EXPERIMENT NO.
AIM:- Setting Up Fiber Optic Analog Link.
Lab Outcome:-Apply setting up analog & Digital optical fiber waveguide to find fiber parameters and
Numerical Aperture (NA) in optical fiber.
Date of Performance: - 14-01-2025
Date of Submission: - 28-01-2025
Implementation Understanding Punctuality & Discipline Total Marks
(05) (05) (05) (15)
Practical Incharge
12
EXPERIMENT NO. 1
AIM: Setting Up Fiber Optic Analog Link.
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this experiment is to study a 650nm fiber optic analog
link. In this experiment you will study the relationship between the input signal and
received signal.
THEORY: Fiber optic links can be used for transmission of digital as well as analog signals.
Basically, a fiber optic link contains three main elements, transmitter, an optical fiber, and a receiver.
The transmitter module takes the input signals in electrical form and then transforms it into optical
(light) energy containing the same information. The optical fiber is the medium, which takes the
energy to the receiver.
TRANSMITTER: Fiber optic transmitters are typically composed of a buffer, driver, and optical
source. The Buffer provides both an electrical connection and isolation between the transmitter & the
electrical system supplying the data. The driver provides electricity to the optical source. Finally, the
optical source converts the electrical current to the light energy with the same pattern. Commonly
used optical sources are light emitting diodes (LED’s) and laser beam. Simple LED circuits, for
digital and analog transmissions are shown below.
Fig 1.1 Trans Conductance Drive circuit
Fig 1. shows trans-conductance drive circuits for analog transmission-common emitter configuration.
The Transmission section comprises of:
1. Function Generator.
2. Frequency Modulator.
3. Pulse Width Modulator Block.
The function generator generates the input signals that are going to be used as information ‘to transmit
through the optic link.’ The output voltage available is 1 KHz sinusoidal signal of adjustable amplitude, and
fixed amplitude 1 KHz square wave signal. The modulator section accepts the information signals and
converts it into suitable form for transmission through the fiber optic link.
THE FIBER OPTIC LINK: Emitter and Detector circuits on board form the fiber optic link. This section
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Provides the light source for the optic fiber and the light detector at the far end of the fiber optic links. The
optic fiber plugs into the connectors provided in this part of the board. Two separate links are provided.
THE RECEIVER: The Comparator Circuit, low pass filter, phase lock loop, AC amplifier circuits
form receiver on the board. It can undo the modulation process in order to recover the original
information signal. In this experiment the trainer board is used to illustrate one - way communication
between digital transmitter and receiver circuits.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect The Power supply to the board.
2. Ensure that all switched faults are in normal position.
3. Make The Following Connections (as shown in diagram 1).
4. Connecting 1 kHz sine wave output to emitter input.
5. Connect the 1 meter OF cable between emitter output and detector input.
6. Detector output to AC Amplifier input.
7. On the board, the switch emitter drives to analog mode.
8. Switch ON the power.
9. Observed Input Emitter(TP5) with the output from AC amplifier(TP19) and
note that the two signals are the same
OBSERVATIONS :
For L = 1m INPUT (Volts) OUTPUT (Volts)
1V 0.9V
2V 1.9V
2.1V 2.1V
For L = 2m INPUT (Volts) OUTPUT (Volts)
0.5V 0.3V
1V 0.8V
2V 1.8V
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Fig 1.2
CONCLUSION: We have performed the experiment and come to know that the length of optical fiber is
directly proportional to signal loss. As its length increases its loss increases.
15
EXPERIMENT NO. 3
AIM: Measurement of Numerical Aperture
Lab Outcome:-Apply setting up analog & Digital optical fiber waveguide to find fiber parameters and
Numerical Aperture (NA) in optical fiber.
Date of Performance: - 28-01-2025
Date of Submission:- 04-02-2025
Implementation Understanding Punctuality & Discipline Total Marks
(05) (05) (05) (15)
Practical Incharge
20
EXPERIMENT NO. 3
.
AIM: - Measurement of Numerical Aperture
OBJECTIVE: - The theory of this experiment is to measure to the numerical Aperture (NA) of the
fiber.
THEORY: Numerical aperture refers to the maximum angle at which the light incident on the
fiber end is totally internally reflected and is transmitted properly along the fiber. The cone
formed by the rotation of this angle along the axis of the fiber is the cone of acceptance of the
fiber. The light ray should strike the fiber end within its cone of acceptance else it is refracted out
of the fiber.
CONSIDERATION IN NA MEASUREMENT: It is very important that the optical source
should be properly aligned with the cable and the distance from the launched point and cable be
properly selected to ensure that the maximum amount optical power is transferred to the cable.
EQUIPMENT: Numerical aperture measurement jig.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect power supply to the board.
2. Connect the frequency generator’s 1 KHz sine wave output to input of emitter circuit.
Adjust the amplitude at 5V p-p.
3. Connect one end of fiber cable to the output socket of emitter circuit and the other end
to the numerical aperture measurement jig. Hold the white screen facing the fiber
such that its cut face is perpendicular to the axis of the fiber.
4. Hold the white screen with 4 concentric circles (10-, 15-, 20- & 25-mm diameter)
vertically at a suitable distance to make the red spot from the fiber coincided with
10mm circle.
5. Record the distances of screen from the fiber end L and note the diameter W of the
spot.
6. Compute the numerical aperture from the formula given below:
NA = W =Sin θ max (acceptance angle)
√4𝐿2 + 𝑊2
7. Vary the distance between in screen and fiber optic cable and make it
coincide with one of the concentric circles. Note its distance.
8. Tabulate the various distances and diameter of the circles made on the white
screen and computes the numerical aperture from the formula given above.
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Fig. 3.1
OBSERVATIONS:
L =1 m
Sr. Concentric
No Circles W(cm) L(cm)
1 First Circle 1.0 0.8
2 Second Circle 1.5 1.7
3 Third Circle 2.0 2.3
4 Fourth Circle 2.5 3.0
L= 2 m
Sr. Concentric
No Circles W(cm) L(cm)
1 First Circle 1.0 0.8
Second Circle
2 1.5 1.6
3
Third Circle 2.0 2.8
4
Fourth Circle 2.5 4.5
RESULT: Numerical Aperture: = 0.499
Maximum acceptance angle: θ = sin (0.499) = 29.9º
CONCLUSION: We have performed the experiment and calculated the Numerical Aperture
theoretically and practically. It is below the range that it should have.
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EXPERIMENT NO. 2
AIM:- Setting up fiber optic digital link
Lab Outcome:-Apply setting up analog & Digital optical fiber waveguide to find fiber parameters and
Numerical Aperture (NA) in optical fiber.
Date of Performance:- 14-01-2025
Date of Submission:- 28-01-2025
Implementation Understanding Punctuality & Discipline Total Marks
(05) (05) (05) (15)
Practical In charge
EXPERIMENT NO. 2
AIM: Setting up fiber optic digital link
OBJECTIVE:
The objective of this experiment is to study a 650nm fiber optic digital link. In this experiment you
will study the relationship between the input signal and received signal.
THEORY:
Fiber optic links can be used for transmission of digital as well as analog signals. Basically, a fiber
optic link contains three main elements, transmitter, an optical fiber, and a receiver. The transmitter
module takes the input signals in electrical form and then transforms it into optical (light) energy
containing the same information. The optical fiber is the medium, which takes the energy to the
receiver. At the receiver light is converted back into electrical form with the same pattern as
originally led to the transmitter.
Fig. 2.1
Fig.2.1 shows a simple drive circuit for binary digital transmission consisting of a common
emitter saturation switch
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the power supply to the board.
2. Ensure that all switched faults are in normal position.
3. Make The Following Connections(as shown in diagram2).
a. Connect the FG 1kHz square wave output emitter input.
b. Connect The 1meter fiber optic cable between emitter output and detector input.
c. Detectors output to comparators input.
d. Comparators output to AC amplifier input.
4. On the board, switch the emitter's driver to digital mode. Switch on the power.
5. Monitor both the inputs to comparator(TP9&TP10).Slowly adjust the
comparators bias pot, until DC Level on the input (TP9) lies midway
between the high and low level of the signal on the positive input (TP11).
6. Observed the input to emitter (TP5) with the output from AC amplifier
(TP19) and note that the two signals are same.
OBSERVATIONS:
For L = 1m INPUT (Volts) OUTPUT (Volts)
1v 0.9 v
For L = 2m INPUT (Volts) OUTPUT (Volts)
1v 0.8 v
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Fig 2.2
CONCLUSION: we have performed setting up fiber optic digital link .We
observed the input to emitter (TP5) with the output from AC amplifier (TP19)
and note that the two signals are same.
EXPERIMENT NO. 4
AIM:- Study of Intensity Modulation Technique using (A) Analog Input Signal
Lab Outcome:-Apply transmission characteristics to find losses in optical fiber link intensity modulation
technique.
Date of Performance:- 04/02/2025
Date of Submission:- 18/02/2025
Implementation Understanding Punctuality & Discipline Total Marks
(05) (05) (05) (15)
Practical In charge
22
EXPERIMENT NO. 4 (A)
AIM: Study of Intensity Modulation Technique using (A) Analog Input Signal
OBJECTIVE: Study of Intensity Modulation Technique using Analog Input Signal
The objective of this experiment is to obtain intensity modulation of the analog signal, transmit
it over a fiber optic cable and demodulate the same at the receiver and to get back the original
signal.
THEORY:
MODULATION:
In order to transmit information via an optical fiber communication system it is necessary to
modulated property of the light with the information signal. This property may be intensity,
frequency, and phase with either digital or analog signals. The choices are indicated by the
characteristics of optical fiber, the available optical sources and detectors and considerations of
the overall system.
INTENSITYMODULATION:
In this system the information signal is used to control the Intensity of the source. At the far
end, the variation in the amplitude of the received signal is used to recover the original
information signal.
Fig 4.1
The audio input signal is used to control the current through an LED which in turn controls the
light output. The light is conveyed to the detector 1circuit by optic fiber. The detector is a
phototransistor that converts the incoming light to a small current which follows through a series
resistor. This gives rise to a voltage whose amplitude is controlled by the received light intensity.
The voltage is now amplified within the detector circuit and if necessary, amplified further by
amplifier circuit.
THE ANALOG BIAS VOLTAGE:
There are two problems using amplitude modulation with an analog signal. The first is to do with
the signal itself.
Fig4.2
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If you glance at the figure, you will see that analog waveform moves positive & negative of the
zero line. The second problem is that it is the shape of the waveform that carries the
information. Ideally The emitter characteristic would be a straight line. Even so we would lose
the negative going half cycle as shown:
Fig 4.3
The answer is to superimpose the sinusoidal signal on positive voltage called the bias voltage so
that both halves of the incoming signal influence the light intensity. The combination of linear
characteristic would be ideal but the real characteristic is not completely straight. However, it
does have a straight section that we can use if we employ a suitable value of bias voltage. Fig
shows ideal and practical situations.
Fig 4.4
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PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the power supply to the board.
2. Make the following connections (as shown indiagram3).
a. Connect output marked 1KHz sine wave to input of emitter.
b. Plug in the 1meter fiber optic link from output of emitter LED to the photo
-transistor of the detector.
c. Detector output ( TP8 ) to input of amplifierTP18.
3. In the emitter block switch the mode select to analog.
4. Turn the1KHz pot in function generator block to fully clockwise (maximum amplitude)
position .
5. Switch ON the power supply.
6. With the help of dual trace oscilloscope observed the input signal at emitter ( TP5
).Also, observe the output from the detector. It should carry a smaller version of
theoriginal1KHzsinewave,illustrate in that the modulated light beam has been reconverted
back into an electrical signal.
7. The output from the detector is further amplified by the AC amplifier.This
amplifier increases amplitude of the received signal, and removes the DC
component, which is present at detectors output. Monitor the output of
amplifier(TP19) and adjust the gain pot until the monitored signal has same
amplitude as that applied to emitter input(TP5).
8. While monitoring the output of amplifier(TP19) change the amplitude of
modulating sine wave by varying the1KHz pot in the function generator
block. Note that as expected, the amplitude of the output signal changes.
Fig 4.5
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OBSERVATIONS:
For L = 1m:-
INPUT (FUNCTION GENERATOR) OUTPUT (AC AMPLITUDE)
1v 0.96v
2v 1.92v
For L = 2m:-
INPUT (FUNCTION GENERATOR) OUTPUT (AC AMPLITUDE)
1v 0.72v
2v 1.52v
CONCLUSION: In this experiment ,we conduct a comprehensive study of intensity modulation(IM) technique
using an analog input signal, a fundamental concept in optical communication system. By modulation the
intensity of a light source with an analog input signal, we investigation the principal and characteristics of analog
signal transmission over optical fibers.
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EXPERIMENT NO. 4 (B)
AIM: Study of Intensity Modulation Technique using (B) Digital Input Signal.
OBJECTIVE:
The objective of this experiment is to obtain intensity modulation of digital signal, transmit it over
fiber optic cable and demodulate the same at the receiver end to get back the original signal.
THEORY :
DIGITAL MODULATION :
With digital modulation, discrete changes in light intensity are obtained (i.e. ON - OFF pulses) fig.
24 shows a block schematic of a typical digital optic fiber link.
Initially input digital signal from the information signal is suitably encoded for optical transmission.
The LED drive circuit directly modulates the intensity of the light with encoded digital signal. Hence, a
digital optical signal is launched into the optical fiber cable. An amplifier provides gain, follows the
phototransistor used as detector. Finally the signal obtained is decoded to give the original digital
information.
DIGITAL BIAS VOLTAGE :
In case of a digital signal the only information which needs to be conveyed is the ON State & OFF
state. The digital input signal is entirely positive going as shown in fig. 25.
So, there is no negative part of the signal, to be lost and further more any distortion due to non
Linearity of the characteristic is of no importance. All we need to know is whether the signal is
ON or OFF.
There is no need therefore to generate a bias voltage. When amplitude modulation is used with a
digital input we employ a comparator at the receiving end of the fiber to make waveform square
again called ‘cleaning it up’.
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PROCEDURE :
1. Connect the power supply to the board.
2. Make the following connections ( as shown in diagram 4 ).
a. Connect the 1KHz square wave socket in function generator block to emitter input.
b. Connect an optic fiber link between emitter output & detector input with the help of
connector provided.
c. Detector output to comparators non - inverting (+ ve) input.
3. Switch the mode switch in emitter block to digital mode. This ensures that signal applied to the
driver’s input causes the emitter LED to switch quickly between ON & OFF states.
4. Examine the output of detector ( TP5 ) on an oscilloscope. This 1KHz square wave will now be
used to amplitude modulate the emitter LED.
5. Examine the output of detector ( TP8 ). This should carry a smaller version of digital 1KHz square
wave illustrating that the modulated light beam has been reconverted back into an electrical
signal.
6. Monitor both inputs to comparator at ( TP9 & TP10 ) and slowly adjust the comparator bias preset
until the DC level on the negative input ( TP9 ) lies between the high & low level of the signal on
the positive input ( TP10 ). This DC level is comparator’s threshold level.
7.Examine the output of comparator at ( TP11 ) and note that the original digital modulating signal
has been reconstructed at the receiver.
8.Once again carefully flex the fiber optic cable, we can see that there is no change in output on
bending the fiber. The output amplitude is now independent of the bend radius of the cable and
that of the length of cable, provided that detector output signal is large enough to cross the
comparator threshold level. This illustrates one of the advantages of amplitude modulation of
light beam by digital rather than analog means.
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Also, non - linearity within the emitter LED & phototransistor causing distortion of the signal at the
receiver output are disadvantages associated with amplitude modulating a light source by analog means.
Not a problem if the light beam is switched ON & OFF with a digital signal, since the detector output is
simply squared up by a comparator circuit. To overcome problems associated with amplitude
modulation of a light beam by analog means, analog signals are often used to vary or modulate some
characteristics of a digital signal ( e.g. freq. or pulse width ). The digital signal is being used to switch
the light beam ON & OFF. The next two experiments illustrate how an analog signal can be used to
modulate two specific characteristic of a digital signal.
OBSERVATIONS:
For L = 1m:-
INPUT (FUNCTION GENERATOR) OUTPUT (AC AMPLITUDE)
2v 0.86v
For L = 2m:-
INPUT (FUNCTION GENERATOR) OUTPUT (AC AMPLITUDE)
2v 0.86v
Conclusion:In this experiment ,we conduct a comprehensive study of intensity modulation(IM) technique using an
Digital input signal, a fundamental concept in optical communication system. By modulation the intensity of a light
source with an analog input signal, we investigation the principal and characteristics of analog signal transmission over
optical fiber.
29
EXPERIMENT NO. 5
AIM:- Setting of Propagation & Bending Loss in Optical Fiber
Lab Outcome:-Apply transmission characteristics to find losses in optical fiber link intensity modulation
technique.
Date of Performance:- 18-02-2025
Date of Submission:- 25-02-2025
Implementation Understanding Punctuality & Discipline Total Marks
(05) (05) (05) (15)
Practical In charge
30
EXPERIMENT NO. 5
AIM: Setting of Propagation & Bending Loss in Optical Fiber
OBJECTIVE:
The Objective this experiment is to measure propagation or attenuation loss in optical fiber.
A. SETTING OF PROPAGATION IN OPTICAL FIBER
THEORY:
Attenuation is loss of power. During transit light pulses lose some of their photons, thus reducing
their amplitude. Attenuation for a fiber is usually specified in decibels per km. For commercially
available fibers attenuation ranges from 1 dB / Km for premium small - core glass fibers to over
2000 dB / Km in common usage, discussions of loss omit the negative sign. The basic measurement
for loss in a fiber is made by taking the logarithmic ratio of the input power (Pi) to the output power
(Po).
α(dB) =10 log10(Po/Pi) Where α is loss in dB/ meter.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the power supply to board.
2. Make the following connections (as shown in diagram 4).
a. Function generators 1 KHz sine wave output to Input socket of emitter circuit via
4mm lead.
b. Connect 1 meter optic fiber between emitter output & detectors input.
c. Connect detect or output to amplifier input socket via 4mm lead.
3. Switch ON the power supply.
4. Set the oscilloscope channel 1 to 0.5V/Div and adjust 4-6 div amplitude by using X1 probe
with the help of a variable pot in the function generator block at input of the emitter.
5. Observe the output signal from detector (TP8) on CRO.
6. Adjust the amplitude of the received signal as that of transmitted one with the help of gain
adjusts pot in AC amplifier block. Note this amplitude and name it V1.
7. Now replace the previous 1-meter FO cable with 5-meter previous setting.
8. Measure the amplitude at the receiver side again at output of amplifier socket (TP19).Note
this value end name it V2. Calculate the propagation (attenuation) loss with the help of the
following formula.
-α
V1/ V2 =e (L1+L2), Where α is loss in Nepers / meters
1Neper = 8.686 db.
L1 = Length of shorter cable (1m).
L2 = Length of longer cable (5m).
31
OBSERVATIONS:
For L = 1m:-
INPUT (FUNCTION GENERATOR) OUTPUT (AC AMPLITUDE)
2v 1.8v
For L = 2m:-
INPUT (FUNCTION GENERATOR) OUTPUT (AC AMPLITUDE)
2v 1.87v
CONCLUSION:In this experiment we have examined the propagation loss .we have understood the
connections and performed the experiment and got the output.
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B. SETTING OF BENDING LOSS IN OPTICAL FIBER
THEORY:
Whenever the condition for angle of incidence of the incident light is violated, the losses are
introduced due to refraction of light. This occurs when fiber is subjected to bending. Lower the
radius of curvature more is the loss.
PROCEDURE:
1. Repeat all the steps from 1 to 6 of the previous experiment 7 using 1 m cable.
2. Wind the 1meter FO cable on the mandrel and observe the corresponding AC amplifier
output on CRO. It will be gradually reducing showing loss due to bends (as shown in fig.
30 & diagram 8).
Fig 5.1
Fig 5.2
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OBSERVATIONS:
Input(v) No of turns Output(v)
2v 1 1.6v
2v 2 1.5v
2v 3 1.4v
Input(v) No of turns Output(v)
2v 2 1.6v
2v 4 1.5v
2v 6 1.4v
CONCLUSION:In this experiment we have examined the bending loss .we have understood the connections
and performed the experiment and got the output.we used mantel as a tool to check bending loss.
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