26
 When x → 0
Fourier’s law of heat
conduction

Thermal conductivity, k: A measure of the ability

of a material to conduct heat.
Temperature gradient dT/dx: The slope of the
temperature curve on a T-x diagram.
Heat is conducted in the direction of decreasing
temperature, and the temperature gradient
becomes negative when temperature decreases
with increasing x.
The negative sign in the equation ensures that heat
transfer in the positive x direction is a positive
quantity.

The rate of heat conduction through a solid is directly

proportional to its thermal conductivity. 27
 Thermal Conductivity
Thermal conductivity: The rate
of heat transfer through a unit
thickness of the material per unit
area per unit temperature
difference.
A high value for thermal
conductivity indicates that the
material is a good heat conductor,
and a low value indicates that the
material is a poor heat conductor A simple experimental setup to
determine the thermal
or insulator. conductivity of a material.

28
The range of thermal conductivity of various materials at room temperature.
29
• The thermal conductivities of gases such as The mechanisms of
air vary by a factor of 104 from those of pure heat conduction in
metals such as copper. different phases of a
• Pure crystals and metals have the highest substance.
thermal conductivities, and gases and
insulating materials the lowest.

30
The variation of the thermal conductivity of various solids, liquids, and
gases with temperature.

31
 Thermal Diffusivity
 Thermal diffusivity, m2/s: Represents how
fast heat diffuses through a material.
cp Specific heat, J/kg · °C: Heat capacity per
unit mass.
cp Heat capacity, J/m3·°C: Heat capacity
per unit volume.

• A material that has a high thermal conductivity

or a low heat capacity will obviously have a
large thermal diffusivity.
• The larger the thermal diffusivity, the faster the
propagation of heat into the medium.
• A small value of thermal diffusivity means that
heat is mostly absorbed by the material and a
small amount of heat is conducted further.
32
 Steady versus Transient Heat Transfer

• Steady implies no change with time at any

point within the medium

• Transient implies variation with time or time

dependence

• In the special case of variation with time but

not with position, the temperature of the
medium changes uniformly with time. Such
heat transfer systems are called lumped
systems.

33