Trigonometry
- The word “Trigonometry” comes from the Greek words “Trigonon” [triangle] and
“Metron” [to measure].
- Hipparchus of Nicaea (Greek city) is considered as the father of Trigonometry.
I. Types of Triangles
Based on sides Based on angles
Scalene Triangle Acute Triangle
No sides are equal If all 0 0<θ <900 , these angles are called acute
angles.
Isosceles Triangle Obtuse Triangle
Only 2 sides are equal If there is one angle greater than 90 0
Equilateral Triangle Right Triangle
All sides are equal If there is an angle equal to 90 0
II. The Trigonometric Ratios
mnemonics: SOH CAH TOA CHO SHA CAO
Note: Trigonometric Ratios is only applicable on Right Triangle
3 Trig. ratios Inverse of Trig. ratios
Opp Hyp
sin θ= csc θ=
Hyp Opp
Adj Hyp
cos θ= sec θ=
Hyp Adj
Opp Adj
tanθ= cot θ=
Adj Opp
Things to consider!!!
Angle of Elevation and Angle of Depression
Sample Illustration
Example Application
1. From a point 80m from the base of a tower, the angle of elevation is 280 .How tall is the tower?
Solution Opp
tanθ= We use tangent because in the problem,
Adj
the tower is the opposite side of the angle of elevation
0
28 and the adjacent side 80 meters is given.
Opp
tan ( 28 )=
0
80 m ¿Opp ≈ 42.5 m
80 m
Hence, the height of the tower is 42.5 meters
III. Evaluating Trig. functions given a point
Sample Exercise
Given the point (-4,3), find the 6 trig. functions
Solutions
x = -4, y = 3
y x
sin θ= , cos θ= 3
r r r =√ (−4 )2+(3)2=5sin θ=
5
y r 5
tanθ= , csc θ= csc θ=
x y 3
−4 −4 5
r x cos θ= = sec θ=¿− ¿
sec θ= , cot θ= 5 5 4
x y
2 2 2
r =x + y
IV. Key Concepts
1. Angle in standard position - If its vertex is located at the origin, formed by terminal side and initial side where
initial side extends along the positive x-axis.
2. Coterminal Angles - angles in standard position that share initial side (positive x-axis) and a terminal side.
Note: Any angle has infinitely many coterminal angles.
Example: Which of the following is coterminal of 40 0?
a. 3600 b. 400 0 c. 420 0 d. 7800
Technique using coterminal verification formula
x−θ
The coterminal of θ is given by =¿ any Integer
360
where x is the options and θ is the given angle
a. x=360 0 b. x=4000
360−40 8 400−40
= =1 0
hence, 400 is one of the coterminal angle of 40
0
.
360 9 360
3. Reference Angle
The reference angle is the smallest possible angle made by the terminal side of the given angle with the x-axis.
Examples
1. What is the reference angle of 1200 ?
ans: 600
2. What is the reference angle of 3150 ?
ans: 45 0
4. Quadrantal angles – Angles in standard position whose terminal side lies on any axis.
Quadrantal angles: 0 0 , 900 , 1800 , 2700 ,360 0 , 4500 ,…
V. Conversion of angles (Degree to radian and radian to degree)
Note: π=180 0
Examples
2
1. Degree to Radian: Convert 1200 to radian 2. Radian to Degree: Convert π to degrees
3
Solution:
Solution:
π 2
120 ∙ = π 2 180 360 0
180 3 π∙ = =120
3 π 3
VI. Graph of Trig. Functions
Characteristics
General form: a. Amplitude: A = ¿ A∨¿
1. Y = A sin ( Bx−c ) + D 2π
b. Period: P=
¿ B∨¿ ¿
c. Phase Shift: ( Bx−c )=0
d. Midline (Vertical Shift): Y = D
2. Y = A cos ( Bx−c )+ D Characteristics
a. Amplitude: A = ¿ A∨¿
2π
b. Period: P=
¿ B∨¿ ¿
c. Phase Shift: ( Bx−c )=0
d. Midline (Vertical Shift): Y = D
Example: a. Amplitude: A = | A|→ 2
(
Y =2cos x +
3π
4
+1 ) b. Period: P=
2π
¿ B∨¿ → 2 π ¿
3π −3 π 3 π
c. Phase Shift: ( Bx−c )=0 → x + =0= ∨ ¿
4 4 4
3. Y = A tan ( Bx−c )+ D
Characteristics
π
a. Vertical Asymptotes: x= +nπ , wheren is an integer
2
π
b. Period:
¿ B∨¿ ¿
4. Y = A csc ( Bx−c ) + D
Characteristics
2π
a. Period: P=
¿ B∨¿ ¿
5. Y = A sec ( Bx−c ) + D
Characteristics
2π
a. Period: P=
¿ B∨¿ ¿
6. Y = A cot ( Bx−c ) + D
Characteristics
a. Vertical Asymptotes: x=nπ , where n is an integer
π
b. Period:
¿ B∨¿ ¿
VII. Trig. Identities
Double angle Identities
Reciprocal Identities Power – Reducing Formula
1
csc θ=
sin θ 2 1−cos 2θ
sin θ=
1 2
sec θ=
cos θ 2 1+ sin2 θ
cos θ cos θ=
cot θ= 2
sinθ
VIII. Law of Sines and Cosines
Note: law of sine and cosine are applicable on any triangle
Law of Sines Law of Cosines
sin A sin B sin C 2 2 2
a =b +c −2 bc cos A
= =
a b c
2 2 2
b =a +c −2 ac cos B
2 2 2
c =a + b −2 ab cos C
When to use law of sine and law of cosine
1. Law of sine is used if we want to measure the angles or sides of a triangle. Provided that the given triangle
have at least 1 non-included angle and 2 sides given or 2 angles and 1 side are given.
2. Law of cosine is used when the measures of two sides and an included angle are known or 3 sides are known.
IX. The Unit Circle
Unit circle is a circle whose center is at the origin and has a radius of 1 unit. Unit circle is primarily use in
evaluating trig. functions that involves special angles.
sin θ= y
cos θ=x
y 1
tanθ= csc θ=
x y
1
sec θ=
x
x
cot θ=
y
Example
Evaluate:
−√ 3
1 y 2
0
1. sin 150 = y=¿
0
2. tan240 = = = √3
2 x −1
2
X. Inverse Trig. functions
Examples
1 Solve 2. Find θ if tan θ=1 3. Find θif csc θ=2
Solve 1. Find θ if cos θ= 2
sssss Solution Solution
sssss Solution
tanθ=1 θ=tan−1 (1)
1 −1 1 1 by inverse
cos θ= θ=cos ( ) csc θ=2sin θ=
2 2 2
trig. ratio
−1 1
θ=sin ( ¿ )¿θ=300
2
XI. Areas of Triangles
a. Right Triangle b. Non – right Triangle (Given 2 sides and included angle)
1
A= ab sin C
2
1
A= BH
2
c. Equilateral Triangle d. Area of Scalene Triangle (Given all sides)
A=√ S (S−a)(S−b)(S−c )
a+ b+c
Where Semi- perimeter S=
2
XII. Angle between hour and minute hand
θ=¿
11
2
M −30 H |
Example
Find the angle between the hour and minute hand at 1:30
Solution
11
θ=¿ ( 30 )−30 ( 1 ) ∨¿ θ=¿ 1350
2
XIII. Direction number and Direction angle
Given: X =(l 1 , m1 , n1) and Y =(l 2 ,m2 , n 2)
1. The direction numbers of the line Joining X ∧Y is given by Y − X=( l 2 , m2, n2 )−(l 1 , m1 , n1 )
Example
Find the direction numbers of the line that joins the points (1, 3, 4) and (-2, 3, 7)
Solution
(-2 , 3, 7) – (1, 3, 4) = (-3, 0 , 3) or (-1, 0, 1)
2. The angle between 2 lines given the 2 direction numbers is given by
θ=cos−1 ¿ l 1 l 2 +m1 m2 +n 1 n2∨ ¿ ¿
√ l + m +n ∙ √l22 +m22 +n22
2
1
2
1
2
1
Example
Find the angle between 2 lines given direction numbers (1, 1, 0) and (2, 1, 2)
Solution
−1
θ=cos ¿ ( 1 ) ( 2 ) + ( 1 )( 1 ) + ( 0 )( 2 )∨ ¿ =450 ¿
√(1) +(1) +(0) ∙ √(2) +(1) +(2)
2 2 2 2 2 2
